The skills taught by writing books have not yet risen to the level of thinking. When I was reading a writing class, my inner voice said, well, you are all right, but I can't. This is because: people who write "writing tutorials" may not be able to write, let alone teach others how to write.

? This article is my reflection on Ms. Mei Ciqi's speech. The two-hour speech really corrected many of my misunderstandings and filled my knowledge loopholes in this field. This article has more than four thousand words. If you think I'm wordy, you can read it backwards!

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? When we write, the most basic thing is to ensure the word "standard". First of all, in terms of words, even among contemporary college students, some people still can't tell the usage of "de". Syntactically, mistakes are reflected in sentence structure, such as: what is transmitted and what is made. In terms of rules, many people can't tell the difference between "plagiarism" and "quotation". Many college students cite the contents of other teachers and professors when making thesis reports, but they don't know how to mark them.

? Therefore, whether the article is standardized or not is a question to discuss the revision of Chinese sentences in primary and secondary schools. Its essence is knowledge, and whether the article can be beautiful or not is the second step after stepping on the step of "standardization".

? First of all, we need to distinguish between literary writing and reasoning writing, both of which have their own characteristics and premises. As we all know, literary writing pays more attention to aesthetic feeling than reasoning writing. However, whether it is literary writing or reasoning writing, it is a fact that we need to write articles more beautifully. Beauty here does not refer to rhyming, rhetoric and other operations that make the article look more artistic, but beauty in aesthetic sense.

? Aesthetics can be defined as an activity, but "beauty" cannot be defined. We can only say that "beauty", as the object of aesthetic activities, has a strong subjective consciousness. There are a thousand Hamlets in the hearts of a thousand people, and they have different views on the same movie. Some people like it, some people hate it. How to make the article more beautiful? The essence of this question is hobbies: the author's hobbies and the readers' hobbies.

? Most of the textbooks and writing tutorials on the market can only teach people what it is. They just gave a framework and routine, which is a temporary solution, not a permanent cure.

? Writing training should first be thinking training.

? Before discussing thinking, it is necessary to understand why writing is so difficult.

? The thinking process of writing is actually the process of transmitting the "knowledge" in our minds to others in the form of human language. It is not a linear logic: our knowledge → writing → the knowledge of others. But a "W" shape, as shown below.

? First of all. The process from knowledge to human language is not easy. The "knowledge" here is not limited to the so-called knowledge in books and textbooks, it is a real world dimension reduction. There are three forms of knowledge in human brain: declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge (logic) and metacognitive knowledge. Among them, declarative knowledge also has three forms: proposition, proposition network and schema (nonverbal). The chart comes from the function of neural network, which is a "picture" rather than an abstract language. It is difficult for us to present the picture in words, and this coding process is very difficult. The reason why we can't reduce knowledge to human language is because we don't have a clear idea, and there is no corresponding knowledge in our brains, let alone reduction.

? Secondly, it is not easy to change from ordinary human language to "other people's knowledge". The experience between people is different, and the easier it is to see what people are thinking. For example, we can still sort and understand the meaning of disordered Chinese paragraphs automatically. Cultural differences between nations and countries have also thickened the wall between general human language and "other people's knowledge".

? Look back at the "W" diagram just now. According to the normal logical order, it should be: my knowledge → human language → writing → personal language → knowledge of others. There are three important links and three kinds of thinking.

? First of all, from "personal language" to "knowledge of others", that is, from written articles to readers, in this process, we need to master the readers' thinking. The so-called reader thinking is to think from the reader's point of view. What the author wants to think is: Why does he want to read what I wrote?

? Most people don't want to learn new knowledge, and we prefer to stay in the comfort zone, which is human nature. In fact, the purpose of reading is to acquire new knowledge. As communicators, the ultimate goal of our authors is, of course, to let readers generate new knowledge and carry out meaningful learning. "Meaningful learning" here is not necessarily to let readers learn anything practical, like textbooks, but to let readers get an aesthetic pleasure, which covers a wide range, including aesthetic feeling and emotional fluctuation, and utilitarianism can include learning knowledge, and so on.

? How can I get readers to read my book? The professor put forward a theory of "digging holes and planting trees", that is, the author creates new demands for readers. The author stands in the reader's position. "Put yourself in the reader's position" is actually an illusion. Finding the "interface" is the author's purpose. With this interface, readers will be willing to accept the author's knowledge output.

? There are steps in cognition. There is a step between new knowledge and old knowledge, and we need to go through this step to acquire new knowledge. When a set of laws in the past can't solve the current new logic, pits appear, and the complexity of the objective world determines that there are pits between new knowledge and old knowledge. The author's purpose is to find this pit and plant trees. If there is no pit, it is necessary to dig a "tree pit" for readers and plant trees. It is different from "I write whatever they like", the former is active creation, and the latter is passive catering.

? Writing is between human language link and individual language link. On this path, the author is required to master structural thinking. Only structured knowledge is meaningful.

? The essence of knowledge is: dimension reduction in complex natural world (from diagram to proposition construction). The complex nature has two characteristics. Usually listening to a person's narrative, there are two key words, one is then and the other is that. The former discusses the time dimension, while the latter discusses the space dimension. Structuring is actually an engineering reconstruction of the complex world, and the complexity in the natural world can't be brought into the text, so such an article can't be read when written.

? So how can we make the article organized?

? First of all, a structured paragraph has two characteristics: first, each section must be unrepeatable, and the differences should be clear (mutually exclusive), and second. The sum of all sub-parts is all (inclusive). To write a structured article, we need to deal with three pairs of relationships: the relationship between planning and variability, the relationship between addition and subtraction, and the relationship between style and routine.

? The relationship between planning and change is actually the relationship between writing outlines and articles. The writing outline is not a drawing of an article, but a dynamic adjustment. With the development of the story, the knowledge in our mind is getting richer and richer, and our writing outline will be adjusted at any time, but its overall direction will not change. Generally speaking, when an article is finished, the writing outline is finished.

? Dealing with the relationship between addition and subtraction requires us to treat futility correctly: only when I collect enough reference materials can I make up a paper. Writing is not useless, all the knowledge reserves will come in handy one day.

? On the issue of style and routine, we need to distinguish what is style and what is routine. The so-called routine is "you want this", it only knows what it is; And the style is "why", and he knows why. Most writing tutorials teach routines rather than styles, but we only know what it is and don't know why. A set of formulas may be suitable for writing, but it certainly doesn't touch the root of writing. Style controls routines, so when we write articles, we ask ourselves: Is it routines or styles?

? From "my knowledge" to "human language", this path requires us to master innovative thinking. The so-called innovative thinking is: either don't say it or be different.

? Will this man feel free or terrible when he walks out of this cave? When this man goes back to the cave and tells others how wonderful the outside world is, will others listen?

? Therefore, it is difficult to innovate, and it is difficult to get rid of stereotypes, because innovation itself is anti-human. Stereotypes are effective. People rely on a fixed system to understand the world, which can reduce a lot of time waste, so people don't want to get rid of stereotypes. Moreover, the limitation of thinking and the universality of fixed views also determine that it is difficult for people to get rid of fixed views.

? So how to innovate and generate new ideas?

? Compared with science, liberal arts are actually more innovative in thinking. The key is that the thinking of liberal arts is horizontal, and all new knowledge is based on old knowledge. Finding a new way from latitude and longitude knowledge is one of the possible paths to produce innovation.

? Thinking has been summed up, and all that remains is to accumulate old knowledge.

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On Students' Questioning in Speech

1. Question consciousness in paper writing.

? Problem consciousness is not just what we usually understand-whether there is realistic concern or not. If my thesis is particularly innovative and no one discusses it, it means that he has no real concern, because innovation comes from criticizing predecessors. If everyone has discussed it, then we don't need to write a paper.

? The problem consciousness of the paper also lies in whether it is open or not. The humanities and social sciences, in particular, is a completely open question with countless answers. If we start with this, it is called no problem consciousness. Our questions can't be completely open. To find an academic optimal solution, a fixed answer is also acceptable.

2. About critical thinking

? Criticism is not equal to criticism. Criticism is seeing new possibilities and knowing why, not just what it is.

? Moreover, critical thinking is more about criticizing yourself than others. The latter is actually what we call keyboard man and lever essence.

3. About the timing of writing

? We can't write from scratch, but we can't wait until we are completely ready, because the knowledge reserve can't be completely ready.

? Therefore, the mobile phones of professors in the College of Humanities are more for recording inspiration and knowledge. People who can write articles are always writing.

4. Humanities and social sciences don't repeat 100% like science and engineering?

? Teachers are opposed to separating humanities and social sciences from science and engineering, and the difference between them should not be the focus of attention. Whether it is humanities, social sciences or science and engineering, their common goal is to create new knowledge.

5. About arranging and composing music.

? Inspiration is based on experience and repetition.

6. About rationality and sensibility.

? The complexity of human beings far exceeds the language itself, which makes it very difficult to express. Human language can't fully express the world, but we should try our best to express it. "Maybe our language expression is difficult, but we can choose a positive attitude."