Before the Sino-Japanese War, Russia and Britain were basically fighting for hegemony in the Far East. Although the situation of China and Japan is different, they are both restricted by unequal treaties. The victory of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 made Japan a powerful Asian country and completely got rid of its semi-colonial status. However, China's international status has plummeted, with a large outflow of wealth and weak national strength. The failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 shocked China society as never before. The "enemy" who has always been looked down upon by China adowa Beiyang Navy, demanding huge sums of money and cutting off the land. Up and down, thus losing confidence. At this point, the Qing government's independent finance went bankrupt and lived by borrowing from western powers.
During the Sino-Japanese War, Japan became the upstart in Asia. War reparations: 230 million kuping silver; The value of trophies such as ships is also above 1 100 million yen. At that time, the annual fiscal revenue of the Japanese government was only 80 million yen. At that time, the Japanese Foreign Minister said happily: "Before this compensation, I didn't expect that there would be hundreds of millions, and the total income was only 80 million yen. Therefore, when I think that there are now 350 million yuan rolling in, both the government and the people feel extremely rich. " After the occupation of Korea and Taiwan Province Province, it posed a direct threat to northeast and east China strategically and became a springboard to attack Chinese mainland. Japan tasted the sweetness of aggression for the first time, which greatly stimulated their desire to expand the territory of aggression.
[Edit this paragraph] Before the war
As early as 1868, at the beginning of Meiji Emperor Mu Ren's accession to the throne, he issued an imperial edict, declaring that he would "open up Wan Li waves and declare his national prestige in all directions" with the aim of expanding overseas. 1868 After the Meiji Restoration, China and Japan signed the first modern treaty, the Sino-Japanese Reconciliation Treaty. The first paragraph says: "Later, the Great Qing Dynasty became friends with Japan, and it was boundless. That is, the States and territories to which the two countries belong should also be treated with courtesy, and permanent security cannot be obtained with a slight violation. " This is an equal treaty.
However, while the treaty was waiting for ratification, the Ryukyu boat people were killed. 187 1, 65438+ In February, Ryukyu boat people drifted to Taiwan Province Province because of the wind, among them, 54 people were killed by the aborigines of Taiwan Province Province, and the rest were escorted back to China by the Qing government. At that time, Ryukyu was a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty, and there was no objection to this. The incident subsided and the Japanese government did not know. The following year, the Japanese emissary went to China to change the contract and read about it in the Mansion Newspaper of the Qing government. So, while reporting to China, he made representations to the Prime Minister's yamen to test the Qing government's attitude towards Ryukyu and Taiwan Province Province. The Prime Minister's yamen replied: "The two islands (Ryukyu and Taiwan Province Province) belong to the soil, and the people who belong to the soil kill each other. The ruling is mine. Why bother to ask questions about your country? " This statement was originally very good, but it was added to the superfluous words: "The killers are all unfamiliar, so it is appropriate to release them outside, and there is no cure until they are finished." This made the Japanese seize a handle and make a big fuss about the word "externalization", saying that the aborigines in Taiwan Province Province did not live in China territory, and used this as an excuse to attack Taiwan Province Province.
1In February, 874, the Japanese army landed in Langya, Taiwan Province Province and began its attack on Taiwan Province Province. For Japan, this action was quite risky, not only because of the disparity in national strength between China and Japan at that time, but also because international public opinion did not support it. By the end of the war in August, the number of Japanese troops had increased to 3600, but the attack was still unfavorable and morale was low. At this time, the Japanese saw that the odds were too small, so they sent a special envoy to Beijing to try to end the war with dignity.
After the Japanese minister came to China in September, he first bluffed, then expressed his "sincerity" to end the war, saying that Japan had spent a lot of money to send troops to Taiwan Province Province, and China could not let the Japanese army return empty-handed. He should pay for some soldiers, and then Japan will withdraw its troops, so that both sides will be passed. The Qing government felt that it was in an advantage in the war and it was unreasonable to end the war by losing money, but it didn't want to spend too much energy on making a fuss and wanted to make peace, which meant that it could consider "compensation" for the "victims" in Taiwan Province Province as appropriate, which was equivalent to acknowledging the principle of compensation. In the Beijing Special Agreement signed on June 365438 +3654381October +0, the killing of Ryukyu people was written as "Japanese nationals were killed", Japan's attack on Taiwan Province Province was written as "a righteous act to protect the people", and China compensated 502,000 silver in the name of "pension". The Beijing Special Treaty provided a basis for Japan to annex Ryukyu. 1In April of 879, Japan occupied Ryukyu and changed its name to Okinawa Prefecture.
After fiddling with Taiwan Province Province, I began to fiddle with North Korea. At that time, Korea was still under the control of the closed feudal dynasty, with backward productivity and crumbling domestic political situation, which was supported by the Qing Dynasty for a while.
After the Meiji Restoration, Japan began to strengthen its influence in North Korea, and strived to make North Korea break away from the control of the Qing government and become an "independent country" through diplomatic means. Diplomatic efforts were not very successful because there was not enough power to support them. 1882, there was a "Renwu mutiny" in North Korea, and Japan took the opportunity to send troops to North Korea, forcing the North Korean government to allow Japanese troops to station in North Korea. 1884, while China was busy with the Sino-French war, Zhu Tian, the Japanese ambassador to North Korea, instigated the pro-Japanese "Hua Kai Party" coup and overthrew the conservative regime overnight on 12. The next day, the king issued an imperial edict to reform politics and established the Hua Kai Party Government. Conservatives hurriedly requested support from the South China army, so Yuan Shikai led 2,000 troops to denounce the disorderly party in the name of protecting the North Korean government and broke into the palace on February 6, 65438. Bamboo Tim was outnumbered, set himself on fire at the embassy and fled overnight. The prime minister, ministers and more than 30 Japanese of Huakai Party were killed in the riots.
The Japanese government immediately sent a foreign minister to lead a large number of troops into the DPRK, and the Qing government also sent imperial envoys to take troops and warships to the DPRK. In the confrontation, Japan felt that its military preparation was insufficient, so it did not take military action and turned to diplomatic means. At that time, many people in Japan advocated using the Sino-French war to launch a war against China quickly. However, the faction headed by Ito Bowen, considering Japan's national strength, especially the lack of military strength, advocates "saving money quickly, building more railways, catching up with the navy" and accumulating strength.
1In the spring of 885, Japan sent Hirofumi Ito as the plenipotentiary ambassador to China to negotiate the North Korean issue. During the negotiation, Ito often threatened to return to China. Later, Li Hongzhang was furious: "China didn't do anything wrong in North Korea, and the mistakes were all in Zhu Tian; If you break up like this, I'm only going to fight! " Nevertheless, in the Tianjin Treaty signed after many days of entanglement, Japan gained the right to send troops to North Korea.
After the signing of the treaty, the Qing government appointed Yuan Shikai to take charge of North Korea affairs and tightened its control over North Korea. Japan, on the other hand, has strengthened its economic penetration, stepped up its military expansion and prepared for war, waiting for an opportunity.
The next nine years, on the surface, are calm, but the situation is quietly changing. ...
The Japanese have been paying attention to China. 1880, Yamagata Aritomo, the Japanese chief of staff, submitted an investigation report on China's army to Emperor Meiji, pointing out that the Qing government was reforming its military system. If we follow the example of Europe, it can recruit 4.25 million soldiers in peacetime and 8.5 million soldiers in wartime. Therefore, he believes that "the stronger the soldiers in neighboring countries, the more indispensable the soldiers in this country." After 1890, Japan used 60% of the national fiscal revenue to develop its navy and army. Starting from 1893, Emperor Meiji decided to allocate 300,000 yuan from his own court funds every year, and then draw one-tenth of the salary of Wenwu Baiguan to supplement the shipbuilding expenses. The morale of the whole country is high, aiming to catch up with and surpass China, and preparing to fight a war of "betting on national luck". 1890, Beiyang navy had 7 warships with a tonnage of over 2000 tons, with a tonnage of over 27000 tons. The Japanese navy has only five warships of more than 2,000 tons,17,000 tons. 1892, Japan completed its ten-year expansion plan from 1885 ahead of schedule. On the eve of the Sino-Japanese War, Japan had established an army with 63,000 standing soldiers and 230,000 reserve soldiers, and a navy with a displacement of 72,000 tons, surpassing the Beiyang Navy.
During this period, the Qing government saw that after decades of Westernization Movement, in a series of military confrontations, unlike during the Opium War, foreigners' gunboats could not cope at all and were inevitably on cloud nine. In the process of dealing with western countries, I realized that westerners have no intention of annexing countries, but just want to take advantage of trade, so I relaxed my arms consciousness even more. Although some actions of Japan, an eastern neighbor, in recent years make people vaguely feel that it will be a trouble in the future.
Beiyang Navy has not added any ships since it was formally established in 1888, and its age is gradually aging. Compared with the newly added warships in Japan, the firepower is weak and the action is slow. After 189 1, even guns and ammunition were not bought. This is not because the arms industry is localized-the money was used by Cixi to repair the Summer Palace. Empress Dowager Cixi said: "Guangxu 1875 was young when I reached the pole, so I had to listen to politics. From 1886 to "training politics", 1889 to "returning to politics". I don't ask anything, can't I repair the garden for the old man? " Compared with Emperor Meiji, Cixi is in sharp contrast!
1in the spring of 894, the peasant uprising of the East Learning Party broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government requested the Qing government to send troops to help suppress it. At the same time, the Japanese government also induced the Qing government to send troops to create an excuse for sending troops to North Korea. After receiving the request from the North Korean government, the Qing government sent Ye Zhichao, governor of Zhili, and Nie Shicheng, commander-in-chief of Taiyuan Town, to North Korea in batches according to the Sino-Japanese Tianjin Treaty 1885, and sent a telegram to Wang Fengzao, ambassador to Japan, to inform the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At that time, the Japanese cabinet, seeing the plot succeed, sent troops into the DPRK to occupy various strategic locations near Seoul, and set up a base camp attended by the chief of staff, deputy chief of staff, war chief and naval operations minister as the highest leading organ to direct the war of aggression. Japanese Foreign Minister Luo Ozongguang instructed Keisuke, the ambassador to the DPRK, to "take temporary measures as deemed appropriate" and authorized Keisuke to stir up trouble and launch a war of aggression.
When China and Japan sent troops to Korea, the North Korean government had accepted the request put forward by the Eastern Learning Party Uprising Army. The two sides signed an armistice agreement and the Uprising Army withdrew from the whole state. The Korean civil war has actually stopped, and the Qing army has not fought with the Dongxue Party Uprising Army. In order to eliminate the excuse of Japanese invasion, the North Korean government requested China to withdraw its troops on June 13. Ye Zhichao is going to cross the river from Yashan within the scheduled time limit, and the Qing government requires the Japanese army to withdraw at the same time. Although Japan has lost its excuse to send troops to North Korea, it still insists on expanding the incident, leading to the breakdown of Sino-Japanese relations. It not only refused to withdraw its troops, but continued to send more troops to North Korea, and put forward the so-called * * * plan to "reform" North Korea's internal affairs, so as to achieve the dual purposes of keeping Japanese troops in North China and delaying them. On July 12, Lu Ao sent a telegram to Big Bird: "It is necessary to take decisive measures at present", "You might as well start practical action immediately under any excuse". After receiving the instructions, Big Bird made a series of tough demands on 19 and 20, coercing the DPRK government to abolish the Sino-DPRK Trade Treaty and expelling the Korean army from the country. On 23rd, the Japanese army captured the Korean Palace, detained King Li Xi, and set up a puppet government headed by Li Yunying, the grand courtyard monarch. On the 25th, Big Bird ordered Dayuan Army to announce the abolition of all commercial agreements between China and North Korea, and "authorized" the Japanese army to expel the Qing army stationed in Yashan. On the same day, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on China's navy near Akio Toyoda and sank the China troop carrier "Goldman Sachs"; At the same time, the Japanese army launched an attack on China's troops stationed in Yashan, which finally provoked a war of aggression. /kloc-in August (the first day of July), the Chinese and Japanese governments declared war at the same time. The Sino-Japanese War began.
[Edit this paragraph] War process
The whole process of Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 includes three stages:
The first stage,1894 July 25th to September 17. At this time, within the Qing court, the hawks headed by Emperor Guangxu prevailed. Empress Dowager Cixi is sixty years old. She hopes to end the war as soon as possible so as not to delay her big celebration. Therefore, she tends to make peace, but because of the clear discussion, she dare not openly advocate peace. At this stage, the war was carried out on the Korean peninsula and at sea, the land war was mainly the battle of Pyongyang, and the naval battle was mainly the naval battle of the Yellow Sea.
The battle of Pyongyang took place on September 15, which was the first large-scale battle between the two armies. At that time, the Qing army stationed in Pyongyang * * * 35 battalions, seventeen thousand people; There are more than 16,000 Japanese troops attacking Pyongyang, and the two sides are evenly matched. The battle was launched on three battlefields at the same time: one was the battlefield on the south bank of Datong River. At three o'clock in the morning, the ninth Hunchenglv of the Japanese army, under the command of Major General Yoshimasa Shima, first attacked the Qing army on the south bank of the Datong River. Ma Yu, the company commander of Taiyuan Town, fought bravely. Japanese soldiers suffered heavy casualties and were unable to fight again. Shimafang was injured and had to be ordered to retreat. Leave the battlefield at 2 pm. The second is the battlefield outside Xuanwu Gate. Xuanwu Gate is the main attack direction of the Japanese army, so it concentrated its superior forces, including the 10th Brigade (also known as Shuoning Detachment) and the 18th United Wing (also known as Yuanshan Detachment), which was established to meet Major General Shangwen. The company commander of Gaozhou Town left the Xuanwu Gate to command and personally fired and shelled the enemy. The officers and men were emotional and bravely killed the enemy. In the fierce battle, Zuo was unfortunately killed by gunfire, and his three battalion officers were killed one after another. At 2 pm, Xuanwu Gate was captured by the Japanese army. The Japanese army tried to advance into the city, but was blocked by the Qing army and had to retreat to Xuanwu Gate. The third is the southwest battlefield of the city. At seven o'clock in the morning, Lieutenant General Nojin Daoguan personally led the team of the Japanese Fifth Division, covering the infantry charge with artillery fire from the southwest of Pyongyang, and the Qing cavalry counterattacked. At noon, Nojin Taoist temple saw that it was difficult to succeed, and ordered to suspend the attack and return to the station. At this time, for the Qing army, war was still possible, but Ye Zhichao, the great president (commander in chief) of the Qing army, was afraid of death. At four o'clock in the afternoon, he put up a white flag to stop resisting and ordered the whole army to retreat. In six days, the Qing army attacked 500 Li, crossed the Yalu River and returned to China on 2 1. The Japanese army occupied the whole territory of Korea.
The Deng Shichang Yellow Sea naval battle of Zhiyuan Ship Pipeline took place on September 17, which was a major decisive battle between the Chinese and Japanese navies. It occurred in the waters near Dadonggou (now Donggou, Liaoning Province) at the mouth of Yalu River. Beiyang fleet has 10 combat warships, and the Japanese navy has 12 combat warships. After the Afternoon War, beiyang fleet hit Japanese ships Bi Rui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru hard, but beiyang fleet Zhongzhiyuan was also hit hard (Deng Shichang was in the pipeline). 1September 894 17, the third day after the fall of Pyongyang, the Japanese joint fleet finally provoked a fierce naval battle in the Yellow Sea near Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River. The Japanese navy has concentrated 12 warships outside the Datong River, including all its essences, namely, eight main ships and cruisers with a horsepower of more than 5,000, including Yoshino, Takahashi, Akishima, Nobukuro, Matsushima, Chiyoda, Iwashima and Li Qiao.
On the morning of September 15, beiyang fleet's main 10 warship and eight auxiliary ships arrived in Dalian Bay under the leadership of Ding.
16 in the morning 1, 4,000 people from ten battalions of the Ming army took five troop carriers and headed for Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River.
/kloc-at noon on 0/6, the fleet arrived at Dadonggou, and all the troops landed the next morning.
17 at 8 o'clock in the morning, the flagship Dingyuan Hanglongqi began to return.
1 1 about, beiyang fleet suddenly found several clusters of black smoke on the southwest sea. Ding boarded the deck and looked out, judging that it was a Japanese fleet. So he immediately ordered the ships to raise artillery and live ammunition and prepare for battle.
1 1: 30, Yoshino first discovered beiyang fleet, and sent out the signal that "more than three enemy ships were found in the northeast".
12: 20, Japanese ships gradually approached beiyang fleet.
12: 50, beiyang fleet's flagship Dingyuan fired first.
Ten seconds later, Zhenyuan Ship also fired shells, and then, beiyang fleet's ships also fired shells and bombarded them together. Three minutes later, Japan's flagship Matsushima also began to fight back. At the brake time, the guns of the two ships were in full bloom, the smoke was filled, and the sea was boiling.
Shortly after the battle began, beiyang fleet's flagship "Dingyuan" ship was launched because of 12, which was in disrepair for a long time. The bridge was destroyed by a sudden cannon, Ding was injured and the flag was destroyed. Ding refused to go to the inner cabin and insisted on sitting on the deck to bid. But he can only boost the morale of a boatload of people. At the beginning of the battle, beiyang fleet lost command. The 4th Ship of the First Guerrilla took advantage of its speed to attack the right-wing "Chaoyong" and "Yangwei" of beiyang fleet, and the 2nd Ship was hit and caught fire one after another, thus quitting the battle. The Japanese ship Yoshino was also hit by beiyang fleet and caught fire, but it was quickly put out. /kloc-around 0/3: 30, the "Chaoyong" sank.
When the Japanese First Guerrilla attacked the right wing of beiyang fleet, our team also attacked the main force of beiyang fleet. Beiyang fleet intercepted Japanese ships Birui, Chicheng, Fusang and Xijing Maru.
"Dingyuan", "Laiyuan" and "Jingyuan" hit Bi Rui and Chicheng hard. Shiro Sakamoto, the captain of Chicheng, was killed on the spot. "Xijing Maru" was also seriously injured.
At around 14: 00 and 15: 00, the Japanese fleet went around the rear of beiyang fleet and formed a double attack with the first guerrilla. Beiyang fleet between Scylla and Charybdis, the formation is more chaotic. During the scuffle, the former Zhiyuan ship that beiyang fleet had been robbing and killing was bombarded by the Japanese ships Yoshino and Takahashi, with many injuries and the hull tilted.
Tomohiro Ito ordered the First Guerrilla to rescue Chicheng and Bi Rui. "Yoshino" rushed to the front and was encountering the "Zhiyuan" ship on fire. Deng Shichang, duct tape, ordered the sinking of Yoshino. Zhiyuan collided with Yoshino at high speed on the starboard side. The officers and men of the Japanese ship were frightened to disgrace, fled desperately, and fired torpedoes at the Zhiyuan ship many times. After the "Zhiyuan" ship escaped from the torpedo, it was unfortunately hit by another ship, and 252 officers and men of the whole ship died heroically.
"Jingyuan" continued to fight against "Yoshino", but was also shot and caught fire. Captain Lin Yongsheng and first mate Chen Ce were killed, and then the ship was sunk by enemy torpedoes. All 270 people on board were killed except 16 who were rescued. After Zhiyuan sank, "Zhiyuan" managed Fang Boqian and "Guang Jia" managed Kingyung Woo, and they left the game (there are different opinions about whether Fang Boqian left the game in recent years). "Jingyuan" and "Laiyuan" quit the battle because of too many bullets, and took refuge near Dalu Island to repair the damaged machine urgently.
The two ships "Dingyuan" and "Zhenyuan" stubbornly resisted the siege of Japanese ships. Although they were shot a lot and caught fire several times, all the officers and men still insisted on fighting.
At 3: 30 pm, the 30.5 cm cannon of Zhenyuan hit the Japanese flagship Matsushima twice in a row. After the fourth turret on the back deck of the Song Dao was hit, the flame caused an explosion. The ship "Song Dao" tilted its axis by 5 degrees and emitted white smoke, which caused a fire. /kloc-more than 0/00 people died under the Japanese turret commander and navy captain Shima Kiyoshi. Dead bodies piled up and blood flowed all over the ship, and the Song Dao got lost.
Soon, the "Jingyuan" and "Laiyuan" were repaired and put into battle again. Japanese ships Chicheng, Bi Rui and Xijing Maru were bombed by Dingyuan and Zhenyuan, and the flagship Matsushima was paralyzed. Yoshino and Fusang were also seriously injured and could not fight any more. See beiyang fleet regrouping, Ito Youheng convenient 17: 40 or so.
Beiyang fleet short pursuit, also closed back to Lushun. The naval battle in the Yellow Sea, which lasted more than five hours, ended here.
The Yellow Sea naval battle lasted more than five hours, and its scale and time are rare in the history of modern world naval battles.
As a result of the naval battle, beiyang fleet lost five warships, namely Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Chaoyong, Yangwei and Guang Jia (Guang Jia ran aground after fleeing the battlefield and self-destructed a few days later), killing and injuring more than a thousand officers and men; Japanese fleets Matsushima, Yoshino, Bi Rui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru were seriously injured (the two ships Xijing Maru and Chicheng sank shortly after being towed away), with more than 600 casualties.
After the wars in Pyongyang and the Yellow Sea, the Japanese side wantonly created public opinion and played up the victory, which further stimulated its ambition to expand the war of aggression. In the Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang, who was in charge of military command, exaggerated his failure and further promoted his passive policy of avoiding war. At the same time, the peace of Empress Dowager Cixi gradually became clear.
The second stage, from1September 894 17 to165438+1October 22nd. This stage of the war was carried out in Liaodong Peninsula, including the Yalu River Defence War and the Jin-Lu Campaign.
The defending battle of Yalu River began on June 24th, 10, which was the first defending battle of Qing army against Japanese invasion of China. At that time, there were about 28 thousand people in the 82 nd battalion of the Qing army deployed on the north bank of the Yalu River. The Qing government appointed Song Qing as commander-in-chief to control the army. The Japanese attack force is the first army under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo, including the Third Division of Lieutenant General Kyotaro and the Fifth Division of Lieutenant General Nojin Dojo, with a strength of 30,000. The two sides are equal in strength. However, although Song Qing controlled the army in the name, the army actually refused to accept the dispatch, and their morale was low, so many generals were not determined to resist the enemy. At eleven o'clock before noon that day, the Japanese army successfully swam across the river in front of Anping River mouth in the upper reaches of Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area. That night, the Japanese army set up a pontoon bridge in the middle reaches of the Yalu River near Hushan, and the Qing army did not notice it. At six o'clock in the morning on the 25th, the Japanese army crossed the pontoon bridge and launched an attack on the position of the Qing army in Hushan. Ma Xujin and Nie Shicheng, the commanders and fighters of the Qing army, fought back heroically, but they were forced to withdraw from their positions because of the situation and suffered heavy casualties. The Japanese army then occupied Hushan. Other ministries of the Qing army heard that Hushan fell and fled without fighting. On 26th, the Japanese army occupied Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area and Andong County (now Dandong) without firing a shot. In less than three days, the Yalu River defense line guarded by nearly 30 thousand troops of the Qing army collapsed across the board.
The Golden Journey War also began on October 24th, 65438/kloc-0, and fell to Lushunkou on October 22nd, 165438/kloc-0, which was the key battle of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. On the same day that the first Japanese army attacked the Qing army's Yalu River defense line, the second army led by General ōyama Iwao, with 25,000 men, began to land at Huayuankou on the road behind Lushun under the cover of Japanese ships. The Japanese army's landing activities lasted for twelve days, and the Qing army actually sat idly by. 165438+1On October 6th, Japanese troops invaded Jinzhou (now Jinzhou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province). On the 7th, the Japanese army attacked Dalian Bay in three ways, and found that the Qing army had already broken up and won Dalian Bay without fighting. After ten days' rest in Dalian Bay, the Japanese army began to advance to Lushun. At that time, there were seven commanders of the Qing army in Lushun area, and Taoist Gong Zhaogan was the former general manager of the enemy camp, known as "Zang Shuai", and * * * had jurisdiction over 33 battalions, with about 1.3 million people. 18, the Japanese striker invaded Tuchengzi, and Xu Bangdao commanded Gong Weijun to bravely resist and repel the Japanese army. On that day, Gong Zhaomian ignored the whole army and fled to Yantai by torpedo boat. 19, Huang Shilin, Zhao Huaiye and Wei Rucheng also fled. On 2 1 day, the Japanese army launched a general attack on Lushunkou. 22, the occupation of Lushunkou, a bloodbath of the city.
With the retreat of the Qing army, within the Qing court, the pacifists prevailed and surrendered wantonly. After the fall of Lushunkou, the Japanese navy gained an important base in Bohai Bay. Since then, the Beiyang portal has been opened, and beiyang fleet has been hidden in Ahava Port, and the situation has taken a turn for the worse.
The third stage,1894165438+1October 22nd to1April 89517th. At this stage, the war was fought in Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong, including ahava and Liaodong.
The Battle of ahava was a defensive war to defend the Beiyang naval base, and it was also beiyang fleet's last war against Japan. At that time, there were 26 Beiyang Navy ships in Ahava Port. 189565438+1October 20th, under the command of General ōyama Iwao, the Second Japanese Army, including Lieutenant General Mita's Second Division and Lieutenant General Heimuweizhen's Sixth Division, with 25,000 men, began to land on Rongcheng Longxu Island under the cover of Japanese ships, and all of them landed on the 23rd. On 30th, the Japanese army concentrated on attacking Nanbangbao in Ahava. There are only six battalions of the Qing army in Nanbangbao, with 3,000 people. Zhou Jiaen, the camp official, guarded the position of Motianling, bravely resisted and sacrificed heroically. The Japanese army also suffered heavy casualties, and its left-wing commander Major General Kang Cheng was shot and killed. Because the enemy was outnumbered, Nanbang Fort was finally captured by the Japanese army. On February 3, the Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis. When Weihai fell, Ding's command became an island. Over the past few days, the Japanese army launched eight attacks on Liu Gongdao and beiyang fleet in Weihai Port in coordination with land and water, all of which were repelled. During this period, the commander of the Japanese joint fleet, Ito Sukehiro, sent a letter to Ding to surrender, which was rejected by Ding. In the early morning of the 5th, the flagship Dingyuan Zhong Lei ran aground and continued to fight as a "water battery". 10, Dingyuan ran out of ammunition, Liu ordered the ship to sink to avoid the enemy, resolutely committed suicide, and the ship died. On June 1 1, Ding refused to commit suicide under the threat of foreign officers transferred from Weihai business office and major generals such as Niu Chang. Yang Yonglin, the governor of Zhenyuan, was pushed by foreign officials and Niu Chang to preside over the surrender. Yang Yonglin refused to accept it and committed suicide. In June, 5438+02, the surrender was drafted by Hao Wei, a foreign member of the United States, and in the name of Ding, Guangzhou Automobile Pipe was sent to the Japanese flagship. 14, Niu Chang and Ito Sukehiro signed the Liu Gongdao Surrender Treaty, agreeing to hand over all the ships in Ahava Port, the Liu Gongdao Fort and all the ordnance materials on the island to the Japanese army. 17, Japanese troops landed in Liu Gongdao, Ahava naval base fell, and beiyang fleet was wiped out.
The battle of Liaodong lasted for a long time. Since the Japanese army broke through the Yalu River defense line of the Qing army, it has successively occupied Phoenix, Xiuyan and Haicheng. The Qing government transferred Liu Kunyi, the governor of the two rivers, as an imperial envoy, supervised the military affairs of the Eastern Expedition, granted full command of the military affairs inside and outside Shanhaiguan, and appointed Wu Dayou and Song Qing, the governors of the two rivers, as emissaries, in order to save the decline. From1895 65438+1October 17, the Qing army launched four campaigns to recapture Haicheng, all of which ended in failure. On February 28th, the Japanese army invaded from Haicheng, captured Niuzhuang on March 4th, took Yingkou without fighting on the 7th, and captured Tianzhuangtai on the 9th. In just over ten days, more than 60,000 troops from more than 0/00 battalions of Qing Army/KLOC fled from the whole east bank of Liaohe River.
Reasons for the failure of the war
Objectively speaking, backward feudalism is not an opponent of emerging capitalism. Japan has been planning for a long time, fully prepared and has strong strength; Subjectively, the Qing government was corrupt and incompetent (compromise and concession, taking the initiative to make peace, losing the army and being afraid of death, etc.). ).
Treaty of shimonoseki (also known as the Treaty of Spring Sailing Tower) ** 1 1, with "Additional Agreement" and "Special Terms for Negotiation". The main contents of the treaty are: ① China recognizes North Korea's "complete independence"; In fact, it recognizes Japan's control over North Korea; (2) China ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Island and all its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan; (3) China "compensated" 200 million taels of Japanese military silver; (4) Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou are open as trading ports, and the Japanese government can send consular officials at the above ports, and Japanese ships can enter the above ports to carry passengers and load; (5) Japanese subjects have the right to engage in all kinds of technical manufacturing in China's trading port cities, and to ship and import all kinds of machines at will, and their products are exempt from all miscellaneous taxes and enjoy the convenience of setting up warehouses in the mainland; ⑥ The Japanese army temporarily occupied Ahava, and the China government paid the occupation fee of 502,000 kuping silver every year. Japan did not withdraw its occupation troops before paying the compensation in the late Qing Dynasty; ⑦ After this agreement is approved for exchange, the two countries will return all prisoners of war. The China government will not dispose of the surrenders among prisoners of war, immediately release the detained spies who served the Japanese army, and pardon all traitors who served the Japanese army in the war without being investigated.
The Influence of treaty of shimonoseki on China Society
Treaty of shimonoseki is the most serious unequal treaty since treaty of nanking, which has brought serious harm to modern China society and is an important step for imperialism to turn China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
(1) The cession of Taiwan Province Province and other large territories further undermined the integrity of China's sovereignty, stimulated the ambitions of the great powers to carve up China, and further deepened the national crisis.
(2) Huge compensation has increased the burden on the people of China. Meanwhile, it accelerated the development of Japanese militarism. The Qing government borrowed a lot of foreign debts, and the foreign powers controlled the economic lifeline of China.
(3) The opening of trading ports made the imperialist forces of aggression penetrate deep into Chinese mainland.
(4) Allowing investment to set up factories in China has seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism.
Treaty of shimonoseki reflects the imperialist capital export and the aggressive demand of dividing up the world. The invasion of China by foreign capitalism has entered a new stage, and the degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
⑤ treaty of shimonoseki greatly deepened the national disaster in China.
The Great Influence of treaty of shimonoseki on Chinese and Foreign History
(1) From China's point of view, (1) ceded land and compensation, and lost sovereignty, which facilitated the large-scale export of capital by the great powers to China, set off a frenzy of carve-up, marked a new stage of the invasion of China by the great powers, and greatly deepened the semi-colonization of China. China's international status has fallen sharply. (2) The China people's movement to save the nation and survive is on the rise, the bourgeoisie has set off the Reform Movement and the Democratic Revolution Movement, and the China people's spontaneous struggle against aggression is on the rise, such as the Boxer Movement.
(2) For Japan, obtaining huge reparations and strategic places such as Taiwan Province Province not only promoted the further development of domestic capitalism, but also facilitated Japan's further invasion of the Far East.
(3) As far as the situation in the Far East is concerned, it has intensified the competition among imperialist powers in the Far East. The triple interference incident clearly reflects the collusion and struggle between the great powers on the issue of aggression against China.