Alfred bernhard Nobel is a famous Swedish inventor and chemist. Born in Stockholm on June1833+1October 2 1 day, died of heart disease in San Remo, Italy on June1896+February1day. He mainly devoted himself to the research of explosives, including nitroglycerin, detonators, solid explosives, rubber explosives and smokeless explosives. In addition, there are many inventions in hydrogen-oxygen welding technology of artificial rubber, rayon, artificial leather, gas engine and steel, and * * * has obtained 85 invention patents. He was very concerned about the cause of peace since he was a child, hoping to use his invention to eliminate war and benefit mankind.
On June 27th, Nobel wrote his will 1895, 165438+ and donated all his property of 3 1220000 Swedish kronor to set up a fund, with interest as a bonus every year to reward "those who have made the greatest contribution to mankind in the past year". According to his will, the Swedish government established the Nobel Foundation in the same year, which is responsible for distributing the annual interest of the fund in five equal parts: 1. A person who has made the most important discovery or invention in physics; 2. People who have made the most important discovery or improvement in chemistry; 3. People who have made the most important discoveries in physiology or medicine; 4. People who create the best works with ideal tendency in literature; 5. People who have done their best or made the greatest contribution to the harmony and goodwill among ethnic groups, the abolition or reduction of the standing army, and the organization and publicity of the peace conference. The physics and chemistry prizes are awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy Science Prize; The Physiology and Medicine Prize is awarded by Caroline College of Surgery; The literature prize is awarded by the Swedish Academy Literature Prize; The Peace Prize is awarded by a five-member committee elected by the Norwegian Parliament.
Therefore, from 65438 to 0969, the Swedish National Bank established the Nobel Prize in Economics, which is also awarded once a year. The award ceremony is held every year on the anniversary of Nobel's death, 65438+February 10. The winners were awarded a certificate of award, a gold medal with Nobel head and inscription, and a certain amount of money. The amount of bonus depends on the interest income of the year, and the amount varies from year to year. In 190 1, yes150000sek; At 196 1, it is 250000 SEK；; At 1980, it is 880,000 SEK (about RMB235,000). The winner will give a public speech on the winning project in Stockholm (the winner of the Oslo Peace Prize) within 6 months.
According to the wishes of the founder, Nobel Prize in Literature awarded "the person who has created the best works with ideal tendency in literature in the last year". 1900, the basic articles of association approved by the king were changed to "works created in recent years" or "works whose significance only appeared in recent years", and the concept of "literary works" was expanded to "works with literary value", including historical and philosophical works. The literature prize is awarded by the Stockholm Nobel Foundation.
First of all, the Swedish Academy Literature Award judges the winners. Therefore, a special institution was set up in the college, and the Nobel Library was established to collect literary works, encyclopedias and newspaper articles from various countries.
According to the articles of association, only academicians of literary colleges of various countries, professors of literature history and Chinese language in universities and other institutions of higher learning, Nobel Prize in Literature laureates over the years and presidents of writers' associations of various countries have the right to recommend candidates, and my application will not be considered. Submit letters of recommendation to the Swedish Academy of Literature before 65438+ 10/every year, and the selection results will be announced around 1 65438+1 0/. Awards are generally awarded to a writer's achievements in the whole creation, and sometimes to a certain work, such as the novel De Boer and Son by French writer Madu Galen, the novel Budenbrook by German writer thomas mann, the novel A Family History of Forsyte by British writer John Galsworthy and the novel Bridge over the Drina by Yugoslav writer Andric. From1year, from 19 14, 19 18, 1935, 1940 to 1943. Pasternak, a Soviet writer of 1958, and Sartre, a French writer of 1964, both refused to accept the prize.
As for development, Swedish chemist Nobel made a will before his death and awarded prizes with his legacy. Nobel Prize includes chemistry prize, medicine prize, physics prize, peace prize, literature prize and so on. After Nobel's death, these awards have been awarded dozens of times. At present, it is generally believed in the world that winning the Nobel Prize is a great achievement and contribution and a great honor.
Generally speaking, Nobel Prize in Literature winners, mostly second-rate writers, are the international awards of a second-rate master and the carnival of a second-rate literary master.
Most of the works selected in this literary prize are not the best works, but close to the best works. But it is not without first-class works. At the same time, it also has "popular writers, such as Pearl Buck and John Galsworthy …" (in the words of Esmark, a member of the Nobel Prize Selection Committee).
Liu, editor-in-chief of Nobel Prize in Literature Writers' Series, said: "It is always regrettable that some writers such as Tolstoy and Borges failed to win the prize (it will never be these masters themselves who are damaged), especially comparing their actual achievements with the historical role of some award-winning writers, it is more difficult to understand how the balance of the prize is tilted."
Why is this happening? If we understand the original intention of the Nobel Prize in Literature Selection Committee to betray the Nobel Prize, lack the forward-looking vision and vanguard of literature, and adopt the viewpoint of the middle class, it is not difficult to understand all this.
Hermann hesse said in Wolf: "The temperament of the middle class is a state of existence of human nature. Nothing else, just an attempt at balance, especially in human behavior. Seek the middle ground in countless extremes and opposites. " "The middle class seeks to live in mediocrity and harmony. He will never give up on himself, nor will he fully devote himself to one thing. He will never become a martyr, nor will he agree to destroy himself. On the contrary, his ideal is not to dedicate himself, but to keep himself. His goal is neither sacred nor antagonistic. He can't tolerate absolute things. He wants to serve God and indulge himself. Noble as he is, he wants to make a difference on the earth. In short, he is completely in the middle of all kinds of extremes. He wanted to settle down in a mild and beneficial area without storms, and he succeeded in doing so. "
For the Nobel Prize in Literature Selection Committee, the light of the first-class master shines on the universe of literature, which is too strong and dazzling. They can't stand looking directly at his light and facing the way to challenge the limit.
190 1 year, Tolstoy was excluded from the first Nobel Prize in Literature because the Russian church expelled Tolstoy's religious membership in the year of the first Nobel Prize selection, which frightened the selection committee. Tolstoy was excluded from the second prize selection, and a large number of letters of protest poured into the Swedish Academy of Literature, and 42 famous writers and artists jointly paid tribute to Tolstoy. Faced with protests from all over the world, the Nobel Prize in Literature Committee made the following reply:
"If we only consider Tolstoy's masterpieces such as War and Peace and Anna karenin, it will be easier to award this literary title to the Russian writer. However, when we consider that some of his other works have aroused people's anxiety and there are some complicated factors that people can't ignore, our decision is very difficult.
"Tolstoy praised the way of life that denies all forms of civilization and deviates from the principles of modern civilization. He believes that no government has the right to punish criminals, and even denies the necessity of any government, thus advocating anarchism; His interpretation of the Bible shows complete ignorance, but he arbitrarily falsifies the Bible according to his own ideas. In addition, he refused to admit that both individuals and countries have the right to legitimate defense, and we felt unbearable for the rare narrowness and hostility shown in his works ... "Note that the last sentence revealed the secret in my heart.
But the third-rate best-selling masters who completely cater to the public interest are too tacky, too straightforward and too unattractive for them to stand. They need "taste and style", so a second-rate writer of the two is the best choice. Second-rate writers are like the bright moon, but with the help of the sunshine of first-class masters, they are much softer and more pleasant, so delicate and warm, and the sunshine turns into moonlight, making them feel warm and gentle.
But they don't go to extremes, and they all choose second-rate writers. They need a little balance, which is why there are several first-class masters and several third-rate bestseller masters. Even in order to avoid becoming the extreme of all writers, they let historians and philosophers enter the literary prize, and even elected a political giant like Churchill.