Science and technology is one of the most influential fields in social life, and it is also an important symbol of a country's advanced science and technology.
Aviation refers to navigation activities in the dense atmosphere around the earth. Navigation refers to navigation activities in near-earth space, interplanetary space, near-reclamation and extra-atmospheric interstellar space. However, when a spacecraft launches or returns to the ground, it must pass through the atmosphere; Although the space shuttle with special horizontal take-off and landing mainly moves in space outside the atmosphere, its take-off and landing process is very similar to that of an airplane, and it has the characteristics of aviation and flight. Therefore, from the perspective of science and technology, aviation and flight are not only closely related, but sometimes even difficult to distinguish. The term aerospace refers to both science and technology related to aviation activities and science and technology related to the development of aerospace vehicles.
Aerospace technology is a highly integrated modern science and technology that comprehensively uses the latest achievements of basic science and applied science and the latest achievements of engineering technology. Advances in mechanics, thermodynamics, materials science, electronic technology, automatic control theory and technology, computer technology, jet propulsion technology and manufacturing technology have all played an important role in the progress and development of aerospace science and technology. The above-mentioned science and technology have crossed and infiltrated each other in the application of aviation and aerospace, resulting in some new disciplines; New requirements put forward by the development of space technology: promoting the development of these disciplines.
The development of space technology is closely related to military application, and its great progress has had a great impact on national economy and social life. The application of aerospace technology in the military has fundamentally changed military equipment and technology, changed the war from plane to three-dimensional, and greatly changed the pattern of war: aircraft perform tasks such as interception, reconnaissance, bombing, attack, early warning, anti-submarine, electronic jamming, transportation and airborne in the war.
Space flight: also known as space flight, space flight, space flight or space flight. Refers to the navigation activities of spacecraft in space. Some scientists once called the navigation activities of spacecraft in the solar system aerospace, and the navigation activities of spacecraft outside the solar system aerospace. At present, the navigation activities of spacecraft inside and outside the solar system are collectively called aerospace. The purpose of space activities is to explore, develop and use space and celestial bodies to serve mankind. The basic condition of space flight is that the spacecraft must reach enough speed to get rid of the gravity of the earth or the sun. The first, second and third cosmic velocity are the characteristic velocities required for space flight. According to the objects of spacecraft exploration, development and utilization, space flight includes orbit around the earth, lunar navigation, navigation of planets and their satellites, and interstellar navigation (interstellar navigation). According to the relationship or position between spacecraft and objects for exploration, development and utilization, space flight modes include flying over (flying close to celestial bodies), flying around (flying around celestial bodies), landing (landing on celestial bodies) and returning (leaving celestial bodies and returning to Earth). Space activities that perform military tasks (with military purposes) are called military space activities; Space activities that carry out civil tasks such as scientific research, economic development and industrial production (with non-military purposes) are called civil space activities; Space activities that perform commercial contract tasks (for profit) become commercial space activities. The space activities of manned spacecraft are called manned spaceflight; Space activities without manned spacecraft are called unmanned space flight. Nowadays, the role of aerospace has gone far beyond the field of science and technology, and has had a wide and far-reaching impact on national and international political, economic, military and social life.
High Life
The cosmic environment is extremely harsh, and the main factors harmful to human body are high vacuum, high hypoxia, cosmic radiation, temperature difference and so on. These unfavorable factors will cause serious harm to the human body. In this environment, astronauts cannot live and work. Facing the severe space environment, how to ensure the life safety of astronauts? Our scientists and technicians have developed a closed environment that is basically isolated from the outside world, that is, a closed cockpit, to protect astronauts. One is in the morning and the other is in the evening. People's long-term living habit is to "work at sunrise and rest at sunset", and sleep is usually arranged at night. The day and night cycle of spacecraft in space flight is different from our day and night cycle on earth. A day on earth is sunset and sunrise, which is set to 24 hours. A sunset and a sunrise in space flight have different periods, because it is related to the orbit of spacecraft around the earth. High orbit and long day and night cycle; When the orbit is low, the cycle of day and night is short. During the space flight of spacecraft, the duration of day and night is inconsistent. The duration of the day is long, and the duration of the night is short. The day and night cycle is 90 minutes, and the longest night is only 37 minutes. When a spaceship enters the dark side from the front of the earth, it is like entering dusk and night from day. The space shuttle is very fast. When the sun comes out, it jumps out like thunder, and when it goes down, it disappears like a whirlwind. An astronaut once described a day in the universe: in the morning, a computer-controlled clock woke us up. Wake up, open the curtains and look at the space. The sun is shining and the sky is beautiful. But after a while, the sun disappeared, the sky darkened and night came. We think it's time to go to bed again. It's really interesting. One is morning, the other is night ... It's the same to sleep standing up and lying down. The most special thing in space is sleeping position. When weightless, the body will naturally relax and form a bow posture. Aerospace experts believe that it is much more comfortable to sleep in space with a slight bow than to lie flat completely straight. When astronauts fly in space, sleeping bags are usually fixed on the bulkhead of the spacecraft. If not, the attitude inside the spacecraft may collide with the bulkhead when the engine is started. Therefore, astronauts generally prefer to sleep with sleeping bags close to the bulkhead, which is as comfortable as sleeping in a bed. In weightlessness, you can't tell up and down. Sleeping standing is the same as sleeping lying down. So astronauts can sleep against the ceiling, or they can sleep upright against the wall, and sleep as they want. Because people float in weightlessness, astronauts will find it difficult and inconvenient to move, and their movements are not as coordinated as on the ground. If you sit unsteadily and stagger, you may make a big turn as soon as you look up and lean back, and you may tumble when you bend over, so you should be careful in all actions. Astronauts can overlook the earth in space flight, which is also a great pleasure of their space life. Since ancient times, flying into space has been the best daydream of mankind. The earth seen by astronauts on the spaceship is very beautiful. It is a green sphere. Look carefully during the day, most of the earth is light blue, and the dense forest belt looks bluer. The only real green belt is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Some alpine lakes look bright and bright green, like the color of copper sulfate areas. In areas where the temperature is very low and there are no clouds, such as high mountains like the Himalayas in China, we can clearly see the landform there. The most dazzling spectacle that astronauts can see is the Kavil Salt Desert in Iran. This desert looks like Jupiter, with a red, brown and white whirlpool in the middle. This is because of the dazzling traces left by the evaporation of salt lakes from generation to generation. It sparkles like jade. Physical exercise is indispensable. Astronauts can't live in space without physical exercise. In addition to enhancing physical fitness, it also has its special significance: enhancing the adaptability to weightlessness and other space environments, and reducing the harmful effects of harsh environment on astronauts in space flight. In the long-term space station, there is a "small stadium" specially designed for astronauts to exercise, and some special space sports equipment is also set up for astronauts to use. These devices include bicycle dynamometer, miniature track, spring tensioner and negative pressure cylinder. Astronauts who travel in space, like people on earth, need personal hygiene treatment, such as brushing their teeth, washing their faces, taking a bath, urinating and so on. Dealing with sanitation and garbage under weightlessness is very complicated and requires special facilities and skills. When you brush your teeth in weightlessness, toothpaste foam is easy to float, and water droplets will float in the cabin, which will affect people's health and the normal work of the instrument. Astronauts in the spaceship can't bring tools and methods to brush their teeth on the ground. In that case, water may float if it leaks out at a certain point, so astronauts can only brush their teeth in a simpler way. The United States uses a special kind of rubber candy, which allows astronauts to chew fully instead of brushing their teeth to achieve the purpose of cleaning their teeth. When an astronaut washes his face, he actually scrubs his face with a wet towel soaked in cleaning solution. Then, put a towel on the massage brush to comb your hair. Astronauts need to take a bath if they live in the space station for a long time. The long-term manned space station is equipped with space bathroom facilities designed and manufactured by aerospace engineers and technicians. This bathroom is nothing more than a powerful nylon cloth shower cover. There are fixed frames above and below the shower cover, and the ceiling is connected with the floor, which becomes a closed shower cover, which is usually folded and fixed on the ceiling of the living room. The ceiling is also provided with a circular water tank, a nozzle, an electric heater, a water tank for bathing and a pipeline communicated with the large water tank. Before bathing, prepare the purification adsorbent in the wastewater recovery and purification device, recover and purify the sewage during bathing, then clean the water supply pipeline, pumping device, filtering and purification device (to remove impurities and odor), put down the nylon cover rolled on the ceiling, and fix it directly to the bottom frame to form a drum connected to the ceiling floor, just like a completely transparent glass jar. Start the electric heater to heat the water in the water tank to a suitable temperature, then people can take off their clothes and enter the bathroom. There is a pair of fixed slippers under the cylinder, so that people will not float after wearing them. You should wear a respirator before turning on the tap. The respirator is connected with a hose leading to the outside. Astronauts can breathe the air in the cabin to avoid the danger that the mixture of air and water vapor is inhaled into the respiratory tract during bathing. Astronauts cover their ears and wear goggles when taking a shower, just like divers. After everything is ready, you can turn on the faucet, and a thin stream of water sprays on your body, forming a water film with countless bubbles on it. You must suck up the water with a towel or a suction brush. Water will not automatically flow out under weightlessness, and when there is air in the water tank under pressure, water will flow out continuously. The disposal of astronauts' urine on the spacecraft is also quite scientific. The urinal is specially made, and the toilet is connected with a plastic sleeve. Close the rubber valve quickly after defecation, and the feces will fall into the breathable feces collection bag through the airflow, and then be sealed with a sealing bag and put into the toilet. When it is full, it will automatically pop out of the cabin. This is the special life of astronauts. Isn't it really wonderful? Space flight: refers to the space flight of artificial earth satellites and spacecraft near the earth or in the solar system. With the rapid development of science and technology, reference books always seem to be old or vague and inaccurate. Although there are some local modifications that follow the development of the situation, they often lead to contradictions. In modern natural science, the "universe" adopts the above second explanation. Generally speaking, the universe is the sum of space and time. Our ancestors had a correct understanding of the universe for a long time. The ancient book of Han Dynasty, Huai Nan Qi Customs Xun, said that "the four directions called the universe, and the past called the universe". Zhang Heng, a famous astronomer in Han Dynasty, said: "The universe is infinite, and the universe is infinite." . With the development of science and technology, the division of space and time is becoming more and more accurate. In ancient times when productivity was low, it was enough for people to divide time into days, months and days. Later, in order to distinguish between hours and hours. The rise of modern industries and means of transportation, such as trains, automobiles and airplanes, further requires the division of minutes and seconds. For modern technology, this is not enough. It takes milliseconds, microseconds and nanoseconds to measure time. The same is true of the division of space. In ancient times, the concepts of heaven, air and earth were enough, but they were far from meeting the requirements of modern science and technology. Especially after the birth of space technology, it is required to strictly distinguish between "sky" and "space". "sky" refers to the vast space outside the earth's atmosphere. This is roughly equivalent to "sky" and "space". Say "roughly" because if the sun, moon and stars do not include the earth and the sky only exists outside the earth's atmosphere, then the sky is space, and the space is generally called "extremely high sky", and there is no accurate division of physical properties. "Empty" refers to the atmospheric space above the earth's surface. According to the above classification, are weather, weather forecast and starry sky all known as "air", "air forecast" and "starry sky"? But there is a conventional problem here, which does not need to be revised and will not cause ambiguity. Similarly, the term "space science (technology)" now used should also be called "space science (technology)". If the term "space" is too vague, it needs to be rebuilt. Space flight: refers to the space flight of artificial earth satellites and spacecraft near the earth or in the solar system. With the rapid development of science and technology, reference books always seem to be old or vague and inaccurate. Although there are some local modifications that follow the development of the situation, they often lead to contradictions. In modern natural science, the "universe" adopts the above second explanation. Generally speaking, the universe is the sum of space and time. Our ancestors had a correct understanding of the universe for a long time. The ancient book of Han Dynasty, Huai Nan Qi Customs Xun, said that "the four directions called the universe, and the past called the universe". Zhang Heng, a famous astronomer in Han Dynasty, said: "The universe is infinite, and the universe is infinite." . With the development of science and technology, the division of space and time is becoming more and more accurate. In ancient times when productivity was low, it was enough for people to divide time into days, months and days. Later, in order to distinguish between hours and hours. The rise of modern industries and means of transportation, such as trains, automobiles and airplanes, further requires the division of minutes and seconds. For modern technology, this is not enough. It takes milliseconds, microseconds and nanoseconds to measure time. The same is true of the division of space. In ancient times, the concepts of heaven, air and earth were enough, but they were far from meeting the requirements of modern science and technology. Especially after the birth of space technology, it is required to strictly distinguish between "sky" and "space". "sky" refers to the vast space outside the earth's atmosphere. This is roughly equivalent to "sky" and "space". Say "roughly" because if the sun, moon and stars do not include the earth and the sky only exists outside the earth's atmosphere, then the sky is space, and the space is generally called "extremely high sky", and there is no accurate division of physical properties. "Empty" refers to the atmospheric space above the earth's surface. According to the above classification, are weather, weather forecast and starry sky all known as "air", "air forecast" and "starry sky"? But there is a conventional problem here, which does not need to be revised and will not cause ambiguity. Similarly, the term "space science (technology)" now used should also be called "space science (technology)". If the term "space" is too vague, it needs to be rebuilt.
China Aerospace
Shenzhou 51999165438+1October 20th ~ 2nd1day, the flight test of China's first manned spaceflight project "Shenzhou" was a complete success. From the beginning of 2000/kloc-0 to the end of 2002, Shenzhou II-IV unmanned test spacecraft were developed and launched successively, and valuable test data were obtained, which laid a solid foundation for carrying out manned space flight. Shenzhou 5 spacecraft is a 1 manned spacecraft developed on the basis of unmanned spacecraft in China. It has 1 astronaut and runs in orbit 1 day. During the whole flight, we will provide the astronauts with necessary living and working conditions, and send the astronauts' physiological data and TV images to the ground to ensure the astronauts' safe return. The spacecraft consists of orbital module, return module, propulsion module and additional parts, with a total length of 8860 mm and a total weight of 7840 kg. The manual control function of the spacecraft and the subsystem of environmental control and life support provide a guarantee for the safety of astronauts. The spacecraft was launched into the initial orbit by the Long March -2F carrier rocket, with a perigee of 200 km, an apogee of 350 km and an inclination of 42.4 degrees. After the orbit change, it entered a 343-kilometer circular orbit. The spacecraft circled the earth 14 times and landed in the predetermined area. The manned space flight of the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft has realized the aspiration of the people of China to fly for a thousand years, which is a high condensation of the wisdom and spirit of the Chinese nation and a new milestone in China's space industry in the new century. Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft is one of China shenzhou spaceship series. "Shenzhou VI" and "Shenzhou V" have no difference in appearance. They are still three-cabin structures, namely, propulsion module, return module and orbital module. Their weight is basically maintained at about 8 tons, and they are launched by the Long March II F carrier rocket. It is the second spaceship carrying astronauts in China and the first manned spaceship in China to carry out the mission of "many people and many days". Huang Chunping, member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) of Shenzhou VII, head of the advisory group of manned space rocket system, and commander-in-chief of Shenzhou 5 rocket, said that the launch time of Shenzhou VII will be delayed by about half a year, and the original launch plan for 2007 will be postponed to 2008. Different from "Shenzhou V" and "Shenzhou VI", the development of "Shenzhou VII" rocket focuses on spacesuit and airlock. Because "Shenzhou VII" will realize the spacewalk, whether the astronauts can adapt to the vacuum environment suddenly from the cabin pressure, the airlock cabin and the spacesuit have played an important role, and they will leave the cabin. Three astronauts, one walked out of the module, one met in the orbital module, and one stayed in the return module. Finally, they persisted and successfully completed this plan! Shenzhou VII was launched on September 25th, 2008 at 2 1: 10: 04.988 milliseconds. On September 28th, 2008 17: 37, the spacecraft successfully landed at the main landing site in Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia, China, and successfully brought three astronauts, Zhai Zhigang (commander), Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng back to Earth. Shenzhou VII spacecraft flew for 2 days, 20 hours and 27 minutes. On the afternoon of September 24th, 2008 14: 30, entrusted by the Shenzhou VII manned space flight headquarters, Wang Zhaoyao announced that it would launch a manned space flight directly from September 25th from 2 1: 07 to 22: 27. At that time, Chinese astronauts will leave the cabin for the first time to walk in space. At present, the core technical difficulties such as air lock have been overcome, and the whole ship has entered the comprehensive testing stage. The Long March II F rocket used to launch the Shenzhou VII spacecraft is expected to be fully assembled before the end of 65438+ in February 2007. It is reported that the "Shenzhou VII" spacewalk has higher assessment requirements for astronauts. Because the pressure in the spacesuit is lower than normal, it may release nitrogen in human tissues and form air embolism in blood vessels, leading to decompression sickness and even endangering people's lives. Therefore, after the astronauts put on the spacesuit, they must fully absorb the oxygen in the airlock, assist the working astronauts to return to the inner cabin (i.e. the orbital module), close the inner door, and then the airlock begins to decompress to vacuum, which is consistent with the vacuum state outside the spacecraft. At this time, the astronauts can leave the cabin. When returning to the cabin after completing the mission of leaving the cabin, it is necessary to decompress the spacesuit to a certain extent, and then inflate the airlock. "Astronaut extravehicular activity is a difficult and high-risk activity." According to experts, the spacewalk of Shenzhou VII requires astronauts to do full experiments and training on the ground, and the ground training is generally carried out in a neutral pool with certain requirements for specific gravity. This kind of pool is usually built in a large test room. There is a spaceship in the pool, which uses the buoyancy of water to simulate the weightlessness in space. Then the astronauts trained in the pool for entry and exit operations. Zhang, deputy commander of China's manned spaceflight project, said that the future Shenzhou VII spacecraft will not be a simple repetition of Shenzhou VI, and it has broken through many key technologies. Shenzhou VII spacecraft is still launched by Long March II F carrier rocket, which has successfully sent six shenzhou spaceship into space and has a mature technical foundation. At present, the procurement and production of parts for new launch vehicles have begun. Jing Muchun, the chief designer of the rocket, said that this time they will use higher quality components. In view of the previous flight situation of the rocket, researchers will also make partial improvements to this rocket to further improve its reliability. In addition, they are also considering adding some cameras to the rocket. Starting from Shenzhou VII, China entered the second stage of manned space flight. At this stage, the scientific goals of astronauts' extravehicular walking and space rendezvous and docking will be realized one after another. All the launching tasks of the second phase of the project are undertaken by the Chang-2 F rocket.
What does the space system include?
1957 10, the world's first artificial earth satellite Sputnik 1 was successfully launched in the former Soviet Union, which opened a new era of human space flight, and space began to become a new frontier of human activities, and this year was designated as the first international space year. In the past half century, space technology has made great progress in the world. Space technology has been widely used in many sectors of scientific activities, military activities, national economy and social life, and has produced extremely significant and far-reaching effects. Space flight refers to the activities of entering, exploring, developing and utilizing space (that is, outer space outside the earth's atmosphere) and celestial bodies outside the earth. Space activities include space technology (also called space technology), space application and space science. Space technology refers to a comprehensive engineering technology that provides technical means and guarantee conditions for space activities. Space application refers to the use of space technology and its developed space resources in scientific research, national economy, national defense construction, culture and education. Space resources refer to all kinds of environment, energy and material resources that can be developed and utilized by human beings outside the earth's atmosphere, such as high and remote positions in space, high vacuum, ultra-low temperature, strong radiation, microgravity environment, solar energy and material resources of celestial bodies outside the earth. Space system refers to an engineering system composed of spacecraft, space transportation system, space launch site, space measurement and control network and application system to complete specific space tasks. Among them, the application system refers to the user system of spacecraft, generally the ground application system, such as the ground application system of various satellites, the ground application system of manned spacecraft and the ground application system of space probes. Space system can be divided into unmanned space system and manned space system according to whether it can be manned or not; It can be divided into civil space system and military space system according to its use; According to the types of spacecraft, it can be divided into satellite space system, manned spacecraft space system, lunar satellite space system and many other types. Aerospace system is a typical modern complex engineering system, which has the characteristics of large scale, complex system, intensive technology, strong comprehensiveness, large investment, long cycle, high risk, wide application and considerable social and economic benefits. In order to organize and manage the design, manufacture, test, launch, operation and application of aerospace system, system engineering method should be adopted to form aerospace system engineering in aerospace engineering practice, which further enriches and develops the theory and method of system engineering. A perfect space system is an important symbol of a country's space strength and comprehensive national strength. At present, only a few countries in the world have this strength.
How many resources are there in space?
Space resources generally refer to the environment and materials that exist objectively in space and can be developed and utilized by human beings. It mainly includes: long-distance resources relative to the ground, high vacuum and ultra-clean environmental resources, microgravity environmental resources, solar energy resources, moon resources, planetary resources, etc ... The resources available in space are much richer than those available on the earth. From the solar system alone, there are abundant mineral resources on the moon, Mars, asteroids and other celestial bodies. There are abundant hydrogen energy resources on wooden planets and comets; In planetary space and interplanetary space, there are vacuum resources, radiation resources and large temperature difference resources, and the solar energy utilization efficiency of these places is much higher than that of the earth. At present, great social benefits have been achieved. High vacuum and high cleanliness are prominent features of outer space, and are ideal environments for conducting many scientific experiments, developing space technology, and producing electronic products and advanced drugs. In particular, they are prerequisites for human space activities. High vacuum and ultra-clean environmental resources have achieved considerable practical results, but the utilization of microgravity resources and solar energy resources is still in the stage of experiment, research and creation. The word "space flight" was first coined by Qian Xuesen. The biography of Qian Xuesen was written by Ye Yonglie, a first-class writer and professor of Shanghai Writers Association, and Qian Xuesen coined the word "space flight". Thirty years ago, Ye Yonglie, then the director of March into the Universe, met Qian Xuesen. At that time, Qian Xuesen served as deputy director of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. Because the film involves space rockets, Qian Xuesen is in charge of film criticism. Thirty years later, Ye Yonglie began to write Biography of Qian Xuesen, which was completed on the eve of National Day, with 400,000 words, and has been submitted to the publishing house for typesetting and proofreading. This afternoon, the reporter interviewed Ye Yonglie. Knowing Qian Xuesen originated from a film review. I have known Qian Xuesen for 30 years. The cause of the incident is that I am the director of March into the Universe, which is an hour-and-a-half movie with three series. I sent the shooting outline to the competent departments-the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and the Seventh Machinery Department for review. Unexpectedly, when Qian Xuesen, then deputy director of the National Defense Science and Technology Commission and vice minister of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry, came to Shanghai, he personally read the shooting outline and talked with me about his views. That evening, I went to Shanghai Yan 'an Hotel as promised. Liu Ming took me to a reception room upstairs. No sooner had I sat down than Qian Xuesen, dressed in military uniform, came. He took off his military cap, revealing a broad, plump, white and delicate sky, with a scholarly temperament and gentleness. A pair of eyes, shoot wise eyes. Although he was born in Shanghai, he went to Beijing with his father at the age of three, so he is full of Beijing dialect. He humbly calls himself a "fool" and an "artistic layman", but he puts forward many constructive opinions on movies. He told me that before he came to Shanghai, he had exchanged views with Ren Xinmin, Vice Minister of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry, on the shooting outline. I am really touched that the leaders of the Seventh Machinery Department attach so much importance to shooting. Qian Xuesen said that the beginning of the film should show China's beautiful fantasy about space in ancient times: from the immortals on the vertical axis unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb to the myths of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon and flying murals in Dunhuang. When talking about the dream of the ancients flying in the sky, Qian Xuesen also suggested that this group of shots should be accompanied by Chinese classical music ... In fact, the profound Qian Xuesen is very good at art, especially music. While studying at Shanghai Jiaotong University, he was the main horn player in the school band, and his wife Jiang Ying was a soprano studying in Germany. Qian Xuesen coined the word "aerospace" from a poem by Chairman Mao. Qian Xuesen told me that the word "aerospace" was his first creation. He called human flight activities outside the atmosphere "aerospace", which was "inferred" from navigation and aviation. He said that President Mao Zedong's poem "Overlooking a Thousand Rivers" inspired him deeply. He also put forward the word "aerospace", that is, "interstellar travel". In the book Introduction to Interstellar Travel, he discussed in detail the flight between planets and even between stars. Nowadays, if the word "aerospace" is still a little strange to ordinary people, the word "aerospace" has become a household name. I asked Qian Xuesen how to grasp the confidentiality standard of rockets. He replied, "The key is whether you have revealed the key." If you shoot a rocket, a cylinder and run, what's the secret? Everyone is like this. Now, don't think too much about these secret questions. Thinking too much will bind your mind. My mind is bound and I dare not move anything. "Qian Xuesen is very talkative and talked for more than two hours in one breath. On the second day of the meeting, I sorted out more than 10,000 words of Qian Xuesen's conversation record according to my notes and gave it to the typist for printing (there was no computer at that time). This printed manuscript has now become a precious document. Since then, I have had many contacts with Qian Xuesen, sometimes in his office of the Ministry of National Defense in Beijing, sometimes in the film screening room of the Ministry of Culture, and sometimes at his home. Every time he goes back to Beijing to submit a film for review, he always watches it in person and talks while watching it, while I sit next to him and take detailed notes. Qian Xuesen said, "China people invented the rocket first. This is universally acknowledged. We invented the rocket, which is the glory of our nation. In the Southern Song Dynasty, we invented the rocket. This point is mentioned in the outline, which is not very important, but it deserves considerable attention. This matter should be well publicized. "According to Qian Xuesen's opinion, later in the film, I specially added an animation lens, and designed the scene of' the dragon coming out of the water' according to the image of the ancient rocket in China. When commenting on this film, Qian Xuesen was very satisfied with this animated shot. I found that Qian Xuesen censored movies very carefully, especially when it came to confidentiality. For example, in my opinion, when a rocket is launched, the flame from the tail is extremely spectacular, so I use the tail to spray fire at close range and then jump the rocket into the sky. Qian Xuesen told me that the close-up must be cut short, and as soon as the jet at the tail of the rocket was exposed, I immediately jumped into the foreground. He said that close shots, "amateurs watch the excitement, experts watch the doorway", and close shots will reveal secrets. Therefore, in the film, most of them use "a cylinder, running upward" to avoid leaks.