● Per capita water resources are very limited. According to the statistics of the World Bank 1998 on 132 countries, China's total water resources rank fourth in the world, but its per capita water resources rank 82nd. According to international standards, per capita water resources of 2000 cubic meters is the edge of serious water shortage, and per capita water resources 1000 cubic meters is the minimum requirement for human survival. At present, the per capita water resources of 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China are seriously below the water shortage line, and the per capita water resources of 7 provinces and autonomous regions (Ningxia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Liaoning and Jiangsu) are below the minimum requirements for survival.
● The water pollution is serious and the loss is huge. According to the water resources quality evaluation of more than 700 rivers in China, about 654.38+10,000 kilometers, 46.5% of the river length is polluted; 10.6% of the river length is seriously polluted, and the water body has lost its use value. More than 90% of urban waters are seriously polluted. Among the seven major river basins in China, more than 70% of the reaches of Taihu Lake, Huaihe River and Yellow River are polluted. The pollution in Haihe River and Songliao River basins is also quite serious, accounting for more than 60% of the polluted river sections, and14 of the population in China drinks water that does not meet the hygienic standards. Water pollution directly affects people's life and living environment in China.
● The rivers and lakes are shrinking and the Yellow River is cut off. During the 27 years from 1972 to 1998, Lijin Station of the Yellow River was cut off at 2 1 year, and the frequency of cut-off has reached five times in four years. The deadline is 1050 days, with an average of 50 days in each deadline year, including 6544 days. Rivers in the middle and lower reaches of Haihe River Basin have basically dried up, siltation at the estuary has intensified, and the ecological environment has been seriously damaged. Due to the sharp drop in runoff, the sewage discharged from cities and towns cannot be diluted, and many sewage rivers have been formed, which are vividly called: "No rivers are polluted, and water is polluted." According to the survey, the water surface area of lakes in China has decreased by 30% in the past 30 years.
● The northwest water environment is harsh. At present, the phenomenon of lakes drying up in arid and semi-arid areas in northwest China is very serious, and the salt content and salinity of some lakes have increased obviously, especially in northwest China. Bosten Lake in Xinjiang, due to the construction of water conservancy projects in the upper reaches, the water volume of the lake has dropped sharply, and the irrigation area with high salt content has shrunk and kept entering the lake. Therefore, in a short period of more than 10 years, the lake has evolved from a freshwater lake to a saltwater lake, with the salinity of the lake increased by 6 times, the water surface decreased by 120 square kilometers and the water level decreased by 3.54 meters. Ebinur Lake in the west of Junggar Basin, known as the "green maze", was cut off from water in the 1970s because of deforestation in the lake area in the 1960s. At this point, the surface of Ebinur Lake has been reduced from 1300 square kilometers to 600 square kilometers, and the dried-up lake basin has become a salt desert. Lop Nur, once the largest saltwater lake in China's history, has also dried up.
● The wetland area is shrinking and the ecology is degraded. Due to the population growth, the expansion of cultivated land and the change of ecological types, the wetland area in China has shrunk seriously. The continuous reclamation of the Great Northern Wilderness has reduced the largest wetland area in China by 60%, and the wetland area in Sanjiang Plain has decreased from 4.43 million hectares in the early days of the People's Republic of China to 6.5438+0.9 million hectares. If emergency protection measures are not taken, the wetlands in Sanjiang Plain will disappear in more than ten years.
● The consequences of reclaiming land from lakes in the south are serious. Reclamation of southern lakes is the primary reason for the shrinking area of southern lakes. Jianghan Lake Group, which was once beautiful, lost 983 lakes due to reclamation, and its area decreased by 204 1 square kilometer. At present, there are only 83 lakes left. In less than 40 years, the vast 800-mile Dongting Lake has reclaimed 2.26 million mu. Siltation and reclamation are mutually causal, leading to a vicious ecological cycle in the lake area.
● Overexploitation of groundwater causes environmental problems. Due to the scarcity of surface water resources and the intensification of water pollution, some areas exploit groundwater in a predatory manner, and groundwater overexploitation is very serious. According to incomplete statistics, there are currently 49 groundwater drop funnels 149, with an area of158,000 square kilometers, of which 67,000 square kilometers are seriously over-exploited, accounting for 42.3% of the over-exploited area. The average over-exploitation of groundwater for many years is 6.78 billion cubic meters, and the water level in some funnels has reached 60-80 meters. Land subsidence occurred in some cities, which caused serious consequences.
● China has become one of the countries with the most serious soil erosion in the world, with a soil erosion area of 3.67 million square kilometers, accounting for 38% of the land area, of which the hydraulic erosion area is 6.5438+0.79 million square kilometers. In addition, more than 5 billion tons of soil is lost every year, and the desertification area of the whole country is increased by 2 100 square kilometers every year due to soil erosion, and more than 70,000 hectares of cultivated land are lost for the same reason. Soil erosion in the Loess Plateau takes away 40 million tons of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium every year, which is equivalent to the annual fertilizer production in China. Water pollution accidents occur frequently. In recent years, water pollution accidents occur frequently all over the country, with an average of more than 1600 per year. 1994 Huaihe river pollution accident caused drinking water difficulties for Jiangsu and Anhui provinces1500,000 people. 1996 After the Spring Festival, another pollution accident occurred in the Huaihe River, causing 700,000 people in Bengbu City to fall into a state of water shortage. In recent 10 years, hundreds of water pollution accidents have occurred in Haihe river basin alone, and regional disputes caused by water pollution have occurred continuously, seriously affecting social stability.
Read a heavy report on water resources.
How do you feel after reading this article? What problems do you think exist in China's water resources?
The earth's water reserves are very rich, * * * as much as145 billion cubic kilometers. Although there is a huge amount of water on the earth, it is pitiful that it can be directly used for production and life. First of all, seawater is salty and bitter, so it can't be drunk, irrigated or used for industry. Secondly, the earth's fresh water resources only account for 2.5% of its total water, and more than 70% of these rare fresh water resources are frozen in the Antarctic and Arctic ice sheets, and 87% of the fresh water resources are difficult to use, plus the hard-to-use alpine glaciers and permafrost snow. The fresh water resources that human beings can really use are part of rivers, lakes and groundwater, accounting for about 0.26% of the total water of the earth. The global freshwater resources are not only in short supply, but also the regional distribution is extremely unbalanced. In terms of regional distribution, the freshwater resources of Brazil, Russian Federation, Canada, China, USA, Indonesia, India, Colombia and Congo account for 60% of the world's freshwater resources. About 654.38+0.5 billion people in 80 countries and regions, which account for 40% of the world's total population, are short of water, of which about 300 million people in 26 countries are extremely short of water. Even more frightening is that by 2025, 3 billion people in the world will face water shortage, and 40 countries and regions will be seriously short of water.
The total water resources in China is 2.8 trillion cubic meters. Among them, 2.7 trillion cubic meters of surface water and 0.83 trillion cubic meters of groundwater. Because surface water and groundwater are mutually transformed and replenished, after deducting the amount of repeated calculation, the amount of groundwater resources that are not repeated with river runoff is about 0. 1 trillion cubic meters. According to internationally recognized standards, the per capita water resources below 3000 cubic meters are mild water shortage; The per capita water resources below 2000 cubic meters are moderately short of water; The per capita water resource 1000 cubic meter is a serious water shortage; Water resources below 500 cubic meters per capita are extremely short of water. At present, the per capita water resources of 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) are below the critical water shortage line, and the per capita water resources of 6 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) are below 500 cubic meters (Ningxia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Jiangsu). The total amount of water resources in China is not too large, ranking sixth in the world, but the per capita possession is even less, with 2240 cubic meters, ranking 88th among 153 countries counted by the World Bank. The regional distribution of water resources in China is also very uneven. The Yangtze River basin and its south area only account for 36.5% of the country's land area, and water resources account for 8 1% of the country. The area in the north accounts for 63.5% of the whole country, and the water resources only account for 19% of the whole country. What should we do in the face of this severe water resources situation:
1. Have the consciousness of cherishing water. For a long time, people generally believe that water is inexhaustible. They don't know how to cherish, and some even waste it in vain. We should know that China's per capita water resources are not rich, and the regional distribution is uneven, with great inter-annual differences and unpredictable changes during the year. Coupled with pollution and lack of water resources, tap water is even more difficult. Cherishing water is the basis of saving water. Only when we realize that "saving water is glorious and wasting water is shameful" can we pay attention to saving water all the time.
2. Develop good habits. According to analysis, families can save about 70% water as long as they pay attention to getting rid of bad habits. There are many habits related to wasting water, such as: flushing cigarette butts and breaking garbage with the toilet; In order to get a cup of hot water, a lot of cold water was put in vain; Wash potatoes and carrots before peeling, or wash them before choosing vegetables; Intermittent use of water (when opening the door to pick up guests, answering the phone, changing TV channels), with the faucet on; Forgot to turn off the faucet during the water stop; When washing hands, washing face and brushing teeth, let the water flow all the time; Do not check the faucet before going to bed or going out; The equipment leaked and was not repaired in time.
3, the use of water-saving appliances, family water saving in addition to pay attention to develop good water habits, the use of water-saving appliances is very important, but also the most effective. In order to save money, many people would rather let themselves go than replace water-saving appliances. In fact, it is even more uneconomical to pay so much water fee in the long run. Using water-saving appliances can not only save money, but also protect the environment. Isn't it killing two birds with one stone? There are many kinds of water-saving appliances, including water-saving water tanks, water-saving faucets and water-saving toilets. Just use a few, and make a lot of contributions to water saving!
4, check the leak and plug the flow, the "drip into the river" at home is not a joke. Always check the tap water pipes in your home. In order to prevent a slight delay, don't ignore the leakage of faucet and water pipe connector. If you find water leakage, please ask someone or yourself to repair it in time to block the running water. For the water leakage that cannot be repaired for a while, it is best to temporarily control the water flow with the main switch. Take good care of the faucet and unscrew the water gate of the faucet by half, then the leakage flow will naturally be small, and the water loss will be reduced by half at the same time.
As far as production is concerned, especially for some industries with high water consumption, we should actively organize technical research to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of water around how to optimize the operation of water system, how to improve the concentration multiple of circulating water and how to improve the recycling utilization of water resources; At the same time, a feasible operation system is formulated to manage the water consumption of products in quota, which is used as a technical and economic index for assessment to reduce waste.
For a long time, most people have the idea of saving water, but there is no concrete action, and extravagance and waste are still common. Some people think that the great cause of the family, coupled with the Yangtze River, always thinks that this source is inexhaustible and lacks the sense of urgency and urgency to save water. If water is more expensive than oil, it will be too late for us to save water.
Someone once said that the earth should be called water polo. Because when a person looks at the earth from space, he will see a huge blue sphere, because he sees the ocean covering most of the earth, which makes the earth a "blue planet". Because most of the earth with a surface area of 5.1×108 square kilometers is oceans, rivers and lakes, and only 1.49× 108 square kilometers is land, scientists have come to a conclusion that seven parts of the earth are oceans and three parts are land.
Therefore, most people think that there is so much water on the earth that it is nothing to waste. Anyway, the water on the earth is inexhaustible. But they don't know that although 7 1% of the world is ocean, there are few fresh water resources available for human use. In the global ocean of 7 1%, about 97% is seawater, that is, salt water or other water resources that human beings can't obtain, while the fresh water that human beings need only accounts for 2.5% of the global water. Most of the fresh water resources on the earth are polar and alpine glaciers, and the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater, accounting for only 0.3% of the global freshwater resources.
China is a country short of water. Compared with other countries in the world, China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russia, the United States and Indonesia, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated by per capita water resources, it is only 1/4 of the world level, ranking behind 1 10. The phenomenon of water shortage is widespread in the whole country, and it is getting worse. Taking urban water supply as an example, more than half of about 670 cities in China are short of water to varying degrees, of which 1 10 is seriously short of water.
However, in recent decades, with the growth of global population, the development of social economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for fresh water resources is increasing day by day, and many areas are short of water. At the same time, water pollution caused by human activities makes a lot of valuable water resources lose their use value, which further aggravates the water crisis. At present, the shortage of water resources has aroused widespread concern of the international community and our government and people. Some experts predict that the shortage of water resources will become the most serious resource problem facing mankind in the 2 1 century.
Please don't let the tears become the last drop of water!
Measures to cultivate water-saving consciousness
(1) Ordinary water prices within the standard water consumption are generally implemented, and the excess will be charged twice or even higher. This method can be regional, but it should be popularized nationwide.
(2) Not only advertising pictures are posted as a means to promote water saving, but also put forward on TV or important occasions to make people feel that water saving is also an obligation.
(3) After entering the 2 1 century, the water consumption mode of urban residents in China can also be changed to coin or credit card mode. Replace the water meter with a coin hole with a sensitometer, and put different colors to represent different coins, and the corresponding water will automatically flow out of the water pipe. This kind of coin needs people to buy it themselves. You can also replace the water meter with a card reader, and after reading the information in the magnetic card, the water will flow until the water on the magnetic card runs out.
(4) The structure of sewer pipes in the family can be changed into sewage treatment system. If the poured water can be reused, it can flow into the toilet reservoir for flushing; It can also flow into a fixed pool for other purposes. For example: washing mops, watering flowers, etc. In that case, the reuse of water will not be as troublesome as it is now.
In a word, it is not impossible to save fresh water resources in China as long as people's awareness of water conservation is strengthened. Therefore, at present, China's domestic water-saving potential is still great.
Save water and protect water resources
Water looks so ordinary, so ordinary that it is indispensable and can be forgotten at any time. People only think of drinking water when they are thirsty, but they seldom or never care about water itself.
Water, the source of life, is irreplaceable by any substance. Without water, there would be no life, let alone civilization and development. At present, due to the rapid increase of the world population, excessive demand and waste of human beings, industrial pollution and other reasons, the world's fresh water resources are increasingly scarce, and human beings are facing a serious water crisis.
China is a country short of water resources. Although its total water resources reserves reach 2.8 1 trillion cubic meters, ranking sixth in the world, China supports14 of the world's population, and its per capita water resources are less than14 of the world's per capita water resources, making it one of the countries with poor per capita water resources. Experts predict that the population of China will reach the peak of 65.438+0.6 billion in 2030. Coupled with the increasingly serious water pollution, by then, China will become a country with serious water shortage.
Listen carefully, the Huaihe River is crying, the Yellow River is crying, and the Yangtze River is sighing ... Water pollution is like a chronic disease that plagues rivers, lakes and reservoirs ... The deterioration of water environment directly threatens people's health. In order to call on human beings to pay attention to water pollution and save water resources, the United Nations designated March 22nd every year as "World Water Day", calling on the children of the earth to cherish every drop of water.
National per capita daily water consumption; The water used for a cold bath in summer is equivalent to the daily water consumption of dozens of people in water-deficient countries; If the faucet is not tightened, the water lost in one night is equivalent to the total drinking water of a village in Africa or Asia in one day! This shows how important it is to save water.
Water resources are the common wealth of mankind, and each of us should improve our understanding of water resources and consciously form a good habit of saving water. Students, be a little environmental guardian! Start from the small things around you, pay attention to tighten the faucet at any time, save water when cleaning, and fight against the waste and destruction of water resources in life. Cherish every drop of water and protect water resources with your own practical actions.
At present, about one third of the people in the world live in an environment where fresh water resources are scarce. Statistics show that China has 2.8 trillion tons of fresh water, and every ton of wastewater discharged will pollute 8 tons of fresh water. If the annual wastewater discharge is 500 million tons, the fresh water in China can only be used for 700 years. I remember there was a public service advertisement to protect fresh water resources, which read: "Protect water resources, cherish life, and don't let aquatic creatures cry".
PS: it's a little long. You can extract the content in case the teacher says you didn't write it.