First, the importance of water-saving irrigation in farmland water conservancy projects
China is a big agricultural country, but at the same time it is extremely short of water. Judging from the demand for sleep in cultivated land in various places, the areas including Northeast China, North China and East China are seriously short of water. The widespread shortage of water resources determines the large-scale irrigation demand in China. However, due to the serious water shortage, the irrigation amount has become increasingly difficult to meet the requirements. The lack of water resources has seriously restricted the development of agriculture in China. In order to irrigate the largest farmland area with the least water resources and improve the irrigation efficiency of water resources, water-saving irrigation technology of farmland water conservancy is widely used in farmland irrigation. The wide application of water-saving irrigation technology in farmland water conservancy can not only improve the utilization efficiency of water resources and reduce the waste of water resources, but also realize the scientific irrigation of crops, promote the growth of crops and increase the yield of crops, which has an important contribution to China's environmental protection and agricultural work and is the main development goal of farmland irrigation in China.
Second, the basic principles of agricultural water-saving irrigation
1, based on the current and long-term point of view
Water-saving irrigation serves agricultural construction and can only be reformed on the existing basis; On the other hand, the development of water-saving irrigation itself has stages, as well as the input capacity of the state, local governments and farmers and the management level of irrigation areas. Whether it is engineering measures or non-engineering measures, we should proceed from reality and do what we can; We should deal with the relationship between advanced nature and practicality, speed and benefit, and create conditions for further development in the future.
2, according to local conditions, pay attention to practical results.
Develop water-saving irrigation. First of all, we should have a scientific attitude. Otherwise, it cannot be scientific. It is necessary to avoid only talking about water-saving theory and engineering theory, as well as engaging in sports and formality. Irrigation and drainage in China enjoys a high reputation in the world, and water-saving irrigation in China has many successful experiences, which has aroused widespread concern in the world. These experiences are the products of adapting to local conditions. In agricultural water-saving irrigation, not only can we not copy foreign experience, but also the application of water-saving strategies and technical measures should be different between southern irrigation area and northern irrigation area, hilly irrigation area and plain irrigation area, gravity irrigation area and lifting irrigation area, rice irrigation area and dry crop irrigation area. In large-scale irrigation areas, the water-saving strategies of upstream and downstream irrigation areas are also different.
3. Pay equal attention to social benefits, economic benefits and environmental benefits.
The vitality of irrigation area itself depends not only on the economic benefit of irrigation management department, but also on the benign cycle of regional economic development and ecological environment. The economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits of irrigation areas restrict and promote each other. In water-saving irrigation, social and environmental benefits should be fully considered when allocating water and soil resources and adopting water-saving technology.
Three, water-saving irrigation technical measures in the basic construction of farmland water conservancy
1, saving measures in the process of water delivery
In the long-term agricultural production process, the method of farmland irrigation is generally to dig a canal and then transport the water to the irrigated field. However, during transportation, some water resources were evaporated in vain, resulting in water loss. According to experts' investigation and statistics, at present, the irrigation channels in agricultural production are not fully utilized, and only 50% ~ 60% of the water is used for farmland irrigation, which shows that the key to saving farmland water is to do well in water delivery, formulate correct schemes and implement water-saving strategies, which is very important for saving agricultural costs.
(1) There are many kinds of materials available for canal seepage control, and each material will exert its own performance. Generally, dry block stone, slurry block stone, precast concrete block and cast-in-place concrete protective layer are used. At present, the "three-sided light" channel is widely used. In the process of using concrete cover, it is found that when the channel is small, U-shaped concrete channel can be used, which can effectively improve the water flow and make the cross section smaller.
(2) There is not only leakage of canal bed, but also evaporation of water surface or transpiration of weeds on canal bed during water conveyance. If water is transported by pipeline, the water loss can be significantly reduced. When the requirements of sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation and micro-irrigation are strict, low-pressure water pipes should be used for surface irrigation.
2. Water saving irrigation methods
(1) micro-irrigation. The application of micro-irrigation technology in modern agricultural production often involves drip irrigation, pulse irrigation and micro-spraying. According to the performance of micro-irrigation equipment, it can be divided into atmospheric micro-irrigation and gravity micro-irrigation According to the situation of irrigation equipment, it includes underground irrigation and surface irrigation. The biggest advantage of micro-irrigation technology is that it can strictly control the water consumption of crop irrigation, which includes irrigation control system, water filtration system, water pipeline and other structures.
(2) sprinkler irrigation. The choice of sprinkler irrigation technology must be combined with the corresponding equipment to operate. Generally, there are booster pumps and power machines. Sometimes, you can use the potential energy of natural decline of water intake to compress water in the pipeline for field transportation, then spray it into the air through the nozzle, and finally arrange it completely in the whole field to provide water for crops. Among the existing water-saving technologies, sprinkler irrigation technology is the most widely used.
(3) Seepage prevention of irrigation channels. The anti-seepage technology of irrigation channels usually includes concrete lining, stone lining, mortar masonry, plastic film material anti-seepage and so on.
(4) Walking irrigation. The equipment is easy to disassemble and improve, and the irrigation equipment group can be assembled quickly, which is suitable for tractor irrigation. The application of walking irrigation technology can effectively improve irrigation efficiency and fundamentally achieve the purpose of saving water.
(5) Low-pressure pipeline water delivery. In the process of adopting low-pressure pipeline water delivery technology, the water source in the well is often extracted and transported to the irrigation area by irrigation pipeline system.
3, farming and cultivation techniques
(1) Soil water storage project. Water from any source provides water for crop growth through soil, a special carrier, so soil is actually a huge reservoir without free water surface and has great water storage capacity. According to rough calculation, the water storage capacity of soil with depth of 1m can be equivalent to the annual precipitation under semi-humid climate conditions, and its water storage potential is very huge, so people regard it as the third largest water storage means after surface reservoirs and underground reservoirs.
(2) Tillage and mulching to keep moisture. This is the most widely used agricultural water-saving measure in traditional dry farming. Drought-resistant and moisture-saving technologies, namely, cutting off soil capillary action, reducing ground evaporation, controlling weeds and field humidity, especially reducing inter-plant evaporation, are the ineffective transpiration part to be reduced by agricultural water-saving goals, so it is an important technical link to reduce field water consumption. Through tillage and mulching, soil moisture can be effectively maintained, and water use efficiency and water productivity of natural precipitation and irrigation water can be improved.
(3) Water-saving planting system and planting structure. This is also a very important link in the current water-saving agricultural measures. Based on the principle of high-quality and efficient market benefit and the goal of sustainable development of resources and environment, we choose and design high-quality and efficient water-saving planting system and crop structure. In areas lacking in resources, it is necessary to appropriately compress and control the irrigation area, restore some dry crops, and reduce some crops with high water consumption and low efficiency. Each region can choose the most ideal mode according to the conditions of its own region.
In short, there are many kinds of water-saving irrigation technologies, and each technology has certain applicable conditions. Appropriate water-saving irrigation technology can be selected in every place and condition, so as to improve agricultural production efficiency and create more economic benefits for farmers. To vigorously develop high-efficiency and water-saving agriculture, it is necessary to rationally adjust crop planting structure, vigorously promote water-saving irrigation methods such as canal seepage prevention, pipeline irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation, carry out technical transformation of water-saving irrigation, and gradually eliminate flooding.
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