I. Articles
In the first half of the 20th century, the study of human geography in Tibetan areas showed a rising trend, far exceeding other branches of Tibetan studies. According to statistics, at the beginning of the 20th century, especially before1911911 Revolution, there were few articles on human geography in Tibetan areas. After the Revolution of 1911, when War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in 1937, the number of articles soared to 150. There are about 200 articles from the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression to the establishment of 1949 New China. This shows that China people are increasingly concerned about border security and national unity, and scholars have gradually strengthened their investigation and research on Tibetan areas in an era when foreign powers are surrounding and trying to invade Tibet and imperialist colonial policies are rampant. Especially after the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, as a large number of universities and scientific research institutions moved to the south and west, the experts and scholars who moved with them had the opportunity to directly contact the border areas and people and conduct field visits in person, and the research in this area was further strengthened. On the basis of personal investigation and study, many people have written high-quality investigation reports, academic papers or vivid travel works. In contrast, the proportion of translated works after 1937 is also greatly reduced. This phenomenon shows that China people's own understanding, investigation and research on Tibetan geography have been greatly strengthened, and their dependence on "imported goods" has also been reduced.
Of course, some articles included in the directory index are pictures or maps, so I won't discuss them here. After eliminating those repetitive items and many articles that are not real academic papers or of little academic value, there is actually not so much to introduce. Below we can only introduce the choice:
(1) Writing in Chinese
Adventure travel notes were written by China people in this period, which can be said to be both works of human geography and literary works. Most of the more important ones are published in Journal of Geosciences, Northwest Monthly and New Asia Monthly. In fact, many of them later published books, which had a great influence, such as the latest inspection in the furnace by Zhang and the Tibet I have been to by Master Fazun. I won't go into details here.
Yitang Xu's Journey to Xikang (⑤) and Ke Xiangfeng's Journey to Xikang (⑤) are both travel notes of Xikang, but the events described and published are different. 1929, the authorities of Xikang Province entrusted Huaxi University to send people to investigate the social situation. Yitang Xu, a ethnologist, accompanied a delegation led by Ke Xiangfeng to investigate all parts of Xikang for nearly three months. Later, Mr. Yitang Xu recorded the itinerary, route and what he saw and heard day by day. This is the trip to Xikang. Ke Xiangfeng's trip to Xikang is the diary of the author who led a delegation to Xikang in the first year after the Anti-Japanese War (1938). This survey is the first job of China academic groups in Kangkang. The article "What did they see, what did they meet and what did they hear" has a detailed description. According to the author, "try to use scientific methods" in writing. Comparatively speaking, Kewen is more detailed than Xuwen.
From 65438 to 0940, Li Shijin's trip to Qing and Kang spanned four provinces of Gansu, Qing and Yunnan, which lasted for half a year. He set out from Lanzhou to Xining, passed through the Qinghai Lake basin and the southeast corner of Qaidam, reached the upper reaches of the Shehuang River, crossed Bayan Kara (Kela) Mountain to Yushu, then entered Xikang Changdu from Yushu, descended along the Lancang River and Nujiang River, and arrived in Dali via northwest Yunnan. His article "Between Lannu" (⑦) records in detail the author's experience between Lancang River and Nujiang River from July 26th to August 26th in 2/kloc-0. In addition, Sheng Jingxin's Journey to Guoluo Awa and Shiyu's Journey to Qinghai are also important travel works in this period.
The Himalayas are praised by world explorers. As early as two or three hundred years ago, many foreign explorers went in droves, but most of them ended in failure, and many people were buried in the snow-capped mountains. However, in 1926, British, French, German, Italian and Swiss explorers made relatively successful mountaineering expeditions. The expedition was led by Professor Tommy Tam Foss and commanded by Professor Di's wife. The expedition members are mainly composed of experts in geology, meteorology and medical treatment. They are well organized, talented, hardworking and successful. Rong Shi's "snow" (this word can't mean "heaven+chapter")
Mountain exploration [1 1] describes in detail the adventures of five explorers in the Himalayan snow mountain.
In addition to Kangzang Qingqu, there are also travel articles about Tibetan areas in Gansu. A Journey to Labrang Temple written by Ming Tuo [12] describes the detailed process of the author's visit to Labrang Temple in nine sections, and briefly describes the lineage of the living Buddha of Jia Mu, the institution of Labrang Temple and its sovereignty, and the scenery of the Buddha country, which is very interesting to read.
Before 1949, there were many research papers and investigation reports on human geography in China:
Zhang Zhu's "Foundations and Problems of Ningqing Economic Geography" [13] expounds the three foundations of Ningqing economic geography and the five problems existing in Ningqing economic construction from the geographical background and the importance of Ningqing's geographical position in Qinghai, Ningxia, and points out that the development of Ningqing two provinces must make feasible plans within the possible scope of "foundation" and formulate solutions to "problems" in order to have a successful hope. This is not only an economic paper, but also a geographical article. Shu Ning is located in the southwest of Xikang province, between Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. Its administrative areas are Xichang, Yuexi, Mianning, Zhaojue, Ningnan, Huili, Yanyuan and Yanbian, which are the so-called "eight counties in Shuning". Zheng Xiangxi's Geographical Environment and Regionalization [14] describes the geographical environment and administrative divisions of counties in this area, including the area of each county and the area it occupies. Zhang Fayin's "Geographical Investigation of Ethnic Evolution in Tibet" [15] is divided into three parts: ethnic origin, evolution and geographical situation, among which the geographical situation is particularly detailed. Combined with historical facts, this paper makes textual research and demonstration on the records of Tibet in Buddhist classics. Jiang's article "Natural Environment and Life in Tibet" [16] covers Tibet's geographical situation and territory, natural environment, general situation of humanities, foreign relations, etc., and the discussion is still dull, but at the end of the article, the author's estimation of the situation in Tibet is too optimistic. [17] Pale in Ma Xiaoxiao, an important town in southern Tibet [18] describes the geographical overview of Pale, which enjoys the reputation of "the first city in the world", in seven parts: the gateway to southern Tibet, "international market", lifestyle, post and telecommunications space, Mr. Hou, fat official vacancy and monotonous warmth.
As for map research, Ren Naiqiang's Xikang Map Spectrum (1-7) [19] is the most important cartographic paper in Kangqu during this period.
It is worth mentioning that some papers in this period used linguistic methods to investigate and demonstrate geographical problems, which was more skillful and scientific in methodology. For example, Zheng Tianting's "The Place and Tune of Faqiang" [20] makes a textual research and demonstration on the place of Faqiang according to the relevant historical materials and the methods of phonological exegesis; Wang Deng's Interpretation of Kangzang Place Names: Zaya, Dajianlu, Muduo Mountain, Dasang, Caizipo, White and Dege [2 1] and He Yanhang's Investigation of Xikang Place Names [22] all study the origin and history of Kangzang Place Names by linguistic methods.
When it comes to Tibetan studies in this period, we can't help but mention the magazine 1946 edited by Mr. Ren Naiqiang and many articles on Tibetan studies published by this magazine. 65438-0946 Mr. Ren Naiqiang was transferred to Sichuan University as a professor. In order to promote Tibetan studies in China, the Kangzang Research Association, the first non-governmental organization specializing in Tibetan studies in China, was initiated and organized that year. He himself was elected as the chairman, and later edited and published the monthly magazine Kangzang Research at his own expense. It is conceivable that the funds at that time were extremely difficult, but he scrimped and saved and always guaranteed to publish on time. From July 1946 to September 1949, the journal published 29 issues and nearly 100 articles. Among them, articles about geography especially occupy considerable weight and status. Regarding the study of mountains and lakes, the important articles published in this journal include Xie Guoan's Strange Talks on Gangdise Mountain, Four Holy Lakes in Tibet, Ren Naiqiang's Gangdise Mountain and Kunlun Mountain, Supplementary Notes on Four Holy Lakes in Tibet, etc. The study of natural zoning includes Ren Naiqiang's Duokang Natural Zoning and Tibet Natural Zoning [25]. In terms of maps, there are Ren Naiqiang's "Summary of Standard Maps of Kangzang" and "Introduction to Three Translated Maps of Kangzang" [26] and so on. Other important articles include Qiangtang, the top of Kangzang Plateau by Xie Guoan, My Day, the End of Boring Zone by Ren Naiqiang, Dajingshan and Oro Tibetans, and Life of Dajingshan and Oro People by Zhuang Xueben. In translation, Li translated many works of Fran? ois Gore. The establishment of the Kangzang Research Association and its social magazine "Kangzang Research" has made positive contributions to uniting Tibetan and Chinese scholars and developing Tibetan studies in China, and enjoys a high reputation in Tibetan studies at home and abroad.
Wang Wo's Guide to Tibet [30] is not a travel note, but an earlier report on the geographical investigation of Tibet published in the first half of the 20th century. According to a number of routes to Tibet in three different directions, [3 1] "Describe its stops and landscapes along the way as a guide for ambitious westward journey" is clearly described. Yang Zengwei's paper "Modern Western Scholars' Exploration of Tibet Geography" [32] first traces back to the historical fact that China people knew Tibet earlier than foreign countries, pointing out that China is like "beginning without end" in science and technology (such as compass gunpowder printing, etc.), and so is its exploration of Tibet. Therefore, Tibet has lagged far behind foreign countries in geosciences since modern times. To study the frontier, we must first understand its mountains and rivers, so on the basis of collecting a large number of foreign works, he introduced and analyzed in detail the history and achievements of foreign geological exploration in Tibet since the19th century. Especially in the "conclusion", the author said that "the remedy should be from the near to the far, and we should continue to make continuous efforts, visit in person, come back to study well, sort out well, make valuable reports, accurate records and detailed pictures, and then record the pictures in this report and apply them to the political and economic aspects to solve the border problem. "Although today's China is advancing by leaps and bounds and China's Tibetan studies are fruitful, this sentence can still be an encouragement to our frontier work today. Teng Jiao's History of the Expansion of Xikang Field [33] has a feeling that "Xikang people are often confused with Tibet today, saying that Xikang is a part of Tibet, that is, Xikang belongs to Tubo land, but in the ancient Xikang country, the history of land belongs to it. Without textual research, in the areas led by Xikang, without detailed investigation, it is limited to the vague concept of Kangwei Tibet.
Wei Daming and Gu Zhenjin's Survey of Xikang Gongga Snow Mountain, Xue Deyu's Study on Tibetan Yak Production, [34] Lv Cheng's Study on Qinghai's History and Geography, [35] Wang Mo's Elaboration on the Importance of Health, Health Preservation and Tang Dynasty from Terrain and Climate Products [36] are all good articles in this respect.
There are many general investigation reports and historical and geographical records, and the representative ones are:
The author's Historical Geography of Tibet [37] is a general article, which introduces the historical geography of Tibet in detail in six chapters, including the history of British invasion of Tibet, Tibet's geography, politics, military affairs, transportation, etc., which is relatively popular and clear. In addition, a large number of county chronicles were published during this period. There are about ten kinds of county records contained in "Kangzang Forward" alone. [38] The length is different, the details are different, and the writing is slightly rough, but the sources of the materials are all obtained through investigation, and some of them are more detailed. It can be said that they are living materials in historical and geographical surveys, and their value is self-evident. Here we can take the Survey of Xikang dege county [39] as an example to get a glimpse of its writing methods and contents. In addition to "preface" and "conclusion", * * * is divided into nine chapters: chapter one, evolution; Chapter two, geography: including territory, mountains and rivers, pass and county administration; Chapter three, folk customs: including nationalities and customs; Chapter IV, Politics: including the politics of Han officials, local governors, modern Han officials and modern local governors. Chapter V, Transportation: including roads, land and water vehicles, post and telecommunications; Chapter VI, Education; Chapter VII Economy: including land ownership, land use, currency, agriculture and animal husbandry, industry, commerce, minerals, medicinal materials, forests and wasteland; Chapter 8: Translation Institute and Lama Temple; Chapter 9, military affairs. Wide coverage, comprehensive narration and reference value.
Zhuang Xueben's Survey of Xikang Danba [40] investigates the economic and ethnic situation of the so-called "Ji Dan" area, which consists of Dandong (Geshizan belongs to Dandong Tusi), Buddy and Wang Ba Tusi, Rongmi Twenty-four Villages (formerly known as ZhengTusi) and Zhanggutun. The former is divided into agriculture, forestry, industry, commerce, minerals, animal husbandry, forest medicine production, hunting and so on. The latter is divided into (ethnic) geographical distribution, physique, life (food, clothing, housing and transportation), culture (writing, crafts), customs (fertility, marriage, funeral customs, medicine, entertainment), religion, language, toast and other parts. Popular and concise, but some places are too simple, such as the description of religion, language and toast. Li's Summary of Eight Counties in Kangnan [4 1] can be regarded as the outline of human geography of eight counties in Ba 'an, Derong, Yidun, Physicochemical, Yajiang, Daocheng and Dingxiang. Dai Xinsan's Bird's Eye of Shigatse [42] describes all aspects of Shigatse, including the evolution of territory, topography and climate, political institutions (Shigatse Sect, Tashilhunpo Temple), religious beliefs, residents' life, property economy, transportation (roads, water transport) and so on. Li Yiren's "Xikang Geography" [43] describes the geographical overview of Xikang area, which is concise and to the point; After on-the-spot investigation in Lifan, Liu Enlan has published many articles about Lifan, among which "Lifan Geographic Profile" [44] clearly outlines the geographical profile of Lifan.
Pan Rongzhong's Overview of Yushu [45], Biography of Qinghai [46], Geography of Mongolia and Qinghai Province [47], Overview of Qinghai [48] and Overview of Nikaiguoluo [49] are all concise descriptions of human geography in Qinghai or a Tibetan area in Qinghai. Mu Shaotang's Textual Research on the Evolution of Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai Provinces specifically discusses the development and evolution of the territory of Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai provinces, showing people a clear context. In Tibetan areas of Gansu, the focus of people's attention is still Labrang: Li Shijin, a human geographer, writes the most, among which "A Brief Introduction to Labrang Land" [50] and "The Importance of Labrang's Position in Northwest China" [5 1] are more important: the former is a concise geography of Labrang area, and it first analyzes Labrang, Baola Temple and Euler Ranch. Then, the terrain of these areas is described in several sections: grassland terrain, juvenile mountain, juvenile valley, step terrain, fan terrain and alluvial mixed terrain. Finally, the main mountains and rivers are described, namely Baishishan, Xijing Mountain and the Yellow River. The latter is the preface of the author's book Labrang. In this paper, the author describes the reasons why he was able to investigate in Hequ area and later in Gansu, Qinghai, Kang and Yunnan provinces, and then explains that he wrote Labrang because of the many importance of this place: first, Labrang is the center of Lamaism in northwest China; Second, Labrang is an important place for Sino-Tibetan trade; 3. Labrang is the link of Sino-Tibetan culture; Fourth, Labrang has great political power in the no-care area. Then it analyzes Labrang's problems and future prospects from three aspects: economy, politics and society. Economically, it talked about agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, mining, transportation and so on. Politically, discuss whether Hequ should set up a special zone and its internal and external boundaries. In society, it involves population survey, national health and religion. He's "Brahma of the East-Labrang" [52] was specially written to commemorate Jamyan V. In fact, it is a travel note of the author visiting Labrang Temple, but it involves Labrang's politics, religion, history, customs and other aspects. Hequ area, located between Gansu, Qinghai and Kangchuan provinces, is called "Hequ" because the Yellow River flows here and becomes a big bay. It is a pastoral area with high-altitude cold air, abundant aquatic plants and sparse population in the Yellow River Basin. The main residents in this area are Tibetans and believe in Tibetan Buddhism, so Tibetan studies are often very popular and have written a lot. During this period, Gongqu Zhexi's Survey of Hequ Tibetan Areas and Li Shijin's Hequ-China Pastoral Area were both articles on the study of human geography in Hequ Tibetan areas. The former is a general summary, while the latter describes the geographical environment, herder distribution, grazing situation and grassland situation in Hequ area from the perspective of animal husbandry, and so on.
There are also comprehensive geoscience works related to Tibetan studies, such as "Investigation in Central Asia" by Wang Mo, Professor of Geology Department of National Beijing Normal University. [55] The fourth part of this paper is "Qinghai in Tibet", which is divided into four plates: southern Tibet, northern Tibet, Xikang part and Qinghai part. Rong Shi's [56] is a brief account of the historical and geographical evolution of Zhemengxiong, a neighbor of China and Tibet. Based on the relevant historical works, the author selected the materials of philosopher Meng Xiong to write this article, thinking that "one of the people who study border politics will help." The article describes in detail the historical facts of how British imperialism occupied China and advanced to Tibet in China.
(2) Translation
Due to specific historical, geographical, natural environment and other reasons, China people have always lagged behind foreigners in field investigation, exploration and tourism in Tibetan areas, especially Tibet. No matter the number, scope, depth and achievements of foreigners, China people are not as good as themselves. When we start this research, we must pay more attention to the large number of works scientifically recorded and published by foreigners with modern narrative methods, and we must pay special attention to the translation and introduction of this text. Therefore, during this period, a considerable part of China's articles about human geography in Tibetan areas were translated works.
Adventure travel notes account for a large proportion in translated works, and there are about ten kinds. Among them, John Wyatt's Travels in Lhasa, 57 years old, French lady Alexander David-Neil's Travel Adventures in Tibet, 58 years old, Japanese explorer Uchida Boyi's Secret History of Tibet Exploration, 59 years old, and Englishman mcgowan's People Disguised as Lhasa People (now translated by Mike godwin). The most influential ones are Teichman's Travels in East Tibet (60), Sweden's Sven Hedin's Tibet (6 1) and Englishman Pamir's Travels (63). Most of the above are book translations or full translations of adventure works. There are also several translations about the exploration of the highest peak in the Himalayas, such as Rob Zall and the First Discovery of the Highest Peak in the Himalayas by Zhang Yi, [64] and Jiang's translation [65]. Moreover, while translating and introducing, scholars also express their opinions, such as the name of Mount Everest written by Tibetan scholar Jiangyang Nima. 〔66〕
In addition to charles bell's "Tibet's Present Position in Asia" published in Diplomatic Quarterly 193 1 (translated by Chang Jun), here we should especially mention Paul Huston Stevenson's "A Brief Introduction to Xikang's Human Geography". [67] The author worked in Peking Union Medical College at that time, and went deep into southwest China to observe the truth. Most of China people's own things are "records of political customs, and there are few field visits to mountains and rivers. As for the systematic work of geology, meteorology and human beings, few people talk about it." [68] From the perspective of human geography, this paper records and describes the following aspects during the inspection in the border areas of Sichuan and Kang: Han nationality, Han farming areas, tribal nationalities, independent songs and songs. Although the article is short, it gives people a refreshing feeling. It will naturally have some enlightenment for us to study the human geography of Tibetan areas. Topography and Climate in Tibet by Manjiro Watanabe [69] analyzes the relationship between topography and local climate in Tibet.
All the above were translated before 1937. As mentioned earlier, after 1937, due to specific historical and conditional reasons, China scholars have written many high-quality investigation reports, academic papers or vivid travel works on the basis of personal investigation and research, so they are less and less dependent on "foreign products" and few articles have been translated: among them, Li translated the works of French Fran? ois Gore, Many articles [Lhasa Sketch [7 1] published in Kangzang Studies, written by F. Chapman and translated by Peng, are abridged translations (two chapters) of the book Lhasa in the Holy City, which is considered to be another masterpiece about Tibetan history and geography after Bell's Tibet Past and Present. Zhang Zhenguo and Yang Huaming also translated Goodnow's Thirty Years of Living in Tibet (1 ~ 5) [72]. Other translations include Gao Yong Yuan's Historical Geography from Central Asia to China, [73] Ding Yujie's Hoerba People and Their Dwellings [74] and so on.
You can cut!