According to the logical reasoning of western civilized countries, if Libyan anti-government armed groups are recognized as legal armed groups, then anti-government armed groups in western countries should also be legal, that is to say, all organizations engaged in terrorist activities in the world are legal, "bin Laden has also become legal". People all over the world had better take action, respond to the call of these robbers, take up arms against the government, overthrow foreign powers, and let the people live a better life. Only in this way can we avoid these invaders who are full of humanitarianism, ambitious, full of food and have nothing to do, do not engage in looting, put on the cloak of energy conservation and emission reduction, and shout the slogan of reducing carbon dioxide, but don't care that the earth is not hot enough, throw bombs in other countries, create greenhouse gases and destroy the earth's resources. Oil, a non-renewable resource that consumes the earth, "they are wolves in sheep's clothing" is the biggest terrorist who is afraid of chaos in the real world. This is what someone once said, "America's omnipotent logic."
Gaddafi did not use terrorist acts to invade other countries. He didn't blow up the "public toilets" in London, nor did he blow up "Francie" Eiffel. He just swallowed his anger and accepted the answer of NATO bombing.
In ancient times, people thought that robbing houses and houses with sticks was a "robber". Then the western powers bombed a sovereign country without the ability to fight back with shells. It should be said that they are robbers rather than robbers, and their similarity is robbing property. The former means robbing money without killing people, while the latter means that drunkards are not drunk, killing people in sheep's clothing first, and then robbing Libya's oil.
True humanitarianism should provide the Libyan people with the necessities of life, while the so-called "humanitarianism" in the west sends destruction and killing to Libya, which is contrary to humanitarianism, because "humanitarianism" and "killing" are opposite.
The inside story of the G8 Summit reminds us of the past G8 aggression against China. Compromise can't achieve wishes, only resistance can win the dawn.
People are doing things and watching. The Japanese killed people in World War II. In response to the Japanese tsunami, tornadoes flooded the United States.
2, the so-called pattern of international relations, in fact, is in a certain period of time, on the basis of the comparison of first-class powers, the formation of the international order and interest distribution system. With the changes in the power balance of first-class powers and their contradictions and interests, the pattern of international relations will inevitably be adjusted or even completely broken. Therefore, the fundamental reason for the evolution of the pattern of international relations is the change of power contrast, which includes economic, military strength and political influence, and is a comprehensive concept. A first-class power may have all the above three aspects, and some are more prominent in one of them.
I. Evolution and characteristics of the pattern of modern international relations
From the beginning of19th century to the present, the pattern of international relations has experienced four situations, namely, the Vienna system, the Versailles-Washington system, the Yalta system and the multipolarization of the world pattern.
During the period of1814 ~1815, the European countries that defeated Napoleon held the Vienna Conference. The meeting was manipulated by Russia, Germany, Austria and Britain. The meeting adopted resolutions such as restoring feudal order, limiting the revival of France, dividing French colonies, redrawing the territory of Europe, and maintaining the division of Germany and Italy. Thus forming the Vienna system. In order to consolidate this system, holy alliance and the four-nation alliance were established successively, aiming at suppressing Europe and all revolutionary movements. The Vienna system embodies that European autocratic monarchs maintained the feudal ruling order by high-handed means. It opposes social progress and tramples on the interests of vulnerable groups. However, solving international disputes by holding meetings has objectively brought modern international relations into a new stage. There are many contradictions in the Vienna system, and it is inevitable that big countries collude and compete with each other for their own interests. 19 The revolutionary movement in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s shook the Vienna system and made it collapse. Greek independence first broke the European territory stipulated by the Vienna system, and the feudal ruling order in Europe was constantly impacted and seriously shaken. After the July Revolution in France, the Vienna system existed in name only. /kloc-the European revolution in 0/848 completely disintegrated the Vienna system.
After World War I, the victorious countries held the Paris Peace Conference and the Washington Conference respectively, and adopted a series of resolutions to form the Versailles-Washington system. The "Versailles-Washington System" includes three aspects: (1) Paris Peace Conference and a series of treaties signed by its allies, participating countries and defeated countries (including the Treaty of Versailles in Germany, the Treaty of Trianon in Hungary, the Treaty of Saint-Germain in Austria, the Treaty of Neuilly in Bulgaria, the Treaty of Seville in Turkey and the Treaty of Lausanne). (2) the establishment of the international league. (3) A series of treaties signed at the Washington Conference (four-country treaty, five-country naval treaty, outstanding case treaty for solving Shandong issue, annex, nine-country convention). In the Versailles system, the requirements of the victorious countries have been met to varying degrees. It is mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) Article 23 of the Treaty of Versailles stipulates that Germany and its allies should bear the responsibility for war, which actually legalizes the claim of the victorious country for reparations from the defeated country, so the treaty stipulates that Germany and other defeated countries should pay reparations to the victorious country. (2) Strict restrictions on German territory and military strength, division of German colonies, and transfer of all German rights in China and Shandong to Japan have met some requirements of France, Britain and Japan. (3) Restoring Poland, recognizing the independence of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, and partially respecting the right of national self-determination. However, the Versailles-Washington system is that the victorious countries slaughter the defeated countries, carve up colonies, and oppose the temporary compromises reached in the process of people's revolutions in various countries. This system is unstable, because it not only does not eliminate the contradiction between victorious countries, but intensifies the contradiction between defeated countries and victorious countries, as well as the contradiction between colonial and semi-colonial countries and imperialist suzerain countries. The development of these contradictions led to the collapse of Versailles-Washington system. Specifically: ① Versailles system is based on the plunder of defeated countries, which will inevitably lead to the intensification of contradictions between defeated countries and victorious countries. Germany, which has great economic potential, will never tolerate the suppression of the Treaty of Versailles. With the recovery and growth of its economic strength, it will inevitably refuse to fulfill the peace treaty until it is torn up. (2) There are many contradictions among the victorious countries, which is also an important factor to weaken the Versailles system. Versailles system is the product of compromise and spoils sharing between victorious countries. It has not and cannot eliminate the contradiction between imperialism and world hegemony. France is dissatisfied that the Paris Peace Conference did not fully realize its plan to dismember and enslave Germany. In order to consolidate its hegemony on the European continent, France continued to adopt the policy of weakening Germany. Britain, on the other hand, continued to carry out the balanced strategy of restraining France and supporting Germany in the European continent, supporting Germany economically and politically, hoping to weaken France's position. The United States is unwilling to fail at the Paris Peace Conference. It is outside the Versailles system, fostering Germany in Europe and launching new competition with Japan and Britain in the Far East Pacific. Due to the imperialist nature of the Versailles system, it was opposed by the colonial and semi-colonial people. When the May 4th Movement broke out in China, representatives of the Beiyang warlord government did not sign a peace treaty. Through the national liberation war, the Turkish people buried the Seville Treaty and opened the gap of the Treaty of Versailles. The national liberation struggle of colonial and semi-colonial people and the revolutionary struggle of defeated people strongly impacted the foundation of Versailles system. Just as the Paris Peace Conference did not eliminate the contradictions of imperialism, the Washington Conference did not solve the contradictions of imperialist powers in the Far East and the Pacific Ocean. Japan is not satisfied with the outcome of the Washington meeting, which indicates that the contradiction between Japan and the United States will inevitably intensify and the differences between Britain and Japan will widen. The development of China's national liberation movement also determines the fragility of the Washington system. With the change of national strength contrast, the uneven distribution of spoils leads to the contradiction between victorious countries, and the contradiction between defeated countries and victorious countries is becoming increasingly acute. The development of these contradictions will inevitably lead to the collapse of the Versailles-Washington system and the new imperialist hegemony war.
Yalta system refers to a series of agreements on post-war international political order reached by major powers, mainly the United States and the Soviet Union, from the end of 1943 to the beginning of 1946 and from the late World War II to the early post-war Yalta Conference. Including: the agreements of three international conferences, such as Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam, the changes in the territory of Eastern Europe in the early postwar period, the partition of Germany, the early activities of the United Nations, and the arrangement of the sphere of influence in the Far East related to big countries. The system is characterized by a bipolar structure centered on the two superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union, replacing the traditional multipolar structure centered on Europe. The conflict between the two sides is not only the conflict between national interests and strategic goals, but also the fundamental opposition between ideology and social system. The main way of struggle is the cold war. In Asia, Africa, Latin America and other regions, there are local wars between countries with their own support. The signs of the cold war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union are: politically, the formation of Truman Doctrine, the establishment of the European Central Intelligence Agency and the signing of the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance; Economically, Marshall Plan was put forward and CMEA was established. Militarily: the establishment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. From the mid-1940s to the early 1990s, the Yalta system experienced the interweaving of the Cold War, Cold War and detente, and the evolution of the US attacking the Soviet Union, the US-Soviet confrontation and the US-Soviet mutual attack and defense. The evolution of Yalta system has its own characteristics: the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union is always the main line, and the struggle and coordination between the two superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union is the center, which runs through the Cold War, but the strategic situation has changed with each other; The United States and the Soviet Union have all-round confrontation in many hot spots, but there has never been a face-to-face hot war. The establishment of Yalta system is based on the comparison of international power in the early post-war period. Due to the unbalanced political and economic development of countries, the national liberation movement is on the rise, and the balance of power among countries in the world has changed, which has impacted the Yalta system and weakened the control of the two superpowers over their respective allies. First of all, the national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America flourished, and a large number of colonial and semi-colonial countries became independent political forces on the historical stage, which greatly changed the world political pattern and had a strong impact on the bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union. For example, in the United Nations, it has changed the situation that superpowers manipulate international affairs. Secondly, the re-emergence of Japan and Western Europe has gradually transformed the situation that the United States dominates the capitalist world into the three major economic centers of the United States, Japan and Western Europe. The independence tendency of eastern European countries is growing day by day, the foundation of the bipolar pattern is finally shaken, and the trend of world multipolarization is developing rapidly. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the unification of Germany, the disintegration of Warsaw Treaty Organization, especially the disintegration of 199 1 Soviet Union, and the end of the Cold War between East and West marked a fundamental change in the international pattern characterized by the confrontation between the two major political and military blocs, the final disintegration of the Yalta system and the entry of world politics into a new stage.
The characteristics of the current world pattern are that the old world pattern has ended, the new world pattern has not yet formed, the trend of multipolarization has been further strengthened, and the world is in a transitional period of alternating old and new patterns. The characteristics of the pattern transformation period are: (1) This pattern transformation takes place under peaceful conditions. In the past, the world pattern was carried out through war. World War I broke the pattern of allies and allies, and formed the Versailles system under the arrangement of the victorious countries. World War II broke the pattern of fascist groups and anti-fascist groups, and formed the Yalta system under the arrangement of the victorious countries, especially the United States and the Soviet Union. (2) The transformation from bipolar pattern to multipolar pattern is a gradual evolution process with a relatively long transition period. (3) In the process of the transformation of the old and new patterns, the focus of the struggle is the competition of comprehensive national strength with economy and science and technology as the core. Why hasn't the new world pattern formed yet? Because: (1) The bipolar pattern has ended. Although the United States has become the only superpower in the world, it is no longer able to dominate the world. (2) In today's world, none of the four major powers, namely the European Union, Japanese, China and Russian, can compete with the United States as an independent pole. Therefore, the new world pattern has not yet formed.
Second, the basic clues and stage characteristics of modern international relations
If we divide the world's modern international relations according to the main contradictions in international relations and the development and changes of the international political structure, we can roughly divide them into three periods for analysis.
1. The first period was from the second half of the17th century to the First World War .. At this time, the capitalist economy in Europe was the most developed, and the central stage of international relations was in Europe. During this period, European powers fought fiercely for European hegemony and world colonial hegemony, which eventually led to the outbreak of World War I. ..
International relations in the early period of colonial expansion: the time is 17 and 18 century, in which the conflict between France, Spain, the Netherlands and Britain became one of the central contents of international relations in this period. In this struggle, Britain defeated Spain first. In the second half of the17th century, Britain and the Netherlands fought three wars, and the colonial advantage of the Netherlands was destroyed. In North America, Britain occupied Amsterdam (renamed new york). From the late17th century to the late18th century, Britain and France fought many wars, seizing large areas of French Canada and the east of the Mississippi River, and seizing most of France's territory in India. In the long colonial war, Britain mastered maritime hegemony, seized vast colonies and became the largest colonial empire in the world. During this period, the new Northern War between Russian Empire and Sweden and the expansion of Prussia and Austria constituted the second content of international relations. The expansion of Russia's Peter I and Prussia's Frederick II is manifested in the occupation of territory, which is different from the colonial expansion of Britain and France. At the same time, this expansion is more feudal, and the expansion of Britain and France is the nature of the primitive accumulation of the early bourgeoisie. During this period, the relationship between major powers changed with the needs of their respective interests. For example, there were wars and joint efforts to carve up Poland in Puao.
International relations between the era of bourgeois revolution and the formation and development of the capitalist world system:1the French revolution in the 8th century to1the 1960s and 1970s in the 9th century. /kloc-before the 0/8th century, feudal monarchy had a great influence on international affairs. The French Revolution dealt a heavy blow to the feudal system in Europe. The feudal forces in European countries colluded inside and outside, forming an anti-bourgeois revolutionary alliance. Therefore, the international relations in this period were first manifested in the relationship between France and European powers. In the French Revolution, Puao first set up an intervention army. After the defeat, Britain organized the first anti-French alliance to interfere in the French Revolution in order to compete with France for Middle East interests and maritime hegemony. After the establishment of the first French Empire, the relationship between France and the second anti-French alliance was the continuation of the relationship between the new bourgeois regime and the traditional feudal forces, which consolidated and developed the new regime. The relationship between France and the later anti-French alliance has obvious hegemonic characteristics; The attacks on Spain and Russia are acts of aggression. 18 15 years, after the defeat of the Napoleonic wars, the victors held the Vienna Conference and established the first international political system with certain modern significance-the Vienna system. At that time, European powers Russia, Britain, Poland and Austria divided their spheres of influence in Europe after fierce bargaining, which laid a European-centered international political pattern. The biggest feature of this system is that feudal autocratic countries occupy a dominant position in it, forming a multipolar balanced structure, with the aim of restoring and consolidating the feudal order in Europe and eliminating revolutions in various countries. /kloc-In the mid-9th century, in order to compete for overseas colonies and European hegemony, the capitalist powers launched a fierce struggle, which triggered some local international wars, the most influential of which was the Crimean War between Britain, France and Russia for Turkey. In the process of German-Italian unification, there are also complicated international relations. The process of German unification includes the relationship between Puao and Denmark, and the relationship between Puao and Franco-Prussian. Renaissance mainly reflects the relationship between Austria and Italy, Italy and France, and France and Austria.
Capitalism entered the stage of imperialism and international relations during World War I:/kloc-At the end of 0/9, with the transition from capitalism to imperialism, the imbalance of capitalist political and economic development intensified and the balance of power changed. British industrial production fell from the first in the world in the 1970s to the third. France fell from second place to fourth place; The United States jumped from the fourth place in the world to the first place; Germany surpassed Britain and France, ranking first in Europe and second in the world. This new power contrast is not commensurate with the division of spheres of influence and colonial occupation at that time. The world map has been carved up, so the contradiction and struggle between old and new imperialism to carve up the world again has become unprecedented sharp. Because the territorial ambition and colonial expansion of Germany, the later imperialist country, posed the greatest threat to Britain, the oldest colonial empire, the contradiction between Britain and Germany became the main contradiction between imperialism at that time. 19 At the end of the 20th century, two military aggression groups, Germany, Austria, Italy, triple alliance and Britain, led by Britain, were formed. The two sides frantically expanded their troops to prepare for the war, and finally World War I broke out in 19 14. World War I was an imperialist predatory war, which was unfair to both warring parties. The two sides fought in the west, east and south lines and parts of Asia. 19 18 Germany was defeated and surrendered, and the war ended in the defeat of the allied forces.
The second period is from World War I to World War II. At this time, the economic strength of the United States was greatly enhanced. On the contrary, major European countries have been weakened to varying degrees by the war. At the same time, the victory of the October Revolution and the birth of the Soviet Union fundamentally shook the old international order. Under the influence of this historical change, the center of international relations began to shift from Europe to its two sides. International relations in this period presented a more complicated situation.
After the First World War, imperialist countries continued to compete for world hegemony. However, due to the changes in the power balance between imperialist countries after World War I, the hegemonic opponents changed from two military blocs to five victorious allies-Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan, and the defeated allies temporarily lost their hegemonic qualifications. At the same time, the rise of the United States and Japan has impacted the traditional international pattern centered on Europe. On a global scale, the competition between Britain and the United States has become the main contradiction; In Europe, France is opposed to Britain and America; In the struggle between the Far East, Japan, the United States and Britain, the competition between Japan and the United States is particularly fierce. The way of hegemony has shifted from the battlefield to the negotiating table of the peace conference. The Paris Peace Conference was held one after another. At the meeting, Britain, France and the United States wanted to dispose of the defeated country and arrange the post-war world according to their own intentions. So there are many contradictions. On the issue of colonies and the League of Nations, the United States tried to manipulate the League of Nations, control Britain and France, act as an ally, dominate the Paris Peace Conference, and carve up colonies to realize its ambition of dominating the world, but it was strongly opposed by countries with stronger military strength, such as Britain and France. America's plan to become the world hegemon failed. Coupled with the domestic partisan struggle, the United States did not participate in the League of Nations manipulated by Britain and France. In dealing with the German border and reparations, Britain and the United States jointly opposed France and launched a struggle for European hegemony. After a fierce quarrel, they signed a peace treaty with Germany and other defeated countries, re-divided the sphere of influence of Europe, West Asia and Africa in the hegemonic center, and temporarily adjusted the relations between western powers. In order to solve the contradiction between the great powers in the Far East and the Pacific, the victorious countries held the Washington Conference. On the basis of recognizing the superiority of the United States, the meeting reached an agreement on the dissolution of anglo-japanese alliance, the limitation of naval armament and the partition of China. The Washington Conference is a continuation of the Paris Peace Conference, which established a new post-war imperialist order in the Far East and the Pacific, thus completing the so-called "Versailles-Washington system" in which post-war imperialism re-divided the world.
The relationship between imperialism and Soviet Russia is also an important aspect of post-war international relations. The imperialist countries carried out an economic blockade and armed intervention against Soviet Russia for three years, but it ended in failure. The two social systems changed from military conflict to peace.
In the 1920s, the struggle between Britain, France and the United States over German reparations was not only the reparations themselves, but also a complicated issue for imperialism to compete for European hegemony. As a result of the struggle, Britain and the United States took advantage of the failure of the French occupation of Ruhr and took the initiative in the issue of reparations into their own hands. The adoption and implementation of the Dawes Plan showed that France's efforts to seek hegemony in Europe failed, and Britain and the United States, especially the United States, gained control over reparations and enhanced their influence on European affairs. This is another adjustment of imperialist relations after the Washington Conference. This adjustment has become beneficial to the United States and Britain, not to France. The Locarno Convention signed in 1925 is a political continuation of the Dawes Plan. Although it did not break the Versailles system on the whole, it further weakened France and raised Germany, which led to subtle changes in the relative status among European powers. France can no longer impose separate sanctions on Germany for violating the "Peace Treaty", France's Eastern European Union system has been weakened, and its border security has been placed under the empty guarantee of Britain and the United States. France's leading position in Europe has been seriously weakened. Germany resumed its status as a great power in international relations, joined the League of Nations and became a permanent member. Britain gained a favorable position to balance European forces, and became the arbiter of the Franco-German conflict and the guarantor of France.
In 1930s, new changes took place in the strength comparison between imperialist countries. 1929, German industrial production once again surpassed that of Britain and France. 1933 Hitler came to power, established a fascist dictatorship in Germany, rejoined the ranks of imperialist hegemony, and demanded to carve up the world again. The imperialist powers regrouped. German, Italian and Japanese fascists formed an aggression group, tore up the Peace Treaty, broke through the "Versailles-Washington system", expanded their troops to prepare for war and launched foreign aggression. In the face of fascism, Britain, France and the United States adopted a policy of appeasement of concessions and compromises in order to safeguard their vested interests. They did not interfere in the aggression and expansion of fascist countries, allowed Japan to expand its war of aggression against China, condoned the occupation of weak countries by Germany and Italy, and even staged a "Munich" farce with fascist countries. The aggression and expansion of fascist countries and the appeasement policy of western countries have contributed to each other, making the international situation more and more on the verge of a full-scale world war.
The roots of the Second World War are the same as those of the First World War. The imperialist system and its invasion and expansion of world hegemony played a decisive role in the whole war. Britain and the United States also participated in the anti-fascist war, and countries with different social systems formed an international anti-fascist United front, making World War II a world anti-fascist war. At the beginning of the war, Germany swept most of Europe with superior forces. France was defeated and Italy entered the war. Germany raided the Soviet Union, Japan launched the Pacific War, and the power of fascist countries reached its peak for a while. From the middle of 1942 to the beginning of 1943, with the three major battles of Stalingrad, Midway Island and El Alamein in North Africa as turning points, fascist countries changed from strategic attack to strategic defense. 1943 In September, Italy surrendered and the fascist group began to disintegrate. 1945 Germany surrendered in May and World War II ended. During the World War II, the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and other countries with different social systems formed the World Anti-Fascist Alliance. The allies negotiated with each other politically, cooperated with each other militarily and supported each other materially, which played an important role in accelerating the victory of the anti-fascist war. Of course, because the participating countries in the alliance have different social systems and ideologies and pursue different interests besides anti-fascist goals, there are also contradictions and conflicts within the alliance. In the middle of the war, it mainly focused on opening up the second battlefield in Europe, and in the late war, it focused on the arrangement of the post-war world. However, defeating fascism is the main goal of Datong, so the joint trend of coordinating strategies and supporting each other has always been dominant. From the establishment of the alliance to the end of the war, the international anti-fascist alliance did not break down. Finally, the countries of the anti-fascist alliance finally defeated Germany and Japan in succession in 1945, and won the anti-fascist war.
This is the third period since the Second World War. During this period, the pattern of international relations experienced an evolution trend from bipolar confrontation to multipolarization.
From 1945 to the end of 1950s, it was a period of formation, confrontation and struggle between the imperialist camp headed by the United States and the Eastern bloc headed by the Soviet Union. In the late World War II, with the victory of the anti-fascist war, the political foundation of the wartime alliance was shaken, the global strategic differences between the two great powers of the United States and the Soviet Union gradually widened, and the wartime alliance split. With the economic and military strength of wartime expansion, the United States became the overlord of the capitalist world, bringing together the two imperialist groups that confronted each other before the war to form an imperialist camp. The Soviet Union and the new Eurasian people's democratic countries formed the Eastern Group. The United States encountered the biggest obstacle to world domination, the Soviet Union. The United States and the Soviet Union changed from alliance to hostility. The main contradiction in the world has changed from a life-and-death contest between the fascist countries and the anti-fascist alliance in World War II to a global confrontation between the two camps. Europe is the focus of America's global expansion strategy, the Soviet Union is its main rival, and the "Cold War" is the main way and policy adopted by the United States. 1946, Churchill delivered an "Iron Curtain" speech in the United States to promote the "Cold War". From 65438 to 0947, the United States threw out the global strategic policy of dominating the world-Truman Doctrine, openly flaunting the banner of anti-Soviet and anti-* *, and the "Cold War" was launched in an all-round way. Then the United States implemented the Marshall Plan to control Western Europe and contain the Soviet Union, and in 1949, NATO, a western defense system with the United States as its ally, was established. For example, the Soviet Union and the socialist countries in Eastern Europe established the "Kazuki Watanabe musician" organization in 1955. Europe has formed two opposing military blocs.
In Asia, the United States helped Chiang Kai-shek to oppose * * *, interfered in China's internal affairs, established the Asia-Pacific military alliance system, and formed an encirclement of China and the Soviet Union; Launch a war of aggression against the DPRK; Armed occupation of Taiwan Province province in China; Launch a war of aggression. China, North Korea, Viet Nam and other China people resisted aggression and interference. In a word, the confrontation between the two camps constitutes the basic characteristics of the world political pattern and international relations in the early post-war period.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the two camps began to disintegrate, the United States and the Soviet Union competed for hegemony, and three worlds were formed. Due to the hegemonic policy of the Soviet Union, the Eastern Group disintegrated in the 1960s. At the same time, the imperialist camp has also split, forming three economic centers: the United States, Western Europe and Japan. After the war, the confrontation between the two camps was replaced by the hegemony of the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, which constituted the first world. Independent countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America have formed independent political forces, opposed imperialism, colonization and hegemony, and formed the third world; The independence tendency of the respective allies of the United States and the Soviet Union has further developed. They are different from superpowers and developing countries, and they are in between, forming the second world. China belongs to the third world.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, with the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the bipolar pattern with the United States and the Soviet Union as the main body formed on the basis of the Yalta system completely collapsed after World War II. Since then, the world political pattern has entered a transitional period from bipolar to multipolar. The fundamental reasons for the evolution of the world pattern to multipolarization include: the decline and disintegration of the Soviet economy directly led to the end of the bipolar pattern; The tripartite confrontation between the United States, Japan and Western Europe is the main sign that the world structure is moving from two poles to multipolarity.
Third, the main contradiction in the field of modern international relations in the modern world.
There are four major contradictions in modern international relations in the world: (1) the contradiction between capitalism and feudalism, such as Puao's intervention in the French Revolution, and Britain's many anti-French alliances participated in the war against France. (2) The contradiction between capitalist countries and colonies and semi-colonies, such as the intensification of colonial aggression, led to the anti-colonial, anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national liberation movement. (3) the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, such as the contradiction and struggle between the international proletariat and international imperialism. (4) Contradictions among capitalist powers, such as Britain's struggle for maritime hegemony with Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands and France; The struggle between Britain, France and Russia for the Black Sea Strait; The struggle between France and Germany for hegemony on the European continent; The establishment of the agreement between triple alliance and the Three Kingdoms, the outbreak of the First World War, etc.
In modern times, the contradictions in the field of international relations are more complicated and there are more clues. This includes: (1) the contradiction between socialist countries and capitalist countries: the birth and growth of socialism in the Soviet Union broke the situation that capitalism dominated the world for hundreds of years. Capitalist forces tried to strangle socialist countries, such as the Soviet Union and China, without exception, by means of armed intervention, economic blockade and political infiltration, but it turned out that they failed. Since then, there have been two systems in the world. In particular, the Second World War also provided new experience for the alliance between the capitalist democratic countries opposed to fascism and the socialist Soviet Union. After World War II, the cold war, detente, fierce competition and peace between the two social systems run through the whole process of the contemporary world. (2) Contradiction between developed capitalist countries: This includes the contradiction between defeated countries and victorious countries after World War I, the contradiction between fascist countries and anti-fascist countries in 1930s, and the contradiction between superpowers and other developed countries after World War II. Its concentrated manifestations are as follows: first, from the hegemony of great powers to the contradiction between victorious countries and defeated countries, from the contradiction between fascism and anti-fascism to the contradiction between hegemonism and anti-hegemonism, from the contradiction between the United States and the European Union and Japan, and from the struggle of great powers in the European Union. (3) The contradiction between colonial and semi-colonial developing countries and imperialist, colonialist and developed capitalist countries: It experienced the struggle of colonial and semi-colonial countries and people against colonial exploitation and political oppression of the suzerain country in the first half of the 20th century, the struggle for national independence and liberation, and the struggle for economic modernization and political democratization of a large number of newly independent countries after World War II. In the contemporary world, the relationship between emerging developing countries and western developed countries has developed from confrontation to control and anti-control, struggle and coordination. (4) Contradictions between socialist countries: This is mainly manifested in the Soviet Union's social expansion policy and the position of big countries and the Lao Tzu Party. Between the socialist countries and the fraternal parties, there have been struggles between Soviet control and China, Eastern Europe and other socialist countries against control, hegemony and safeguarding the sovereignty and independence of the socialist countries, and there have been conflicts such as the armed invasion and occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union 1968.