After a forest fire, putting it out is the last resort. The most fundamental thing is to do a good job in forest fire prevention.
1. Vigorously publicize the Forest Law, Zhejiang Forest Fire Prevention Regulations and other forestry laws and regulations, raise the awareness of the broad masses of cadres and people, and ensure that laws are strictly enforced, violators are prosecuted, and forests are managed according to law.
2. The fire source must be strictly controlled. In addition to preventing the destruction of bad people, the fire used in field production should also be led and managed by special personnel. Domestic fire should also be strictly controlled, and practical management measures should be taken to strictly manage flammable items such as matches and gasoline. Strengthen inspections, find fires in time, and put them out in time.
3. Establish and improve the forest fire prevention system. For example, the fire system for production and life, the responsibility system for forest protection and fire prevention, the management system for entering mountains, the fire inspection and the reward and punishment system. Especially during the "two festivals" before and after the Spring Festival and Tomb-Sweeping Day, strengthen the collection of fire sources (matches, lighters) and firecrackers for people entering the mountains, nip in the bud, and keep forest firefighters on standby at any time. These systems can play a very good role in controlling fire sources and preventing forest fires, and should be carefully formulated and strictly implemented.
Forest fire phenomenon
The flame lit up the sky.
Forest fire in a broad sense is called forest fire, which means that it spreads and expands freely in the forest land without human control, bringing certain harm and loss to the forest, forest ecosystem and human beings. In a narrow sense, forest fire is a sudden, destructive and difficult natural disaster to deal with and put out. Forest fire prevention is an important part of China's disaster prevention and reduction work, an important part of the construction of national emergency system, an important guarantee for social stability and people's living and working in peace and contentment, the foundation and premise for accelerating forestry development and strengthening ecological construction, which is related to forest resources and ecological security, people's life and property safety, and the overall situation of reform, development and stability. Simply put, forest fire prevention is to prevent the occurrence and spread of forest fires, that is, to prevent and extinguish forest fires. To prevent the occurrence of forest fires, we must understand the laws of forest fires, adopt the method of combining administration, law and economy, and use scientific and technological means to minimize the number of fires. To put out forest fires, it is necessary to understand the burning law of forest fires, establish a strict emergency mechanism and a strong command system, organize a well-trained firefighting team, and use effective and scientific methods and advanced firefighting equipment to put out fires in time to minimize fire losses. After the forest fire, according to whether the forest is damaged or not and the size of the fire area, forest fires can be divided into forest fires (the affected forest area is less than 1 hectare or other woodlands are on fire), general forest fires (the affected forest area is greater than 1 hectare and less than 100 hectare) and major forest fires (the affected forest area is greater than 100 hectare and/kl)
Please edit this paragraph for details.
The runaway forest burned. Since the emergence of forests on the earth, forest fires have been accompanied by forest fires.
Happen. There are more than 200,000 forest fires every year in the world, and the burned forest area accounts for more than 1‰ of the total forest area in the world. At present, there are about 1000 forest fires in China every year on average, with an area of several hundred thousand to millions of hectares, accounting for about 5 ~ 8 ‰ of the national forest area. 1May, 1987, a large forest fire broke out in Daxinganling, Heilongjiang Province, with an area of 10 10000 hectares, of which 70% was forest. Forest fires not only kill and burn trees, directly reduce forest area, but also seriously damage forest structure and forest environment, resulting in imbalance of forest ecosystem, reduction of forest biomass, weakening of productivity, reduction of benefits for animals and birds, and even human and animal casualties. High-intensity fire can destroy the chemical and physical properties of soil, reduce the water holding capacity and permeability of soil, raise the groundwater level in some woodland and low-lying areas, and cause swamps; In addition, because of the carbonization and warming of soil surface, it will accelerate the drying of burned land, leading to the excessive growth of positive weeds, which is not conducive to forest regeneration or the replacement of low-value forests that resist extreme ecological conditions. The size of forest fires is often measured by the damaged forest area, the affected forest area and the number of trees. According to China's regulations, forest fire refers to the burning of a large number of trees (including mature forests, young forests and bamboo forests) with an area of 10 ~ 1000 mu. Forest fires occur when the damaged area of southern forest area is 1000 ~ 10000 mu and the damaged area of northern forest area is 1000 ~ 50000 mu. The affected area of southern forest area is over 65,438+00,000 mu, and that of northern forest area is over 50,000 mu, resulting in forest fires. Within the unit area of the affected forest, the number of trees burned or burned in the mature forest is above 30%, and the young forest is above 60%, which is called the affected forest area. The ability to control forest fires is usually expressed by the following figures: ① the number of forest fires of 654.38+10,000 hectares, that is, the frequency of forest fires; ② The burned area in 6.5438+10,000 hectares of forest, that is, the burning rate of forest; ③ The average area of each fire; ④ The percentage of burned area in forest area.
The reason for editing this paragraph.
Human factors are the biggest factor; Secondly, long-term dry weather may also lead to the continuous rise of ground temperature, and forest materials are easy to cause spontaneous combustion. In addition, lightning strike may also lead to fire.
Editing this paragraph requires conditions.
Including forest combustibles, fire sources and oxygen (combustion-supporting materials).
Forest combustible
Forest combustible: all organic substances in the forest, such as trees, shrubs, grass and moss, are used to put out forest fires.
Lichen, litter, humus and peat are all combustible substances. Among them, combustible materials burning with flame, also known as open flame, can volatilize combustible gas to produce flame, accounting for 85 ~ 90% of the total forest combustible materials. It is characterized by fast spreading speed and large burning area, and its own heat consumption only accounts for 2 ~ 8% of all heat. Flameless combustion combustible, also known as dark fire, can't decompose enough combustible gas, and there is no flame, such as peat and rotten wood, which accounts for 6 ~ 10% of the total forest combustible. It is characterized by slow propagation speed, long duration and high heat consumption. For example, peat can consume 50% of its total heat, and it can continue to burn under wet conditions.
source of fire
Fire source: Different forest combustibles have different ignition temperatures. The ignition point of dry weeds is 150 ~ 200℃, and that of wood is 250 ~ 300℃. In order to reach this temperature, an external fire source is needed. Fire sources can be divided into: ① natural fire sources. There are lightning fire, volcanic eruption fire and meteorite falling fire, among which lightning fire is the most common, especially in Daxinganling, Heilongjiang, Hu Meng, Inner Mongolia and Altai, Xinjiang. ② Artificial fire source. Most forest fires are caused by careless use of fire, accounting for more than 95% of the total fire sources. Man-made fire sources can be divided into productive fire sources (such as burning farmland, burning wasteland, burning charcoal, locomotive leaking fire, landslide, grazing, hunting, burning fire lines, etc.). ) and unproductive fire sources (such as cooking in the field, heating, driving away mosquitoes and flies with fire, smoking, children playing with fire, bad guys setting fire, etc. ).
oxygen
Oxygen (combustion-supporting substance): burning 1 kg of wood consumes 3.2 ~ 4.0 cubic meters of air (0.6 ~ 0.8 cubic meters of pure oxygen), so there must be enough oxygen for forest combustion. Under normal circumstances, the oxygen in the air accounts for about 2 1%. When the oxygen content in the air drops to 14 ~ 18%, the combustion will stop.
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Division of fire prevention period:
The occurrence of forest fires in China has obvious seasonal and temporal laws, and the division of fire prevention periods in different regions is also different. Forest fires in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia mostly occur in spring and autumn. The fire season in spring is from March 15 to June 15, with the most fires in May. The autumn fire season is from September 15 to 10/0 15, with the most fires in June15. There is only one fire danger period in south and southwest forest areas in winter and spring, generally from 1 1.05 to May 30th of the following year, with the most fires in February, March and April. Forest fires in northwest China (mainly in Xinjiang) mostly occur in summer and autumn. From July 30th to September 30th, the most frequent fires occurred in August and September.
Regional characteristics of forest fires;
Forest fires have obvious regional characteristics. The general situation is that there are many fires in the south, and the losses are smaller than those in the north, while there are fewer fires in the north, but the affected area is large. The forest areas in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia have gentle terrain, wide ditches and ponds, and forest land is connected with grassland. Spring and autumn are influenced by Siberian monsoon, with windy weather. In addition, they are remote and have inconvenient transportation. Once they catch fire, the burning spreads rapidly, and the affected forest area is very large. Although the average annual number of fires only accounts for about 4% of the country, the affected forest area accounts for more than 50% of the country. The southern region is characterized by steep mountains, staggered forests and farmers, scattered woodland and dense population, so there are many fires, accounting for more than 50% of the country, while the affected forest area only accounts for about 16% of the country.
At present, more than 98% of forest fires are caused by human factors, of which 38% are caused by burning wasteland and agricultural fires, and 57% are caused by burning paper on graves and smoking in the open air.
The composition of China fire brigade;
China's forest fire fighting forces are mainly composed of forest fire brigade, armed police forest force and forest aviation fire brigade.
(1) Forest Fire Brigade: As the main force of forest fire fighting, the forest fire brigade is a professional team engaged in forest fire prevention for many years. Adhere to high-level training at ordinary times, perform patrol inspection tasks under the command of the competent department of forest fire prevention during the fire prevention period, and undertake most fire-fighting tasks in case of fire. At present, there are 65,438 professional and semi-professional forest fire brigades with 370,000 people in China.
(2) Armed Police Forest Force: Armed Police Forest Force, as a new force and commando to put out forest fires, is under the dual leadership of the State Forestry Administration and the Armed Police Headquarters, with 1 headquarters, 1 command school and 7 corps. The troops are mainly stationed in key forest areas such as North China, Northeast China, Northwest China and Southwest China, and shoulder the sacred mission of protecting 6.5438+0.0773 million hectares of forest (grassland) resources.
(3) Forest aviation fire-fighting team: It is mainly composed of terminals, planes, crew, observers, ground crew and aviation fire-fighting professional equipment, and has multiple functions such as observing and commanding, transporting fire fighters, and directly extinguishing fires. After more than 50 years of development, China's forest aviation fire protection has formed a relatively complete industry system. Northeast Aviation Forest Protection Center and Southwest Aviation Forest Protection Station of State Forestry Administration have been established in Heilongjiang and Yunnan respectively, with a total of 23 aviation forest protection stations, and about 100 military and civil aircraft are rented every year. Forest aviation fire prevention mainly covers Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi. At present, the main operation projects are: forest patrol alarm, forest fire observation, air fire fighting, air fire fighting by fleet, cable (sliding) fire fighting, bucket fire fighting, air command fire fighting, aviation propaganda fire prevention, fire first aid, fire investigation and so on.
Matters needing attention in forest fire prevention work:
Because more than 95% of forest fires in China are caused by human factors, people should be controlled first. Strengthening the management of man-made fire sources is the most effective way to prevent forest fires.
1. Everyone should establish the awareness of "forest fire prevention". Whether you enter the forest area to engage in productive activities such as reclamation, gathering and mining, or enter the forest area for life activities such as sacrifice, tourism and holiday, hunting and picnic, you should always keep in mind forest fire prevention. Especially during the forest fire prevention period, it is forbidden to use fire in the wild in the forest area; If it is necessary to use fire because of special circumstances, it must be carried out after examination and approval in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Regulations on Forest Fire Prevention.
2. Start from yourself and start from small things to ensure that forest fires are not caused by your own negligence. For example, when you enter the forest area, you consciously hand over the kindling you carry with you to the forest fire prevention checkpoint. For example, you consciously change the customs, change the burning of paper on the grave to offering flowers and fruits or planting trees to worship your ancestors, and cultivate civilized customs and habits. If forest fires are caused by their own reasons, they should bear corresponding legal responsibilities.
3, ordinary people to participate in forest fire fighting, should master the basic fire safety skills and knowledge, once besieged or attacked by forest fires, to make decisive decisions, quickly choose the route to break through and avoid the fire, take the right way to avoid casualties. Special attention should be paid to fighting forest fires, and disabled people, pregnant women, the elderly and children should not be mobilized to participate.
Common fire self-rescue methods:
One is to retreat to a safe area. The fire fighting team (group) should observe the changes of the fire site when putting out the fire, and organize the firefighters to enter the area with less vegetation and low flame in case of Fei Huo and cyclone.
The second is to ignite and save yourself according to the specifications. Unified command, choose a relatively flat place, while playing the fire on both sides, while walking in the direction of the fire.
The third is to lie down and avoid danger according to the norms. In case of danger, you should lie down in a place with less vegetation nearby, with your feet facing the fire, pull open the floating soil until the wet soil is exposed, bury your face in the pit, wrap your head with clothes and put your hands in front of you.
The fourth is to break the wind according to the norms. When the wind changes suddenly and the fire turns around, the commander should decisively give the order to break through, and the firemen themselves should make decisive decisions, choose places with little grass, wrap their heads in clothes, hold their breath and rush to break through against the fire. People should be able to break through in 7.5 seconds. Never race against the fire, only rush to it.