1920 65438+February 16, a major earthquake occurred in Haiyuan county, southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. According to the post-investigation of 1949, the surface fault zone starts from Li Junbao, Haiyuan County, develops in the northwest direction, and passes through Xiaojiawan and Ganyanchi in Xi area to Jingtai, with a total length of 200 kilometers. This earthquake is a typical intraplate earthquake with a long repetition period.
The Haiyuan earthquake occurred at 1920 (nine years of the Republic of China), 12, 16, 20: 05: 53 (the seventh day of November in the year of Gengshen). Haiyuan earthquake is not only one of the biggest earthquakes in the history of China, but also one of the biggest earthquakes in the world. The magnitude is 8'5, the epicenter intensity is 12 degrees, the focal depth is 17 kilometers, and the epicenter is located at 36'7 degrees north latitude and 105'7 degrees east longitude. The basic situation of Haiyuan earthquake is as follows: the macro epicenter is located in Shikaguangou and Shaomaying area between Xi 'an, Dagoumen and dry salt pond in Haiyuan county, with latitude and longitude of 35 ′ 38 degrees,105 ′ 21degree; The epicentre intensity is 12 degree, and the polar earthquake zone includes Guyuan, Longde, Xiji, Jingyuan, Jingtai and other counties, which are strip-shaped and spread to the northwest. It covers an area of 20000 square kilometers. The earthquake affected Xia Nan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Qinghai, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Sichuan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian and other 17 provinces, cities and autonomous regions, with a sensing area of 25 10000 square kilometers, accounting for about 60,000 square kilometers in China. Serious landslides occurred in Haiyuan, Guyuan and Xiji counties in the earthquake zone. Only within 64 kilometers from Xiajiada Road to Xingping in Xiji County, the landslide reaches 3 1 square kilometer. There are 503 landslides in Jingyuan, Huining, Jingning and Longde counties. In Shibeiyuan area of Guyuan County, a landslide of 3500 meters long occurred. In the upstream of the Qingjiang River in Huining County, a landslide blocked a 2,500-meter-long river, and an earthquake-stricken lake was formed in its upstream, making it the most serious earthquake landslide in the history of China. The earthquake buried villages and towns in Zhoushan District of Dongxue, causing landslides and ground fissures, completely destroying Haiyuan, Guyuan and other counties, collapsing a large number of houses and causing heavy casualties. According to incomplete statistics, * * * killed 234,000 people and was injured countless times.
Because the energy released by the Haiyuan earthquake was particularly large, the strong vibration lasted for more than ten minutes, and 96 seismic stations around the world recorded the earthquake. Therefore, it is most appropriate to use the word "global earthquake" to describe this earthquake on the temple monument of Baitashan Park in Lanzhou. History has lasted for more than a century. Today, many ruins and landscapes caused by earthquakes are still silently telling what happened.
1. Important
At present, the recorded earthquake in the world is 8'9. The seismic energy released by the earthquake is equivalent to1` 4/10 (25th power) erg. If this energy is converted into electric energy, a hydropower station like Liujiaxia in China (installed capacity122 ′ 5kW) will need to work continuously for more than 30 years. The Haiyuan earthquake is determined to be 8 ′ 5, and its released energy is 355/ 10, which also needs Liujiaxia Hydropower Station for nearly 10 years. Since ancient times, three earthquakes in China have been considered to have reached 8 ′ 5. In addition to Haiyuan earthquake, there are Shandong 1688 Tancheng earthquake and Tibet1950 August 15 Medog earthquake, but Haiyuan earthquake is the only earthquake in China with an epicentre intensity of 12 degrees.
2. Scope of communication
In China, the scope of any earthquake can be compared with Haiyuan earthquake. According to relevant data, Lanzhou, 200 kilometers away, "three out of ten houses collapsed" in this earthquake. Make Xi 'an, 400 kilometers away from the epicenter, "doors and windows suddenly rang, houses shook the wall, and about 100 houses were destroyed"; Taiyuan, 700 kilometers away from the epicenter, "houses collapsed and people were slightly injured"; Sentence; In Beijing, which is 0/000 km away from the epicenter/kloc-,"the lights are shaking, which makes people dizzy"; Further in Shanghai, "the clock stops and the lights shake"; Guangzhou "colored mud"; Shantou "passenger ship swaying"; Hong Kong "most people felt the earthquake". It felt more than half of China, and even at the observatory near Haiphong, there was a phenomenon of "stopping the clock".
3. Casualties
The death toll caused by Haiyuan earthquake is the highest in the world except Shaanxi 1556 hua county earthquake and Hebei 1976 Tangshan earthquake. According to 1922, the eighth and ninth issues of Journal of Geoscience, the death toll of this earthquake is 234 1 17. Among them, 73,027 people died in Haiyuan County, accounting for 59% of the county's population, accounting for 3 1'2% of the total death toll, and 39,068 people died in Guyuan City. Tongwei death toll18208; The death toll of Jingning people is 152 13, accounting for more than half of the county's total population. The earthquake also caused a large number of livestock deaths and a large number of houses collapsed. This strong earthquake has caused great losses to people's lives and property in the earthquake area, and the disaster is heavy.
4. Ground structure deformation
The epicentre intensity of Haiyuan earthquake is 12 degrees. One of the important reasons is that there are extensive and strong tectonic deformation zones and various other phenomena with huge scale in the epicenter and extreme earthquake area. The Great Wall near the Mongolian desert in northern Yinchuan was cut by the earthquake, and the landform of the Loess Plateau was completely changed. The high fault became a ditch, the mountain cracked, and a small lake appeared on the flat ground.
Faults: There are various faults in the earthquake zone, some of which are tens of kilometers long, and the maximum horizontal fault distance is17m. The vertical fault distance is like a runaway wild horse on the rampage. They stagger the mountains. Staggered ridges, across rivers, across canyons. The residential buildings located in the fault development zone were the most seriously damaged, and many villages were razed to the ground, causing extremely serious casualties. There is a village with a population of 170, and only 6 people survived. A fault zone was formed after the earthquake. Tiaojia fault zone starts from Nikou, Guyuan, passes through Haiyuan, Xi 'an and Ganyanchi, and reaches Xingquanbao, Jingtai County, with a total length of 220 kilometers. The whole fault zone is 50-70 degrees north latitude. More than a dozen stone ridges were found to the west of Ganyanchi, which were staggered by the earthquake fault zone by a distance of 2 meters and twisted counterclockwise.
Ground fissure: Like a fault, crossing a strange place is unstoppable. Unlike faults, ground fissures are strata. Whenever horizontal or vertical dislocation occurs, a series of trenches or low graben, scarps or depressions will be formed in the area where ground fissures develop. In some places, there are wide ground fissures passing through it. The permafrost on the surface is suspended in the air by the roots of plants, just like a bridge.
Bulging: during the earthquake, due to the strong compression of the earth's crust, in many areas, bulging or uplift appeared on the ground. These bumps and bulges look like a Great Wall or a grave.
Landslide or collapse: Landslide and collapse are a kind of crustal geological phenomenon caused by strong earthquake, which makes the edge of cliff plateau unstable due to gravity. Landslides mainly occur on the slope of the gully-side plateau, and the slope is relatively slow; Collapse mainly occurs in the cliff ridge area. The landslide and collapse of Haiyuan earthquake are unprecedented in previous earthquakes, which has a great relationship with the intensity of the earthquake and its occurrence in loess area. Landslides and collapses not only aggravated the disaster, but also formed many dammed lakes of different sizes. Yi Hae won's Haizi and Xiji's Zhenhu are famous.
5. The tragic situation of the victims
Because the earthquake happened in the mountainous area of Liupanshan, which is almost isolated from the world, the northern warlords were in chaos and unable to rescue the huge earthquake disaster. At that time, it was freezing in winter, and victims died of frostbite, hunger and plague. According to the article "A Brief Introduction to the Great Shaanxi-Gansu Earthquake" at that time, the people in the earthquake-stricken areas "have no clothes, no food, no shelter, and the tragic situation of displacement is unbearable; Many people who suffer hardships rely on the fire kang to keep warm, and their clothes are thin, and they are stripped off in one day, resulting in severe cold and strong winds. They endured the cold and hunger, slept in the cold, crawled to help the wounded, cried everywhere, and were not particularly hungry. It will be better than being frozen, livestock will die, they will get lost, and German shepherd will crowd out people. " This is a true portrayal of the tragic situation in Haiyuan earthquake-stricken area at that time.
Second, the earthquake investigation
More than 80 years have passed since the Haiyuan earthquake. Many seismologists went deep into the earthquake zone and made a field investigation of Haiyuan earthquake, and obtained a lot of valuable information. /kloc-in the second year after the Haiyuan earthquake in 0/920, the Ministry of Interior, Education and Agriculture and Commerce sent six people, including Weng and Xie, to the disaster area for investigation. They left Beijing on April 192 1, arrived in Lanzhou via Hohhot and Yinchuan, then entered the earthquake zone, went to Guyuan via Huining and Jingning, and returned to Lanzhou via Pingliang and Tianshui. The investigation lasted for four months. In addition to understanding the disaster situation, they also pay special attention to scientific investigation. The survey data of Weng Wenhao and other six people are very valuable. Although the traffic was inconvenient at that time, and their investigation scope was limited, they could not visit most places in the earthquake zone on the spot, but the large amount of first-hand information they got still has high scientific value today. This investigation by Weng and his party is the first detailed scientific investigation on the great earthquake in the history of China earthquake. Meanwhile, J. of Hunger Relief International? W? Hall (j? W? Hall)、U？ Klaus (u? Clormik)、E？ McCormick (e? Mcormik) and so on. , also reached the earthquake zone, the survey results published in the American "Geography" magazine 1922, entitled "Where to go in the mountains". In this report, a lot of practical information about the disaster situation is listed, especially the earthquake landslide is vividly described, and precious photos of earthquake damage are attached. After liberation, the earthquake work in China has developed rapidly. From 65438 to 0958, the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences sent Guo Zengjian and other six comrades to make a field investigation on Haiyuan earthquake, which was another large-scale investigation after Weng et al. The expedition crossed mountains and valleys and rivers, which lasted for more than a month and gained rich first-hand information. Later, Lanzhou Institute of Seismology and other seismological departments inspected the earthquake area. Compiled and published the book 1920 Haiyuan earthquake. 1979, Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, State Seismological Bureau and Earthquake Team of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region held "1920 Haiyuan Earthquake Symposium" in Yinchuan, and discussed the related issues of this earthquake. After 1980s, the research on Haiyuan active fault zone project was included by experts from National Geological Institute and Ningxia Seismological Bureau for 4 years. On the basis of major scientific research, the scientific and technological work Haiyuan Fault Zone was completed and published.
Haiyuan earthquake and Haiyuan active fault zone have aroused great interest of Chinese and foreign scientists. The ground deformation relics caused by earthquakes, such as fractures, landslides, ground fissures and uplifted depressions, have remained intact after decades of changes. In addition, the remains of ancient earthquake events and tectonic activities have been found in the area from Liupanshan to Helan Mountain. Scientists believe that Ningxia is not only a unique museum of historical earthquake relics, but also a living teaching material for studying seismically active faults. From 198 1 to the end, more than 30 foreign experts from Japan, the United States, the former Soviet Union, Canada and Thailand 10 came to Ningxia for earthquake investigation and research. There are more domestic experts. China Haiyuan has once again become a "geomantic treasure house" for world geosciences to pay attention to and carry out earthquake research, and also a "window" for the world to understand Ningxia.
Haiyuan earthquake occupies an extremely important position in the modern history of China. The earthquake not only caused casualties and huge losses, but also created several firsts in China's modern history. There were no modern seismographs and stations in old China during the earthquake, and no one could tell where the epicenter was after the earthquake. It was not until a month later that the epicenter was delineated in Haiyuan. After the earthquake, the Central Geological Survey of Beiyang government immediately set up its own seismic station. 192 1 sending staff to study in France, 1923 started the preparation. After 7 years, until 1930, the first seismic station in China was finally built in Beiping, which opened the prelude to seismic observation in China. Famous geologists from the Central Geological Survey submitted the first report on earthquake science investigation in Chinese history. The first intensity contour map of Zhang zhen area in China was drawn. He also divided the earthquake danger zone in eastern Chinese mainland for the first time. 1922, the World Geological Congress was held in Brussels, Belgium. For the first time, China scholars stood on the world podium and read out papers about Haiyuan earthquake and China seismic active tectonic belt, which attracted the attention of experts from all over the world.
Third, historical records and folklore.
(1) Records of earthquakes in history books
Haiyuan is an earthquake-prone area, and there are abundant earthquake records in local history books. The existing local history books in Guyuan include: Records of Guyuan Prefecture in Ming Jiajing, Records of Guyuan Prefecture in the Wanli Period of Ming Dynasty, Records of Longde County in Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, Records of the Hall of Longhai City in Qinggan, Records of Haicheng County in Guangxu of Qing Dynasty, Records of New Guyuan County in Xuan Tong of Qing Dynasty, Records of Guyuan County in the Republic of China, Records of Rebuilding Longde County in the Republic of China, and Newly Edited Records of the Republic of China. Almost every history book has records about earthquakes. In Guyuan County Records, the geography, residents, products, architecture, official position, art and culture of Haiyuan earthquake are recorded in detail. According to statistics, there are 26 files and poems with a large number of written records. Seismic activity is one of the important contents of seismology research. The earthquakes in Liupanshan area are drawn into an earthquake sequence map in time sequence. It can be seen that the seismic activity in this area has obvious ups and downs, that is, relatively active period and quiet period. According to experts' analysis, the historical seismic activity in Liupanshan area can be roughly divided into three active periods and two quiet periods. Haiyuan earthquake occurred in the goaf, and the goaf disappeared after the earthquake. According to the records of Guyuan County Records, the sequence characteristics before Haiyuan earthquake are1965438+April 24, 25, 27 and 29, and before Haiyuan earthquake 19 14+ 10/0. That was six years before the earthquake in the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920). These data show that Haiyuan was very underdeveloped before the earthquake. According to the research, it is speculated that there will be no more earthquakes for a long time after the Haiyuan earthquake in 1920.
(2) Precursors before earthquakes
The "Six Precursors" before the earthquake recorded in "Rebuilding the County Records of Longde in the Republic of China" had a great influence on seismology and spread widely. "Six mega-earthquakes" means: "First, the well water is quiet without waves, suddenly muddy like ink, and mud floats up, which is bound to be an earthquake. Second, the water in the pond is blown into a hub by the wind, and the algae are entangled, and the foam rises for no reason. If the tea is boiled, it will cause an earthquake. Third, it is natural that the sea meets the wind and the waves are surging; If the wind is fine and the typhoon doesn't work, the sea water will suddenly come up, which will cause an earthquake. It is dark in the middle of the night, and the sky suddenly becomes bright and radiant, just like in broad daylight, which will cause an earthquake. The weather is sunny and warm, and the blue sky is clean. Suddenly, I saw dark clouds winding like wisps, like a long snake, crossing the air for a long time, which will inevitably lead to an earthquake. 6. When it is midsummer, it is hot and transpiration, sweating like rain, feeling cold like ice and snow, cold air attacking people, and muscles are millet, which will cause earthquakes. " It is said that before the Haiyuan earthquake, there were many signs that this disaster was coming. That year was also a persistent drought, with unusually high temperature, rainy and snowy weather, or earth fog flooding the sun and the moon, or black or yellow wind blowing sand wildly, making chickens and dogs restless, cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and other livestock frightened, birds screaming past, the groundwater level fluctuating, the northwest sky rolling, the valley empty and underground thunder rumbling.
(3) Folk customs
Like all natural disasters, after the Haiyuan earthquake, rumors and myths spread everywhere, disturbing people's hearts. In Haiyuan, there are two old stories widely circulated. There was a "Swing Song" before the earthquake. Its content is: "Big peas bloom, shake them, and wheat will ear;" This is not the king's law. Shake it, let's go to bed. A bowl of mutton shakes white flowers; The world is screaming, crumbling, and thieves kill. "This is the first time that future generations have recorded this strange historical fact. No one can solve this mystery. On the night of Mr. Bai Xingjie's official residence in Guyuan County, celebrities will gather together and invite people with status in the county to drink and play cards. While these celebrities were having fun, tables and drinks were broken. At this moment, the house collapsed with a crash, and 23 people present killed 20 people on the spot, including almost all the celebrities in Guyuan County at that time. In this earthquake, there is also a story about the savior of Hu Qin. A month after the earthquake, a caravan came to Haiyuan earthquake zone. What greeted the businessman was the horror of broken walls, where people were isolated from each other, and the chickens and dogs were gone. Suddenly, there was a cry and a sad huqin sound. The merchants searched for the sound and found that the sound of the piano came from a collapsed kiln cliff. Businessmen hurriedly dug up the collapsed soil and rescued a unkempt survivor. It turned out that this man survived by luck after his kiln door was blocked. For more than a month, he kept alive by eating only half a can of sauerkraut left in the kiln, and saved his life by calling for help from Hu Qin. The junction of Guyuan County and Haiyuan County is a tourist attraction in Xu Mi. On the mountain, Gu Song's pines and cypresses are ringing and shrines are dotted. This is the famous Xumishan Grottoes-Yuanguang Temple. This cave was opened in Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties, with * * more than 30 Buddha caves/kloc-0. It used to be a cloud of tourists and incense. It is 80 kilometers away from the epicenter of Haiyuan earthquake, but the earthquake intensity is still as high as 1 1 degree. The strong vibration collapsed the niche of Gong Xian Temple, a Buddhist grotto, revealing the Buddha statue. The earthquake was painful, and the memory left for every family in the disaster area is unforgettable. Every family has a sad story. The earthquake has become a disaster festival to commemorate the dead.
Four. Disaster prevention and mitigation
Since its birth, human beings have gone through one disaster after another, not being destroyed, but constantly developing, thus creating a splendid civilization. Looking forward to the future, human society will be more rational, smarter, more organized and more coordinated than before, which can not only coordinate the relationship with nature to the maximum extent, but also coordinate the relationship within human society. Therefore, although all kinds of man-made disasters are still inevitable in the future, human beings will not be destroyed. In order to effectively prevent disasters and minimize losses, we should also actively invest in disaster prevention and mitigation. After Haiyuan earthquake, the disaster was serious. At that time, the Beiyang government did not take effective disaster relief measures in time, which further aggravated the disaster. Gansu tourists in Beijing at that time attacked: "Gansu is a place where the state collects land rent, and the people of Gansu are members of the state burden." Today is a catastrophe that has never been seen since ancient times, but it cannot take into account the interests. It is both a Buddhist public opinion and inhuman. " When a major earthquake occurred after liberation, the party and the government immediately sent earthquake relief teams to the scene to rescue and rescue the disaster, develop production, rebuild their homes, and minimize disasters.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Development and utilization of earthquake resources
After Haiyuan earthquake, many earthquake relics and site landscapes can be seen everywhere today. There are 13 delegates. They are: Tangjiapo Ridge in Ganyanchi, Haiyuan County is staggered; Ruins of the surface rupture zone of Jiejiazhuang earthquake in Ganyanchi, Haiyuan County: the ruins of Ganyanchi city wall in Haiyuan County; Yuanjiawo Residential Site in Xi 'an Township, Haiyuan County; Surface remains of Xiaoshan earthquake in Chengguan Town, Haiyuan County; Remains of Haizi in Lianhe Village, Lijun Township, Haiyuan County; Maximum horizontal displacement remains of Shikagou earthquake in Ganyanchi township, Haiyuan county: profile of Xiergou trench in Gao Tai township, Haiyuan county; Dangjiacha Lake Site in Meng Xuan Township, Xiji County: Shibeiyuan Mountain Collapse Site in Bao Peng Township, Guyuan County. Earthquake remains and site landscape are the result of earthquake damage. The remains of Haiyuan seismic activity zone and Haiyuan earthquake site are rare natural heritages at home and abroad, which are of great value to the research of seismic activity and tectonic movement, disaster prevention, environmental protection, popular science and tourism development. The unique attraction of Haiyuan earthquake tourism resources has high value and is a potential resource that has not been developed at present. However, due to natural weathering, such as cold and hot changes, running water erosion, wind and rain, the forms of these resources are changing. Coupled with man-made destruction, earthquake remains and landscapes are more serious. Therefore, it is urgent to protect Haiyuan earthquake tourism resources.
Tourism resources are the main object and support of tourism activities and the foundation of tourism development in a region. The unique, monopolistic or irreplaceable tourism resources of Haiyuan earthquake have their own characteristics and advantages in terms of resources, which are attractive to tourists. Therefore, Haiyuan earthquake tourism is a virgin land to be developed. At the present stage, we should rationally develop and utilize this resource through certain measures and means to give full play to its benefits and functions. Haiyuan Earthquake Tourism Zone is located in Liupanshan Tourism Zone, which is the first national poverty alleviation experimental zone approved by the State Council in April 2000. The development and utilization of earthquake tourism are closely related to Liupanshan eco-tourism, rich hometown customs, splendid Silk Road culture and rich historical sites, which complement each other. This organic combination of diversity and uniqueness will surely become the unique advantage of tourism resources in this area, give full play to the advantages of Haiyuan earthquake tourism resources and promote the development of local economy.