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[Edit this paragraph] Biography of the author

Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming, a Lu historian at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. But the author of this book has always been controversial. It is generally believed that this work is the work of a historian and essayist in the early Warring States period. The original name of the book was Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, and later generations combined it with Spring and Autumn Annals into a classic work, called Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, or Zuo Zhuan for short. The author's purpose in writing this book is not entirely to interpret the classics, but to stand from the perspective of historians and refer to many historical books at that time with the Spring and Autumn Annals as the key link. Therefore, Zuo Zhuan greatly enriched the content of Chunqiu. Some contents are consistent with the records in the Spring and Autumn Annals, and some are inconsistent with the Spring and Autumn Annals, which is thirteen years longer than the Spring and Autumn Annals.

Zuo Zhuan is a chronological history book, which has preserved many historical materials of our country for more than 200 years since 722 BC, and comprehensively reflected some aspects of politics, military affairs, diplomacy, economy and culture in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zuo Zhuan is a precious historical document for studying the ancient society of China. Its literary value is very high, and it is very good at writing complex historical events in concise language, especially at describing wars and depicting the subtle movements and psychological activities of characters, which has a great influence on the development of later prose.

[Edit this paragraph] Solution

In the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu (684 BC), Gong Zijiu, who was contending for the monarch with himself, was helped by Lu and sent troops to attack Lu. At that time, Qi was strong, Lu was weak, and Lu was on the defensive. This paper describes the advice given to Duke Zhuang of Lu, and finally in the battle of the long spoon, the weak Lu defeated the attack of the powerful Qi, showing his political foresight and outstanding military talent.

This article is intended to show Cao Gui's "foresight", so it focuses on "debate" to select materials. In the first paragraph, through the dialogue between Cao Gui and Duke Zhuang of Lu, it is emphasized that the people's heart is the primary condition to determine the outcome of the war, and Cao Gui's strategic thought of "winning the trust of the people" is highlighted; The second paragraph briefly describes the process of Cao Gui's command of Lu army to counterattack, pursue and finally win, showing Cao Gui's military command ability, laying the foundation for the following analysis of the reasons for winning; The third syllogism describes the reasons for winning, and highlights Cao Gui's tactical thought of being good at seizing fighter planes and being cautious and decisive. The full-text narrative is clear, the details are appropriate, the dialogue between characters is accurate and vivid, and the important words are not annoying. It is a famous article in Zuo Zhuan.

[Edit this paragraph] Original text

In the spring of ten years (1), Qi attacked me (2). Male (3) can fight. Please see (4). His fellow villagers said, "What happened to the meat eaters (5) and (6)?" He said, "Carnivores are contemptuous (7) and fail to make a long-term plan." This is what (8) saw. Q: "Why did you call (9)?" Gong Yue said, "Have enough food and clothing (10), dare to specialize (1 1), and you will be divided into people (27)." Right: "Xiaohui is not worried (12), and Fu Min (25) is obedient." Gong said, "Give jade and silk (13) (pronounced bó), if you dare to add (28), you will believe it." On the other hand, I said, "There is no happiness in Xiao Xin (pronounced as fú)( 14), but the house of God is blessed (15)." Qi Huangong said, "Although prisons of all sizes (16) cannot be observed (29), there must be mercy." Right: "Loyalty (26) belongs to (3 1). You can go to war. If you fight, please follow (34). "

Multiply it. Against the spoon (17). The general will drum up (18). "Not now," said Cao Gui. "Wait until after Qi Jun drummed three times. Cao Gui said, "You can play the drums. "."Qi Shi was defeated (33). Volkswagen will chase (19). "Not now," said Cao Gui. "Look at it (20), (2 1) (pronounced Shi, the crossbar of the front armrest of the car, the noun on the top of the car is a verb, which means holding the crossbar of the car), look at it and say," Nothing. " So the pursuit of Qi Jun was pursued.

Both grams (22), ask the reason. He said: "It takes courage to fight. High spirits, then decline, three exhausted. I am tired, I have a surplus (23), so I will overcome it. Great powers are unpredictable and frightening. I regard it as chaos (pronounced zhé) and its flag (pronounced mǐ)(24), so I chase it. "

-selected from Zuo Zhuan's Ten Years of Zhuang Gong.

[Edit this paragraph] Note

(1) Ten years: the tenth year of Lu Zhuanggong (684 BC).

(2) Qi Division: the army of Qi State. Qi, in today's central Shandong Province. I mean Lu. Lu, in the southwest of Shandong today. Zuo Zhuan was written for Lu, a historian, so he called Lu "I".

(3) Gong: Lu Zhuanggong.

(4) (Guangxi): Lu people.

(5) Carnivores: People who eat meat. This refers to senior officials above doctors.

(6) jiàn: participation.

(7) meanness: meanness. This refers to myopia.

(8) Yes: So, just.

(9) How to fight: that is, "how to fight" and why to fight. Take: use, rely on, rely on.

(10) Food and clothing: clothes, food and other health-preserving things.

(1 1) exclusive: exclusive, exclusive.

(12) all: pass "all pass", all pass, universal.

(13) Sacrifice to jade and silk (bó): ancient sacrifice. Sacrifice pigs, cows, sheep, etc. Jade, jade articles; Silk, silk fabrics.

(14) Fu (fú): Trust is convincing.

(15) Fu: Nouns are used as verbs to bless and bless.

(16) Prison: Litigation case.

(17) Long spoon: the place name of Lu, in the north of Qufu County, Shandong Province.

(18) Drums: Nouns as verbs, beating drums to advance.

(19) Late: Drive.

(20) Zhe (zhé): the trace left by the wheel running over the ground.

(2 1) Stone: The crossbar in front of the ancient carriage was used to make passenger handrails. This refers to the front crossbar.

(22) Bicycle: It has been defeated.

(23) surplus: full and abundant. This refers to exuberance.

(24) Mie (mǐ): Fall down.

Woman: No.

(26) Loyalty: Do your best to do your job.

(27) It varies from person to person: the ellipsis omits the word "zhi", and the complete sentence is "it varies from person to person" and must be shared with others.

(28) Increase: exceeding. There is exaggeration here, which means that less reporting is more.

(29) inspection: observe clearly and explain clearly.

(30) Emotion: Sincerity and truthfulness. This refers to the reasonable handling of all kinds of litigation cases.

(3 1) Tadaya: This is something dedicated to the people. Be loyal and try your best to do your duty.

(32) Can fight: that is, "can fight", and you can fight with this condition. Relying on: relying on.

(33) defeat: defeat.

If you fight, please allow me to follow.

(35) therefore; fair

(36) chase: chase, here is the meaning of chase.

[Edit this paragraph] Translation

In the spring of the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, the Qi army attacked our country, and Duke Zhuang of Lu was ready to fight. Cao Gui asked for an interview, and a fellow villager in Cao Gui said, "The authorities will plan this. Why should you participate?" Cao Gui said: "People in power are shallow and ignorant, so they can't think ahead." So he went into the palace to see Duke Zhuang of Lu. Cao Gui asked Duke Zhuang of Lu, "What conditions do you have to fight with Qi?" Duke Zhuang of Lu said, "I dare not enjoy food, clothing and health for myself. Be sure to give it to others. " Cao Gui replied, "It is only the ministers close to you who will benefit, and they can't spread all over the country. The people will not follow you. " Duke Zhuang of Lu said, "Sacrificial articles such as pigs, cattle, sheep, jade and silk can't be exaggerated. I must tell God the truth. " Cao Gui replied: "A little credit can't convince the gods, and the gods won't bless you." Lu Zhuanggong said: "Even if I can't see all the litigation cases, I will definitely make a reasonable judgment based on the facts." Cao Gui replied: "I have finished my work here, and I can fight a war with this condition. If you fight, please allow (me) to follow. "

Duke Zhuang of Lu and Cao Gui rode in the same car and fought against the Qi army in the ladle. Duke Zhuang of Lu is ready to go, ready to go Cao Gui said, "No." After the Qi army drummed three times, Cao Gui said, "It's time to attack." The Qi army was defeated, and Duke Zhuang of Lu was ready to pursue by car. Cao Gui said, "No." (Say that finish) Cao Gui came down from the chariot and saw the marks of the Qi army's wheels running over. He boarded the chariot to hold the crossbar in front of the car and looked at the defeated Qi army from a distance and said, "We can (chase)." So I chased the Qi army.

Duke Zhuang of Lu defeated the Qi army and asked the reason for its victory. Cao Gui replied, "Fighting depends on courage. Playing drums for the first time (can) inspire the courage of the soldiers; When they beat the drum for the second time, the soldiers' courage weakened; After the third drum beat, the soldiers' courage was exhausted. The morale of the other side was exhausted, and our army was strong and defeated Qi. A country as big as Qi is hard to guess. I'm afraid they have an ambush there. I observed that the tracks of their wheels were messy, and I saw their flags fall from a distance, so I could chase them. "

[Edit this paragraph] Appreciate

The theme of war is best written in Zuo Zhuan, with appropriate details and bright colors. This article is an example. Cao Gui's argument is based on "cannibalism", that is, an official's knowledge is shallow and he can't consider everything. The starting point of his foresight is whether Lu Zhuanggong can put the people's interests first, so he doesn't value Lu Zhuanggong's kindness and kindness to his attendants, and he doesn't value Lu Zhuanggong's honesty in offering sacrifices to the gods. Instead, he attaches great importance to Lu Zhuanggong's handling of large and small cases with the people's feelings, thinking that this is a move of loyalty to the people and can be used for World War I.

In the face of the powerful qi army, there was no rash action. When the Qi army beat drums three times, it was suggested that beating the Qi army with a long spoon should be a model of defeating the strong with the weak. Zuo Zhuan did not describe the war in detail, but simply summarized the process of the war with Cao Gui's "impossibility" and "feasibility", thus making the debate before and after the war more prominent. If the pre-war debate embodies Cao Gui's basic strategic thought of "people are the foundation of war", then the post-war debate embodies his tactical thought, and "assembly number" has become a classic battle and combat theory. However, he didn't just rely on his strength. "A big country is unpredictable and has fear. I regard it as chaos and look at its flag, so one by one, which reflects his cautious attitude.

[Edit this paragraph] background

Arguments on Cao Gui recorded a war between Lu and Qi in 684 BC. At that time, Qilu was in what is now Shandong (Linzi in Qidu and Qufu in Ludu). Qi is a big country, while Lu is a small country. In 694 BC, he went to the State of Qi and was assassinated. After Lu Huangong's death, his son Zhuang Gong succeeded to the throne. Because he was helpless, his younger brother predicted that there would be rebellion in Qi, so he and Bao ran to Juzhou (now Juxian County, Shandong Province) to see him off. In the eighth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, Gongsun killed Qi Xianggong in ignorance and became a monarch. Guan Zhong and Gong Zijiu fled to Shandong. In the ninth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, Sun, the doctor of Qi, killed him in ignorance. At this time, there was no monarch in Qi. Duke Zhuang of Lu wanted to send Miyako back to China as the monarch of Qi, but his younger brother took the throne for Duke Huan. Huan Gong bears a grudge because Lu wants Gong Zijiu. In the second year of Huan Gong's accession to the throne, in 694 BC, he led an army to attack Lu and retaliated. This is the direct cause of the war between Qilu and Changshao recorded in Cao Gui Argument.

[Edit this paragraph] Teaching plan

Teaching objectives:

1. Usage and sentence patterns of notional words and "fu" with different meanings in ancient and modern times.

2. Describe the methods and tailoring of war and appropriate features in detail.

3. Understand Cao Gui's strategic and tactical thoughts, conduct ideological education in connection with reality, and cultivate young people's wit and composure.

Teaching philosophy:

1. Guide students to preview and study by themselves, and understand new words and difficult words.

2. Understand the general content of the text on the basis of preview, and then analyze the text.

3. Educate students with correct learning objectives (strategies) and correct methods (tactics) in combination with the text.

4. Teaching time: three hours.

teaching process

first kind

First, the introduction of new courses.

There have been countless wars in the history of China, many of which are brilliant examples of defeating many with few and defeating the strong with the weak. For example, in the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in the battle of Guandu; In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun and Liu were defeated; Xie An, Xie Shi, Xie Xuan and others made the million-strong army commanded by Fu Jian, the former Qin Dynasty in the north, feel "nothing happens, and everything is at stake", which left a deep thought for people, and the battle of Qilu with a long spoon in the Spring and Autumn Period was especially praised by comrades. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in the article "Strategic Issues of Revolutionary War in China" that the Battle of the Long Spoon is a famous example in the history of China War. Today, we will talk about the Battle of the Long Spoon by studying the text "Cao Gui Debate". Through research, we can understand the reason why the weak country Lu defeated the powerful country Qi in the battle of the long spoon, what is its strategic thinking and what enlightenment it has given us.

Second, solve the problem.

(1) Zuo Zhuan is a chronological history book that records the politics, economy, military affairs and culture of the vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period. According to legend, it was compiled by Zuo Qiuming, a historian of Lu, according to The Spring and Autumn Annals, a history of Lu written by Confucius. Because the chronicle of Chunqiu is too simple and close to the chronology of major events, it is difficult for ordinary people to understand, while the narrative of Zuozhuan is more detailed, reflecting the historical features at that time to a certain extent, and making a detailed annotation for Chunqiu, so later generations also call Zuozhuan Chunqiu. Zuo Zhuan has preserved important historical materials and has certain historical value. At the same time, he is good at tailoring, clear narrative and vivid description of characters, which has certain literary value and has a great influence on the development of later prose.

This text tells the story of ancient war stories. The war took place in the early Spring and Autumn Period. The warring parties were the powerful Qi State and the weak Lu State. The place of the battle was Lu's gourd ladle, so it is called the gourd ladle battle in history. The cause of this war was that when the law was impermanent, his younger brother and Gong Zijiu fled to Ju and Lu for refuge respectively. Later, Qi Xianggong was killed by Gongsun Zan's ignorance, and Xiao Bai, the son of Juan, returned to Qi to seize the throne first, and was called Qi Huangong. Later, Lu sent omiya back to Qi for a long time to compete for the throne. As a result, he was defeated by Qi Huangong, and Qi Huangong forced Duke Zhuang of Lu to kill Gong Zijiu. In the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu (684 BC), he used the excuse that Lu had helped Gongsun Jiu compete with him for the throne of Qi. Soldiers were deployed to attack Lu, and the two armies fought against Lu. As a result, the weak Lu defeated the invading powerful Qi State.

The title of the text is "Cao Gui Debate". Cao Gui was a civilian at that time. For the benefit of Lu, he took the initiative to give advice to Duke Zhuang of Lu. He also personally went to the battlefield, assisted Duke Zhuang of Lu in directing operations, and played an important role in defeating the State of Qi. However, the central word in the title of the text is "On", so it can be seen that what matters in the text is Cao Gui's view on the war, which shows Cao Gui's strategic thinking, rather than focusing on the narrative of Shaolong Campaign.

Third, reading the text, the overall perception

1. Pay attention to the following words:

What's the difference between (GUI) and (jiàn)? (bǐ)？ (fú) Dare to specialize but not benefit (biàn)? (bó)

A small print is unfinished (fú), the public can ride it (chéng), others can ride it (zhé), and others can ride it (mǐ).

2. Guide students to read the text by themselves, ask questions and repeat the main idea of the text.

Answer a question.

Qing Dynasty: In the spring of the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, Qi sent troops to attack Lu. At that time, Qi was strong and Lu was weak. Seeing that the national disaster was imminent, the Lu people stepped forward and suggested that Lu Zhuanggong win the trust of the people. Duke Zhuang of Lu listened to his advice, took some measures that won the hearts of the people, and with the help of Cao Gui, chose a place that was conducive to fighting, the timing of attacking-when he was tired and I had more than enough time, the timing of pursuing the Qi army-when the Qi army was in chaos, the Lu army won a great victory. Duke Zhuang of Lu asked Cao Gui the secret, and Cao Gui eloquently discussed the reasons for Lu Sheng's failure.

3. Clear the clues and divide the text.

There are several clues in this article.

After discussion, the students made clear two clues.

One is the clue of the event development (facing-preparing for war-winning-evaluating the war);

One is the clue of the characters' activities (please see-excuse me-going to war-dispelling doubts).

Second lesson

First, read the text aloud.

Second, analyze the text.

Paragraph 1

(1) What year is the "ten-year spring"?

Qing Dynasty: refers to the tenth year of Lu Zhuanggong (684 BC).

(2) What does "cutting" mean by "cutting me with strange stones"? Why did the Qi Army "cut" Lu?

Supplementary introduction to historical background: He did some bad things in China, and his younger brother and Gong Zijiu left Qi for fear of being implicated. In 685 BC, civil strife broke out in the State of Qi, and the monarch was killed. Gong Zijiu of Lu and Xiaobai, the son of Ju, rushed back to China, hoping to become monarchs. Duke Zhuang of Lu sent troops to escort Gong Zijiu back, only to know that his son Xiao Bai rushed back to Qi to be king, that is, Qi Huangong. Qi Huangong stood up to meet him. At that time, Qi was weak and Lu was defeated. Qi Huangong coerced Duke Zhuang of Lu to kill Gong Zijiu. Since then, the two countries have forged a deep hatred. In the spring of the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, Qi mobilized troops to attack Lu again and fought with a long spoon. From the historical background, it can be seen that Qi Baishi's mobilization of troops is an act of aggression, so "cutting" should be translated as "invasion".

(3) What is the status of Cao Gui?

About clarity: From the sentence "His hometown said", we can infer that Cao Gui is an ordinary citizen, and he is a patriotic gentleman with no official position. He is humble and dare not forget his concern for the country.

(4) "What happened to the meat eater?" What is the meaning of "meat eater" in the sentence?

Clear: "meat eaters", people who eat meat. "Meat" was related to the public catering system at that time. A public meal is a kind of meal provided free of charge to officials of a certain taste during office hours. According to the regulations, "above the doctor, food is meat." Therefore, "meat eaters" refer to officials above doctors who enjoyed the treatment of public meals in ancient times, and are generally called "meat eaters" and refer to people with power.

(5) The word "farsightedness" in "Predators are contemptuous and fail to farsighted" is the key of this paper, which runs through the whole article. What qualities does Cao Gui have from this sentence?

Clarity: Cao Gui's answer reflects Cao Gui's concern and foresight about state affairs.

(6) "It's your opinion" is an ellipsis. What elements are omitted?

Clear: In the specific context, the subject "Cao Gui" and the object "Zhi" are omitted.

(7) "How to fight" is a sentence with an object as a preposition.

These three words evoke the following analysis of war conditions and highlight Cao Gui's emphasis on political preparation before the war. What kind of preparation does Duke Zhuang of Lu think should be made? Clear: three aspects: ① "Food and clothing are safe, and those who dare to specialize will be divided into people"; 2 "Sacrifice jade, dare to add and believe"; (3) "A small prison, though unobservable, must be loved".

(8) For the preparation of these three aspects, Cao Gui's evaluation is that "small benefits are not embarrassing, and the people are obedient"; How does Cao Gui evaluate the second preparation? After discussion, it is clear that for the second preparation, Cao Gui's evaluation is that "a small letter is not blessed, and a god is blessed"; For the third preparation, Cao Gui thought that "loyalty belongs to World War I". Please note: "Fu" is a noun, and it is used as a verb here, meaning "Blessing"; "Can" should be translated as "can rely on", which is different from the current usage of "can".

(9) Why is it said that "a small prison, although unobservable, must have feelings" is the main condition for "being able to fight World War I"?

Clear: Because people's hearts are the main factor that determines the outcome of a war. This highlights Cao Gui's political vision of attaching importance to people's power.

(10) The sentence "Please obey the war" at the end of this paragraph not only shows that Cao Gui attaches importance to political preparation before the war, but also to strategy and tactics in actual combat. The article also takes this as a transition and goes to the following to write his cold war command.

(1 1) Summary: In paragraph 1, it is written that Cao Gui invited to join forces and made preparations before the war, which showed Cao Gui's love and foresight for the country and Lu Zhuanggong's "courage to teach" mind.

Paragraph 2

(1) Who commanded this war? What is the basis?

Qing Dynasty: Duke Zhuang of Lu commanded, assisted by Cao Gui. This can be seen from the "public ride". "Take" has two meanings: (1) Take the bus to find * * * and press "Take" to read; (2) In order to give another car a lift, take a ride to study. The text means "Cheng" (1), which is easy to understand, because it is convenient to argue with Zhuang Gong.

(2) Where is the battle site?

Qing: Long spoon ("Long spoon fight" is adverbial), in the territory of Lu, the geographical conditions are favorable to Lu.

(3) When is the opportunity to counterattack? How did Cao Gui help Zhuang Gong choose the right time?

Clear: When "the other party is exhausted and I am profitable". At the beginning of the battle, Zhuang Gong was eager to join the war before the Qi army was exhausted ("people will drum it up"; "Drum", noun as verb, "drumming"); When Lu Jun just won, Zhuang Gong chased after him ("people chased him"), and Cao Gui stopped Zhuang Gong's hasty action. He knows that both attack and pursuit must seize the favorable opportunity and make correct judgments according to the changes in morale and strength of both sides. Cao Gui's "two successes" made the war show a good situation of "losing the division" and "chasing the division".

(4) Summary: The second paragraph describes Cao Gui's commanding operations, and the operational process is very brief, highlighting the role of Cao Gui's "scheming" and paving the way for the later "arguing". Cao Gui chickened out, had a well-thought-out plan and was good at grasping the opportunity, so he defeated the enemy and won the war.

Paragraph 3

(1) After the victory of Lu ("Bicycle"), what does the "reason" of "asking the public" mean?

Clear: reasons, "attack" reasons and "pursuit" reasons.

(2) How did Cao Gui answer?

Clarity: There are two meanings: one explains why we should choose the opportunity of "gathering people to beat drums" ("exhausting others") to attack. "If you argue with your husband, you will have courage" (this is a judgment sentence, and "Yi" means judgment), "Make a concerted effort, then decline, and finally exhaust" (omit the "drum" after "re" and "three"), "He is tired of me, so I win" (the enemy's courage has disappeared, and my courage is strong, so I defeat the enemy). The word "I am exhausted, I am profitable" highly sums up the best soldiers when attacking. On the first level, he explained that he "looked at the enemy from below" and "looked at the enemy from above". The reason why he pursued the enemy after seeing the enemy's "chaos" and "malaise" was because "husband is a big country, unpredictable and frightening" ("husband" is used at the beginning of a sentence and has no practical significance when making comments or explanations). Visible Cao Gui thoughtful, cautious action, careful observation, good at grasping the opportunity, so he won the war.

(3) Summary: In the third paragraph, the reasons for defeating Qi are discussed.

Third, summarize the full text.

1. Summarize the central idea. After discussion, the students made it clear that the reason discussed in this paper is that to win the war, we must win the trust of the people, use correct strategies and tactics, and master the fighters.

2. The topic is "Cao Gui Debate". Is it narrative or argumentative? Clear: This is a narrative, but the whole text is centered on "theory". 1 describes the content of political preparation before the war; The second paragraph describes the battle; The third paragraph "discusses" the reasons for the victory of the Anti-Japanese War through "narration".

The third category

First, read the text and appreciate the artistic features of Zuo Zhuan.

1. About characterization

(1) Cao Gui: This passage reflects Cao Gui's "foresight" as a strategist. Cao Gui showed his patriotic enthusiasm by meeting him. Cao Gui asked about the war, which showed his political foresight. Cao Gui's participation in the war showed his outstanding military talent; Cao Gui's controversy shows his extraordinary strategy.

(2) Lu Zhuanggong: This paper focuses on Lu Zhuanggong's "contempt" for knowledge as a monarch. Duke Zhuang of Lu pinned his hopes for war on "small favors" and "praying for the blessing of the gods", which shows his political incompetence; His eagerness for success and attack showed his military ignorance.

But he is not a bad king. Duke Zhuang of Lu is ready to meet Cao Gui, ask three questions and answer three questions, seek truth from facts and listen to opinions with an open mind; Duke Zhuang of Lu used Cao Gui to fight, and personally participated in the war, showing that he was a virtuous corporal and meritocratic; When Duke Zhuang of Lu asked Cao Gui after the war, he was not complacent, which showed that he was not ashamed of seeking knowledge.

2. About comparison

In contrast, Cao Gui's image is vivid. By comparing Cao Gui with his "compatriots", Cao Gui's political enthusiasm is highlighted. From the comparison between Cao Gui and Duke Zhuang of Lu, his foresight is highlighted.

3. About the details

What are the details? What is the abbreviation? Why?

Teacher's summary after students answer:

The center of the theme is "controversy", which is closely surrounded by this article. Cao Gui's political preparation before the war, the tactics in the battle and the summary of the reasons for victory. From these remarks, he showed political foresight and military Excellence, so he wrote in detail. I don't write anything that doesn't help to show Cao Gui's character, such as the cause of the war, the strength of both sides, the battle scenes and the post-war treatment. And some things related to the "debate" are just passing by, which makes the article connected.

Second, keywords

1. Add some words with ancient and modern meanings:

(1) carnivores are contemptuous.

(2) What's the matter?

(3) Sacrifice jade and silk

(4) Small and large prisons

2. Judgment sentence: There are positive judgments and negative judgments, which are translated as "what is …" and "what is not …" respectively.

Loyalty is also a genus.

3. Ellipsis sentence patterns: some omit the subject, some omit the object, and some omit the preposition. You should add it when translating.

Can fight

4. Inverted sentence pattern: According to the routine of modern Chinese, it is the order of subject, predicate and object, but some classical Chinese sentences are prepositional objects with attributive postposition, so translation should follow the order of modern Chinese.

"Why do you want to fight?" Prisons, large and small, although not inspected, must be treated with love.

Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals, is said to have been compiled by Zuo Qiuming, a Lu historian in the Spring and Autumn Period, and revised by Confucius.

5. What is the reason why Cao Gui asks for Duke Zhuang of Lu?

Because of "the contempt of carnivores, they failed to make long-term plans." It means that those in power are shallow and ignorant and can't think ahead.

reading comprehension

Cao Gui is an excellent strategist. He won, not by beating and rushing, but by strategy and wisdom, which is especially commendable.

In the war, an excellent strategist is worth thousands of troops. Although he didn't have the bravery of a soldier, the fake prestige of a soldier, and the charge on the battlefield, he was able to rely on wisdom to overcome the strong with softness, overcome the strong with weakness, and take the big with small ones.

Wisdom is like water. Water is invisible and looks weak, but it is invisible and weak. (3) There is an invisible force accumulated in it, and you can make a detour when you encounter obstacles. When the accumulated strength reaches a certain level, it can converge into a trend to break through all obstacles. No wonder Confucius said, "Wise men enjoy water". They are very similar in appearance and characteristics: defeating the visible with the invisible, avoiding the strong enemy with cyclical changes, and defeating the masculine with weakness.

China's traditional preference for water makes traditional wisdom pay attention to the negative characteristics of combining rigidity with softness in the confrontation between Yin and Yang. This is a very interesting cultural phenomenon. Traditional wise men, strategists, and even those who don't have the power to dance with swords can plan and play the role of director in the confrontation of hundreds of thousands of troops, pointing out the battlefield and dispatching troops. It can be said that the soul is at war and the soul is at war. It is the weak and elegant strategists who compete with each other in wisdom and decide the outcome of the war.

Another interesting thing is that traditional military strategists do not rely on battlefield experience, but on reading and understanding to complete their mission. It seems that they lack actual combat experience, because they have never fought in person. However, the wisdom they accumulated from reading and understanding is enough for them to grasp, predict and decide the whole war process from the aspects of strength comparison, people's heart, psychological state, geographical environment and climatic conditions. This seems incredible to western military strategists who advocate actual combat experience, but it seems natural to us.

Numerous wars in the history of China have proved that successful war cases are masterpieces of literati wisdom. They carefully directed one play after another, and then let the soldiers who played the roles in the play perform.