Implementing classified education and promoting the diversified development of colleges and universities is not only the need of their own development, but also the inherent requirement of social progress. At present, with the deepening of China's higher education reform and the continuous development of higher education, the popularization of higher education in China has been further accelerated, and higher education has shown a diversified, hierarchical and personalized development trend. Facing the new development trend, how to scientifically and reasonably classify colleges and universities is conducive to building a reasonable system structure of higher education in China and giving full play to the enthusiasm of colleges and universities. It is directly related to the scientific orientation and development direction of universities, the formulation of government management policies and university evaluation standards, the fair and reasonable distribution of educational resources by the state, and the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of multi-level, multi-type and diversified higher education in China. Therefore, the scientific and reasonable classification of colleges and universities at all levels in China is an important topic facing the reform and development of higher education in China at present.

Keywords: institutions of higher learning; Running a school; Classification; develop

First, the significance of classified education in universities

For a long time, in the study of the structure and system of higher education, the classified running of colleges and universities is not only a worldwide problem, but also the key to the sustainable development of higher education in China. Due to different classification standards, the classification results of colleges and universities are completely different. According to the overall nature and structure of majors, colleges and universities can generally be divided into comprehensive colleges, science and engineering colleges, normal colleges and universities with single subjects (agriculture, medicine, forestry and water); According to the basic functions and characteristics of organizations, colleges and universities can generally be divided into research-oriented colleges, teaching-research colleges, teaching-oriented colleges and higher vocational colleges; According to the quality of running a school and social reputation, colleges and universities can generally be divided into international first-class, domestic first-class, provincial first-class and similar first-class institutions. Scientific classification is the key for colleges and universities to locate themselves correctly.

Since the continuous enrollment expansion of colleges and universities in China from 65438 to 0999, the number of students has increased dramatically, and there are more and more newly upgraded colleges and universities. Blind pursuit of high level, pursuit of "integration" and a new round of "big and comprehensive" wave of running schools are becoming a new hot spot in the development of higher education in China. Therefore, how to establish the classification standards of the types and levels of Chinese universities as soon as possible, guide the accurate and reasonable positioning of different types and levels of universities in China, effectively achieve their own types and levels, and strive for first-class; How to build a higher education system with optimized structure, clear hierarchy, clear division of labor and mutual connection through policy framework and system design, and form a pattern of rational division of labor and common development between elite universities and popular universities, so as to effectively reverse the bad situation of unclear classification, unclear positioning, inconspicuous characteristics, similar goals, blind upgrading and single model that are common in colleges and universities in China at present; How to optimize the overall structure of China's higher education, maximize the utilization rate of higher education resources, and give full play to the overall function of the higher education system will not only satisfy the people's desire to receive higher education, but also help to build a number of world-class universities and high-level research universities, so that China's higher education can provide a steady stream of rich and diverse talent resources for building a harmonious socialist society in an all-round way and promoting socialist modernization. And so on, all these problems are important problems that need to be solved urgently to further deepen the reform of higher education in China in the new century, which is also the reason why the classification and orientation of higher education in China have been paid more and more attention by higher education theorists and practitioners in recent years.

2 1 century, with the continuous acceleration of the popularization of higher education in China and the further deepening of higher education reform, slogans such as "building a first-class university" and "internationalization of university education" have become more and more familiar, but what is a first-class university? While emphasizing the internationalization of universities, how to treat the nationalization and localization of universities? Can China's university reform replicate the development model of European and American universities? How to correctly handle the relationship among universities, governments and markets, establish a scientific university governance structure, and promote university system innovation? These problems stand out and become an important topic of general concern to higher education and even the whole society. Therefore, it is of great significance to scientifically classify universities and establish their accurate positioning in the whole social system and higher education system for promoting the popularization of higher education in China and deepening the reform and development of higher education.

Second, the principle of classified running schools in institutions of higher learning

Since the mid-20th century, with the increasing trend of world economic integration, cultural development diversification and information technology networking, and the comprehensive promotion of building a well-off socialist society, China's higher education has developed rapidly. In 2005, the gross enrollment rate of higher education in China reached 23%, and the popularization of higher education continued to develop. However, we should clearly see that the process of higher education popularization in China is different from that in western countries. The popularization of higher education in Europe and America is a spontaneous process with little government intervention. It is achieved by developing new higher education institutions and expanding traditional elite universities through the role of the market. Under the planning, regulation and management of the government, the popularization of higher education in China has been promoted by expanding the enrollment scale of universities at different levels and widely establishing higher vocational colleges, independent colleges, private colleges and other institutions of higher learning. Therefore, the popularization of higher education in China is always accompanied by the choice and implementation of its policies, such as the regulation of scale and speed, the investment policy of education funds, the development and allocation policy of resources, and the employment policy of college graduates. In the historical process of the popularization of higher education, if universities in China ignore their own functions and conditions, all pursue "first-class" and "Excellence", "internationalization" and "integration", and unrealistically blindly compare, it will not only cause a serious waste of resources, but also make universities lose their own characteristics and advantages, and lose themselves in the process of blindly pursuing a single high-level goal. In fact, the social demand for higher education is multi-level, multi-directional and diversified. We know that the scale and characteristics of running a school are not always positively related. There is not only one model for a good university, including Oxford and Cambridge, but also California Institute of Technology, Paris Teachers College and Ewha Women's University. Only by implementing classified education and promoting diversified development can a university finally run its own characteristics and level, thus establishing its own good social image, enhancing its soft power and enhancing its core competitiveness.

Implementing classified school running and promoting diversified development are not only the needs of colleges and universities' own development, but also the inherent requirements of social progress. Then, what is the guiding ideology of classified running schools in colleges and universities and what basic principles should be followed? We believe that the classified running of colleges and universities must always be guided by Scientific Outlook on Development, and the overall development of colleges and universities must be guided by the scientific concept of educational development. In the process of classifying colleges and universities, it must be clear that the classification as a type must conform to the logical rules of classification; As a career plan, it must be feasible and recognized by people. With the renewal of the connotation and extension of colleges and universities, the classification of colleges and universities should not only reflect diversity, but also extract unity; It should not only conform to the internal logic of the growth of colleges and universities, but also reflect the dynamic demand of society for higher education; It should not only meet the strategic development requirements of colleges and universities, but also be operable to adapt to government management and social evaluation; We can't ignore the cultural tradition and higher education history of a nation-state, but also meet the comparability of international statistical data. In a word, the classification and orientation of colleges and universities is an extremely important and arduous task.

Third, the method of running schools by classification in colleges and universities.

At present, the classification methods of colleges and universities include American Carnegie classification standard for higher education institutions, Japanese classification method for higher education institutions, China University evaluation and international education evaluation classification standard. These classifications have their own characteristics, some highlight the advantages of disciplines, and some reflect the differences in the level of scientific research. Due to different classification angles, there is more than one classification standard. From the reality of China's higher education development, the classified development of higher education is not only the inherent requirement of social and economic development for higher education itself, but also the challenge and rational choice that higher education managers must make. The Outline of Education Reform and Development in China (1993) clearly puts forward that "the classification standards of colleges and universities and corresponding policies and measures should be formulated, so that all kinds of schools can reasonably divide their work and run their own characteristics at their respective levels." 1998 The Law on Higher Education legally establishes a series of important systems, such as the types of higher education, academic standards, years of study, conditions for running schools and implementation principles, standardizes the conditions and procedures for the establishment of institutions of higher learning, and determines the responsibilities and relations of internal organizations of institutions of higher learning. 1995, the state education commission began to implement the "2 1 1 project" in colleges and universities. 1999, the Ministry of Education formulated an action plan to revitalize education for the 2 1 century, and proposed "building a number of world-class universities", which indicated the development of different types of universities in practice.

However, neither the Higher Education Law nor other educational policies and regulations have clearly defined the classification of China universities. How to classify, according to what standard, is it a practice of natural classification or a clear policy? Even if it is authorized by the government? After the founding of the People's Republic of China, departments were adjusted, and a large number of independent colleges and universities were added in China. Institutions of higher learning are divided into three categories: comprehensive universities and multidisciplinary universities, single-subject independent colleges and applied colleges. At present, this method can not correctly reflect the characteristics and connotation of colleges and universities after reform and adjustment. "2 1 1 project" divides universities into key support and non-key objects. After the implementation of the "985" plan, the concept of research university was put forward. Generally speaking, the schools that enter "2 1 1 project" are mostly comprehensive universities, but not necessarily research universities. In addition to research universities, hundreds of other institutions of higher learning should also have different types, such as teaching, teaching research, higher vocational colleges and so on. In addition, the types of institutions of higher learning should also be related to their levels, which is a complicated problem.

Most colleges and universities around the world also develop according to different types, and their type structure is identical, but it also has its particularity. For example, American universities are clearly divided into five categories: universities granting doctoral degrees, comprehensive universities, liberal arts colleges, two-year colleges, professional schools and other specialized institutions. Japanese higher education institutions are divided into four categories: universities, short-term universities, junior colleges and specialized schools. Generally speaking, the school type structure of each country reflects the social, political, economic and cultural characteristics of each country. The classification of universities around the world can be used for reference, but the classification of university development in China must reflect the characteristics of university functions and follow the laws of higher education. We should start with economic and social development, adapt to the needs of the all-round development of society and people, and classify them according to law; Scientific classification should be carried out according to the laws of education and teaching and the inherent laws of education; We should respect the historical traditions of universities, give full play to our own advantages, highlight individual characteristics and make independent classification. In the process of university classification and orientation, we should fully reflect the times, be forward-looking and pay attention to reality. Therefore, it is an urgent and urgent task for us to organize research and formulate the classification standards of colleges and universities suitable for China's national conditions. Classified education, scientific orientation and diversified development are the inevitable choices for China's colleges and universities to achieve comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.

References:

[1], Hu, Classification and orientation of higher education under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development [J]. China Higher Education Research, 2004, (12).

[2] Cao Saixian. Several pairs of contradictions in university classification [J]. China Higher Education, 2004, (02).