Management paper model essay 1: soft system construction under execution mode
First, the administrative government and administrative execution
(B) the composition of administrative execution
Effective implementation is the result of many factors and processes. Therefore, administrative execution is not a single force, but a resultant force formed by the interaction of many factors. Among them, loyalty, understanding, leadership and control are the basic elements of administrative execution. Loyalty is the firm belief and persistent love of government departments and their staff for the party and the country, the higher-level government and their own work, which forms a strong executive power. Loyalty is a powerful force produced by faith, which will arouse the moral responsibility of loyalty to the party, the country, the people and the law, thus transforming people's unconscious behavior into automatic and conscious execution behavior, which is the greatest driving force for execution. Comprehension is the ability of government departments and their staff to accurately grasp the spirit of national laws and regulations and deeply understand the policy intentions of higher authorities. A correct understanding of the connotation of laws, regulations and policies is the beginning of efficient implementation by government departments. This is the only way? Know the law and understand the policy? To ensure administration according to law and efficient implementation. Leadership is the ability of government departments and their staff to abide by the law, take the lead in handling affairs according to law, coordinate various resources and interests of all parties, and ensure the effective implementation of various laws, regulations and policies. The implementation of laws, regulations and policies cannot be separated from the unified deployment and coordinated command of government departments. Can government departments with strong leadership work creatively in close connection with the local implementation environment, remove obstacles and obstacles in the implementation of laws and policies, and become implementation activities? Brain center? . Control is the ability of government departments and their staff to cope with the implementation changes, correct the implementation deviation and ensure the legal justice and policy implementation in the ever-changing environment of law and policy implementation. This kind of control is manifested in the control of the implementation process of laws and regulations and the supervision of the implementation effect of policies, ensuring the state's governance of society according to law, safeguarding the justice and fairness of the law, and embodying the majesty and credibility of the law. Administrative execution is not a simple addition of the above elements, but a comprehensive force formed by the interaction of these basic elements. At the same time, the government's administrative execution is also affected by other factors, such as the execution environment, policy resources and institutional constraints. Among these external factors, institutional restraint has become the key factor affecting administrative execution because of its universal binding force and influence.
(C) the impact of institutional factors on administrative execution
All human activities are related to the system, so is the administrative behavior of the administrative government. Whether the administrative organ can administer according to law and effectively perform government functions is directly related to its own institutional binding force. From the perspective of institutional constraints affecting administrative execution, the institutional constraints of administrative government are composed of rigid institutional constraints such as laws and regulations, policies and regulations, and flexible institutional constraints such as values, government culture, ethics and psychology, and are also affected by changes in social environment. It is in the ever-changing social environment that the organic combination and interaction between the rigid system with mandatory, authoritative and normative characteristics and the flexible system with universality, spontaneity and continuity has formed a powerful constraint and driving effect on the executive power of the administrative government.
Second, the administrative government soft system constraints problems
Is the administrative organ making progress? Rule of law and administration according to law? In the process of building a government ruled by law, due to tradition? Control? The influence of ideas is accompanied by the increasing complexity of interest subject structure, demand structure and interest realization mode in China's economic and social development. Governing the country according to law? And then what? Governing the country by virtue? This combination has encountered resistance from many complicated factors. As the main starting point of the rule of virtue in national governance, the soft institutional constraints of the administrative government are not optimistic, resulting in the following problems to be solved urgently.
(A) lack of internal soft system construction
Promoting the rule of law in an all-round way requires both top-level design and terminal governance. As the ultimate implementer of national reform strategies and policies, the administrative government often requires government departments and their staff to implement them by formulating government rules and regulations when implementing laws and regulations. This way of promoting the implementation of rigid system with rigid system is too simple and direct, ignoring the corresponding internal soft system construction. The administration-led government is struggling on the road of administration according to law, and it is difficult for the administration-led government to reach a broad understanding of the concept of administration according to law. Is it gone? Reform, enterprising, self-transcendence? Under the strong call of the spirit of soft system, the reform within the administrative government will also lack motivation, which makes the implementation of laws and policies stay on the surface and it is difficult to achieve the improvement of administrative execution.
(b) The flexible system and rigid system are separated from each other.
A good institutional system must be formed by the mutual support and complementarity of rigid institutions and flexible institutions. Only when the rigid system is implanted into the cultural soil of the flexible system and deeply integrated with it according to local conditions can it glow with the opportunity and vitality of its birth; Similarly, the soft system must rely on the coercive force of the hard system to effectively play its binding role. Once the two are separated, the effectiveness of institutional constraints will be greatly reduced. However, some administrative governments fail to deeply understand the relationship between rigid system and flexible system in the process of system construction, and pay more attention to the construction of rigid system such as rules and regulations, while ignoring its coordination with flexible system, resulting in the construction of flexible system lagging behind the development pace of rigid system. At the same time, although some executive-led governments have vigorously promoted the construction of soft systems, they have not provided corresponding supervision mechanisms and reward and punishment measures for these soft systems, resulting in their mere slogans and failure to really implement them, resulting in poor governance, insufficient social interaction and heavy resistance to the implementation of legal policies.
(C) soft system construction divorced from society
A good environmental system must? Take root? , to? Flowering and bearing fruit? This is especially true for the implementation of soft systems. However, when the administrative government carries out the soft system construction, it is easy to put the soft system construction in the process of rigid system construction because of its lack of profound grasp of its characteristics. System transplantation? The method is applied to the construction of soft system, directly quoting the soft system norms of other government departments, ignoring the foundation of government departments and the identity of individuals in the organization. Due to the functional differences and internal cultural differences of different government departments, it is difficult for these foreign soft systems to be deeply recognized by the top government. They still carry out their work according to the original implementation concept and code of conduct, making the foreign soft system a formal system symbol with no practical effect, leading to the soft system. Ritualized? .
Third, the soft system composition of the administrative government.
As the core subject of the implementation of laws, regulations and policies, the administrative government needs strong institutional support to improve its administrative execution. Among them, the soft system of administrative government, as an effective supplement to various rigid systems and a deep-seated flexible adjustment mechanism of administrative execution, consists of the following four aspects:
( 1)? Executive orientation? The values of
The value concept of administrative government is gradually formed by administrative government organizations and their staff in the long-term management practice. They have relatively stable rational understanding, ideal pursuit and concept system of government administration. It is a guide for the government to carry out activities and the actions of government personnel. ? Executive orientation? Values are the forerunner of government's implementation activities. The cultivation of administrative values can promote government officials to take implementation as their bounden duty, unify their thoughts and actions to the central government's major decision-making arrangements on comprehensively deepening reform and comprehensively promoting the rule of law, enhance the sense of responsibility for implementation, and enhance the rigidity of implementation, thus improving administrative execution.
(2)? Advocating service? Government culture
Culture rooted in society and organization is a potential invisible force, and its influence is comprehensive, huge and lasting. However, the government culture infiltrated into government organizations can often guide the ideology and execution behavior of government executors with strong influence, and gradually evolve its various values, beliefs and behavior norms into the executors' conscious execution thinking and action habits. Building a service-oriented government is the direction and goal of the current government reform in China. Citizenship standards? And then what? Social standards? The government-led governance model emphasizes the government's implementation of the national will and people's interests, and pays more attention to the government's due? Service function? , manufacturing? Service, not control, steering, not rowing? This concept has become the core of the government culture of the administrative government.
(3)? Order a ban? Psychological restraint
Psychological restraint is the behavior that people spontaneously form the standards of good and evil according to their hearts in a certain social environment, so as to consciously abide by certain norms. This behavior is divorced from external forces, and once it is formed, it will have strong stability. ? Order a ban? Once the psychological constraint is internalized into the internal belief and behavior pattern of the administrative subject, it will produce long-term self-constraint, which will make the administrative government and its staff consciously implement the principles and policies formulated by the party and the state to the end and stay away from the behaviors prohibited by laws and regulations. ? Order a ban? Psychological constraint provides an intangible guarantee for the improvement of administrative execution, and it is one of the cores of the soft system of administrative government.
(4)? Willing to pay? Internal incentive mechanism
Appropriate incentive mechanism can stimulate the enthusiasm and enterprising spirit of organizations and individuals, while internal self-incentive mechanism can stimulate people's work motivation and potential more than external institutional incentive mechanism. The executive activities of the executive-led government are under pressure from superiors, cooperative departments and executive objects. Moreover, due to the information asymmetry caused by the interference of interest factors and insufficient social interaction, the implementation process is often full of resistance and there are many challenges. Dedication can mobilize the enthusiasm of the executive government and its staff, awaken the will to face the difficulties without fear, constantly overcome the implementation problems and bravely achieve the implementation goals.
Fourthly, the implementation path of the soft system construction of executive power government.
Good social governance is a close combination of rule of law and rule of virtue. Only by strengthening the moral education based on the soft system under the framework of the rule of law can we ensure the emergence of good laws that conform to the moral spirit and policies that reflect public interests, and make these good laws and good governance be implemented in a public order and good customs social environment with the help of moral executives. Therefore, the way to realize the soft system construction of administrative government is also the way to realize moral education and social good governance to a certain extent.
(A) carry forward the core values of government governance
The concept of government governance fundamentally innovates the administrative value orientation of government departments, shapes a brand-new government image for government departments, and gathers new energy for innovating social management and improving government governance ability. The core values such as service-oriented government, governing the country according to law, participating in management, and people-oriented point out the direction for the soft system construction of administrative government and play a powerful guiding role in strengthening the executive power of administrative government. The concept of service-oriented government means that the relationship between government and citizens has changed from the original? Manager and managed? Up to now? Service providers and consumers? The relationship. Does the executive government need to persist? Customer orientation? The concept of service-oriented government, and efforts? Clients? Provide more efficient and high-quality services with humanistic care and respond positively? Customer demand? Make a quick response, so that the administrative execution of administrative organs can be continuously improved in service and responsiveness. ? Governing the country according to law? It is the basic strategy of the party leading the people to govern the country. The rule of law and administration according to law are the basic characteristics of modern government, and they are also the key links to improve the government's administrative execution. In the process of strengthening the construction of soft system, the administrative government must infiltrate the concept of rule of law and the principle of administration according to law into every implementation link and process. Modern government governance is a multi-directional interactive governance model. Therefore, the executive-led government should effectively absorb the extensive participation of the public in the process of implementing laws, regulations and policies, so as to stimulate the public's sense of ownership and responsibility, actively respond to the call of policies, and fully cooperate with the implementation of policies, so as to promote the country's strategic planning and reform blueprint at the grassroots level? Take root? . ? People-oriented? It is the fundamental purpose of government governance, and it is also an important symbol that modern governance government and executive government are different from traditional ruling government, regulatory government and management government. Therefore, the administrative government must infiltrate the people-oriented core governance concept into every government department and its policy implementation process, vigorously carry forward the people-oriented style, consciously abandon and resist bureaucracy and yamen style, and truly achieve the people's ties, power for the people, benefit for the people, and promote the improvement of administrative execution.
(B) to guide advanced culture in the evolution of residents' reform
Government reform and management innovation are the focus of our government's work in recent years. The reform promoted at different levels provides a good opportunity for the soft system construction of executive government, and the existence of advanced culture in the process of reform and evolution will create a strong executive atmosphere for executive government and create an efficient executive government that advocates service, prohibits behavior and is willing to contribute. The norms and values at the level of social soft system strengthen the formal system, and make these formal systems accepted and supported by the society and continue. Culture affects the development and evolution of a country's formal system, and is the basis for the formation and development of the formal system. The culture of government organs has an important influence on the work efficiency and implementation effect of administrative government. The key to the soft system construction of administrative government lies in shaping advanced administrative culture, making it widely praised in administrative government, rallying the understanding of the group, keeping up with the changes of internal and external environment, constantly innovating and developing, and ensuring that it is always in an advanced position to lead the development of administrative government and promote the improvement of execution.
(C) the implementation mechanism of cultivating the soft system of executive-led government
A perfect system may not have a perfect result, but it must be matched with the corresponding system implementation mechanism to produce practical results. Therefore, in order to give full play to the effectiveness of the soft system of administrative government, in addition to constantly improving the soft system itself, it is also necessary to cultivate and improve the implementation mechanism of the soft system from the following three aspects. First, establish the guidance and incentive mechanism for the implementation of the soft system. ? The system itself is an inanimate existence, and its vitality must be given by people? . It can be seen that whether the administrative government and its staff fully mobilize the subjective initiative of system implementation is directly related to the effect of soft system implementation. In the daily government work, the administrative government needs to give positive education and guidance to its staff in the implementation concept and spirit, and give salary and job promotion to the implementation agencies and individuals who show good service consciousness, consciously prohibit and be full of dedication in the process of policy implementation, and award honors and titles. At the same time, these behaviors are actively strengthened by publicly commending advanced models and publicizing and reporting advanced deeds, so as to continuously consolidate the effect and expand the influence. Second, strengthen the demonstration effect of leading cadres. The moral level of leading cadres not only embodies the theme of social morality and executive power, but also is the key factor affecting its effectiveness. Therefore, leading cadres should take the initiative to lead by example, consciously do administration according to law and selfless dedication, and take the lead in practicing various advanced implementation concepts and codes of conduct and norms that embody these concepts. Use practical actions to influence and call on all senior executives to establish a good sense of implementation and promote the effective implementation of various soft systems. Third, improve the supervision mechanism of soft system implementation. The non-mandatory characteristics of soft system determine that its implementation mainly depends on the self-psychological constraints and self-discipline behavior of social members. However, it is not enough to rely solely on the inherent attraction and binding force of the soft system. The administrative organs must establish and improve the supervision mechanism for the implementation of the soft system, resolutely investigate and deal with the bad styles of the administrative organs, such as official standard, abuse of power for personal gain, ineffective implementation, slackness, etc., and make these phenomena public through various channels such as government platforms, news media, and online platforms, forming a strong public opinion supervision, so that the bad behaviors of the administrative organs have nowhere to hide, thus promoting the development of the administrative organs.
(4) Give play to the synergistic effect of soft system and hard system.
Whether a system has vitality depends not only on the perfection of the system itself, but also on the degree of cooperation and integration with other systems, which is an important reason why China emphasizes the combination of governing the country by law and by virtue in social governance. In order to maximize the effectiveness of the soft system of administrative government, it is necessary to promote the effective coordination between the soft system and the hard system, and make the soft system play a prominent role under the coordinated system through the mutual complement, mutual promotion and mutual integration of the two systems. First of all, we should give full play to the complementary role of the two systems in the process of coordination. Because of the different characteristics of soft system and hard system, they play different roles in different fields and ways. Therefore, in the process of strengthening policy implementation, the administrative government must strengthen the guidance and restraint of relevant soft systems in areas where rigid systems are imperfect; Similarly, in the field of weak soft system, we must strengthen the support and dependence of rigid system. Only when the two systems complement each other can we effectively reduce the blind area of institutional constraints and form an all-round institutional coverage and seamless institutional constraints for administrative governments. Second, we should strengthen the mutual promotion of the two systems in the process of coordination. The essential consistency and interoperability between the soft system and the hard system of administrative government determine that they can learn from each other and promote each other. On the one hand, the values and established behavior habits contained in the soft system of administrative government are the foundation and basis for the establishment of various rigid systems of administrative government. At the same time, soft system can promote the settlement of disputes between rigid systems and enhance the rationality of rigid systems. Therefore, when formulating administrative regulations and rules at all levels, the administrative-led government should adhere to the advanced administrative-led concepts such as implementation orientation, advocating service, forbidding orders and being willing to contribute. On the other hand, the mandatory characteristics of the rigid system can support the implementation of the flexible system of the administrative government, reduce the resistance of the implementation of the flexible system and enhance the effect of the implementation of the flexible system. Third, we should promote the mutual integration effect of the two systems in the process of coordination. The mutual integration of rigid system and flexible system of administrative government refers to a series of effective institutional changes that are mutually adaptive and coordinated, and finally realize a Pareto improvement that promotes each other. The administrative government needs to dynamically adjust and change the content and form of rigid system and flexible system according to the changes of national laws, regulations and policy implementation environment, so as to make them more suitable and coupled and realize a virtuous circle of mutual progress.
Management model II: Research on the construction of urban economy and social security system
First, the content of social security
1. Social insurance
Social insurance is the most important part of the social security system. The concept of social insurance refers to the state as the main body, which is implemented by specialized institutions stipulated by laws and regulations. By using social forces, funds are raised from workers and their employers through legislative means, and special funds are established to ensure that workers can get a certain degree of income compensation after losing their labor income. There are many types of social insurance, including medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work injury insurance, maternity insurance and endowment insurance.
2. Social security
The object of social assistance is the low-income vulnerable groups in society. By giving these groups direct financial support, they can meet the most basic needs of life. There are many forms of social assistance, including housing assistance system, education aid system, medical assistance system, disaster assistance system, poverty assistance system and so on.
3. Social welfare
Social welfare is the highest level of social security system, which refers to providing good and free services to all sectors of society and all citizens in accordance with national laws and regulations. In essence, social welfare should be an allowance for all members of society.
4. Social special care
Social special care recipients are special, mostly active servicemen, disabled soldiers, ex-servicemen and martyrs of the country or society. Social pension itself is a special social security system with a very narrow target. The object of enjoying social preferential treatment is to pay and sacrifice for the whole country and society, which has a special status. Therefore, social preferential treatment is often a relatively high level.
5. Social mutual assistance
Social mutual assistance can better reflect a city's social security? Temperature? Because social mutual assistance is a special social security system formed by citizens' voluntary help for those members of society who have difficulties in life. Refers to activities voluntarily organized and participated by social organizations and members. It is voluntary and non-profit, and its sources of funds are mainly social donations and voluntary donations. The sources of government aid funds are taxes and other support. The main forms of social mutual assistance are: trade unions, women's federations and other mass organizations; Non-governmental public welfare organizations for charitable relief; Various forms of mutual aid organizations spontaneously formed by rural residents and urban residents.
Second, the role of social security in urban economic development
1. Maintain social stability and provide guarantee for the healthy development of urban economy.
A complete and effective social security system plays a self-evident role in maintaining social stability. A perfect social security system can make residents fully enjoy a more secure urban life, and the crime rate will be greatly reduced after residents get better life satisfaction. The whole city presents a stable and harmonious situation. In such a big environment, can it better provide for the economic development of the city? Earth? . The value orientation of social security system lies in better safeguarding social equity and making society stable and orderly. The most important responsibility of social security is to promote the progress of the whole society with the theme of fairness and mutual assistance. In modern society, with the development of modern democracy and the progress of social civilization, people pay more attention to their own rights and interests, and their inner sense of freedom and equality is constantly enhanced, which puts forward higher requirements for social fairness and justice. People not only pay attention to fairness itself, but also begin to pay more attention to the process of social fairness. The perfection of the social security system just meets the internal needs of the public and the internal value orientation of everyone in society. Through a series of social security systems, everyone's life is guaranteed within the prescribed standards, which can effectively eliminate the extreme emotions existing in the whole society and is of great significance to maintaining the stability of the whole society. The existence of social security system can effectively alleviate social contradictions, especially in such a period: in the stage of rapid economic development and social transformation in China, the stability of social basic structure can be maintained to a great extent. With the continuous progress of society and the increasing awareness of democracy, the intrinsic value of social security system will be further sublimated, which can be understood as the perfection of social security system must be respected by the system as well as productivity.
2. Promote the consumption of urban residents and stimulate the rapid growth of urban economy.
Since the beginning of 2 1 century, China's economy has developed rapidly. However, in recent years, exports have fallen sharply, and investment has declined. The only troika that drives economic growth is consumption. Therefore, promoting urban residents' consumption is of great significance to stimulating domestic demand and the rapid growth of the whole social economy. Therefore, when formulating economic policies, China clearly pointed out that expanding domestic demand is an important means to promote China's economic development. One of the most important aspects is to solve the worries of the majority of social groups, so that they can enjoy the corresponding security services in all aspects of life. This requires a complete and effective social security system. Therefore, it is self-evident that perfecting the construction of social security system is important for the rapid development of urban economy.
3. Improve the happiness of urban residents and attract people to settle down.
The core idea of social security system is to control the quality of life of social groups at a set standard. After meeting the living needs of these groups, the happiness of the whole city residents will be greatly improved, which is very attractive to the masses. For example, the broad masses prefer to live in big cities, largely because big cities can provide better social security and richer social welfare, thus attracting a large number of people to these big cities. The arrival of these floating population has played an irreplaceable role in the development of the whole city. Without the productivity brought by these people, economic development and the overall construction of the city could not be completed so quickly.
4. Narrow the income gap between urban residents.
As mentioned above, the core value of the social security system is to give the masses the most direct fairness and justice, so that all people can enjoy a life above the prescribed standards. In recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy, there has been a serious income gap in cities, which makes the whole social structure very unstable. In order to avoid this bad situation, we must have a complete, effective and sound social security system to narrow the income gap of urban residents. Although the ability of social security system in narrowing the income gap of urban residents is weak compared with taxation, it can provide a series of minimum living services for the general public on the basis of narrowing the income gap of urban residents, which cannot be done through taxation.
Third, suggestions to improve the social security system
1. adopt various social security financing models to make up for the shortage of social security funds. In order to better improve the social security system, it is very important to invest enough funds in the social security system. However, if all the funds needed for social security are paid by the government, the pressure on government financial expenditure will be great. Therefore, the government should broaden the sources of social security funds and strongly encourage non-governmental organizations in society. Including enterprises and non-profit organizations, fully participate in the activities of raising social security funds, reduce the pressure of financial expenditure as much as possible, make up for the shortage of social security funds as much as possible, and stabilize the input of social security funds as high as possible. Government departments should actively seek diversified sources of funds, fill the empty accounts of social security funds with the help of social capital, and gradually reduce the risks of social security fund operation. Commercial insurance in China lags behind the level of social security. Therefore, all future system designs should consider the coordination and mutual promotion of social insurance and commercial insurance, and ensure that commercial insurance supplements the social security function that social insurance lacks. We can also win loans and assistance from the United Nations or other international organizations, establish social security projects such as education, medical care and vocational training, and even introduce international insurance funds into the domestic market to develop China's social security system through multi-channel financing.
2. Realize multi-level social security and strengthen the role of society in social security.
The perfection of social security system must start from many aspects. At the same time, the social security system should emphasize high efficiency, that is, to achieve the maximum social security effect with the minimum input of manpower, material resources and financial resources. The establishment of social security system must be strictly demonstrated and analyzed, and the standardized pilot investigation can be widely carried out. Considering the stabilizing effect of social security system on the whole social structure, the establishment of social security system must be rigorous and scientific. The social security system has the function of resource redistribution, and the welfare provided by social security must adapt to the level of economic development and ensure the basic needs of social members. The determination of social security level should be based on the comprehensive development level of national economy, the supply capacity of social resources, the financial balance of the government and other factors.
3. Enrich the social security fund, strengthen fund supervision, and realize the preservation and appreciation.
To achieve high-quality social security, we must rely on the input of social security funds. To ensure the stable input of social security funds, it is very important to set up corresponding social security funds. However, due to the flexibility of social insurance fund in investment, in order to ensure the stable investment of social insurance fund, it is decided that the investment operation of social insurance fund must be of high quality and high standard, and at the same time, a complete and effective supervision system of social insurance fund is needed to help the fund maintain and increase its value. Only by maintaining and increasing the value of social insurance funds can we effectively control the strength and effect of social security in a long time interval. On this basis, it is also very important to establish a supporting social insurance fund supervision system, because only by perfecting the social insurance fund to shorten the overall operation of the fund can we fully control the flow and operation of the social insurance fund and avoid the loss of the social insurance fund from the source.