Eight skills of argumentative thinking 1 1 The total score is open.
Always ask questions at the beginning, then analyze the text at both ends, and finally summarize the argument. The full text constitutes the relationship between total score and total score. The middle argument is based on the dialectical thinking of "one divides into two" and "unity of opposites".
2 deep open circuit
According to the argument, it is discussed layer by layer, from the surface to the inside, from the shallow to the deep, step by step, which embodies the dialectical thinking of seeing the essence through the phenomenon. Generally used for articles that need in-depth analysis.
3 transverse open circuit
Think horizontally around the argument, gradually expand the breadth of the discussion, and finally close it. Methods of enumerating facts commonly used in argumentative writing. It should be noted that: first, we should stick to the argument, and second, we should not pile it up. All aspects of expansion must belong to different angles. The last masterpiece "We" is this idea.
4 Cross open circuit
Generally used in more complex discussions, mainly reflected in the shelf of the full text, rarely seen in a paragraph.
5 contrast open circuit
One aspect is positive, and the other is negative. The negation is usually used to highlight the affirmation. The process of writing is generally positive first and then negative; However, if the negative is proved to be wrong by the positive, then the process of writing is often reverse first and then correct.
6 Analog open circuit
By telling stories, making metaphors or quoting idioms and allusions, we can compare some things with the same attributes, clarify problems and demonstrate arguments. Generally speaking, the structure of writing always summarizes the stories, fables and idioms used for analogy, and then leads to the truth to be explained for analogy. The most important thing is that the things to be compared and the truth to be explained should be similar, the analogy should be logical, and the dialectical relationship between them should be accurately grasped. The material composition basically adopts this idea.
7 reverse open circuit
First, discuss the problem from one aspect, and then suddenly reverse, deny the previous point of view, discuss another point of view, and make a big turn. Generally used to analyze and criticize some misconceptions.
Shengfa Kaifang Road No.8
Some argumentative essays directly expound the author's views or opinions from the front, refute the views of some people who disagree with the author's views, and thus indirectly demonstrate the author's views. We call this kind of thinking "germinating" or "germinating and refuting different theories". This dialectical opening not only makes the positive argument more full and thorough, but also has an ingenious writing effect.
Eight skills of argumentative thinking 2 1 prototype heuristic
The formation of most students' imagination and creativity often depends on "prototype inspiration". Inspired by model essays and excellent works, it is not only easy to open up ideas, but also conducive to cultivating innovative spirit.
For example, after learning articles such as "Litchi Honey" and "Praise of Poplar", in order to combine reading and writing, we can recall familiar things like bees and poplars according to our own life experience, and we can compare people's noble character with their characteristics.
2 memory method
Composition should go through the process of information intake, information storage, information extraction, information recording, information sorting and article sorting.
The key to composition is how to open the information storage of the mind, so that it can face the topic with materials to write, things to talk about, feelings to express, write leisurely and write an article. For example, topics such as "childhood memories" and "new things in my hometown" can be remembered as much as possible. Put a movie in my mind to recall not only the people and things related to the topic, but also the related poems and songs and their writing methods. Then choose one or two typical examples that are most impressive and appropriate.
When you are stuck, you should immediately change your thinking angle, don't stare at the proposition, first put aside the shackles of the proposition and recall the relaxed and happy scene. This situation has something to do with composition, but it is not considered from the scope of the theme. For example, if you imagine "If I were a rich man ……", you can temporarily forget the related theme of "restraining the strong and helping the weak, punishing the evil and promoting the good" and go back to watch the relaxed and happy plots in the rich man's TV series.
In short, it is to recall scenes that you find interesting, and your mind will relax. It can make people concentrate, think positively and think actively; When happy scenes come to mind, information related to the theme will jump out of memory one by one. When the door of memory is opened, collecting information according to the requirements of related topics will get the effect of smooth thinking.
3. Love association method
Association is a psychological process from one thing to another, and it is an ideological leap caused by feelings in life. Appropriate association can not only enrich the content of the article, but also help to express beautiful feelings, create the artistic conception of poetry, deepen the theme of the article and arouse readers' feelings.
When conceiving a composition, sometimes there will be such a situation, that is, after reviewing the topic, one information material related to the theme will be quickly recalled in my mind, but I can't think of the second and third ones. However, if the article only relies on this information material, the content will really be single. At this time, the proposition requirement will be abandoned, and the method of multi-angle materials contacting an obtained information material can be associated with the related information and the cause and effect of this information. We can associate from the opposite side of information, which provides a broad world for the operation of thinking, can extend our thinking in all directions, greatly speed up the conception and improve the quality of composition.
4 reverse thinking method
The so-called reverse thinking is to overcome the mindset and think in the opposite direction of the problem, thus revealing new ideas and shaping new images.
5 Time-space development method
Time-space development method is based on the characteristics of the topic, thinking about the changes of people or things in different time and space, so as to review the past, examine the present and look forward to the future. For example, if you write "planting trees in barren hills", you can think about what this place was like before, how long the trees were, whether there were birds and animals, and whether there were many people in the past; Think about what it will be like in the future, whether trees will have shade, whether flowers and fruits will be fragrant, whether birds and animals will play in the forest, and whether people will play in the forest. Think about the past and the present, and think about the future.
6 Rethink the proposition
Sometimes after reviewing the questions, a lot of materials related to the theme will pop up in my mind. However, the composition has a word limit and cannot be written into the article. It would be a pity to lose any material. After thinking about it, I have nothing to lose, and I don't know which one to lose. It seems to be related to the theme, but I can't think of a clear clue, and my mind is in a mess. The idea is to walk around in these materials and it is difficult to go deep.
At this time, you should immediately jump out of the bondage of material, kill "make a comeback" and re-examine the proposition.
Fast composition is mostly written according to the list, and there is always a basic theme requirement. However, when examining the topic for the first time, the rational thinking was not profound, and I only had a superficial understanding of the theme. When you recall some materials and then examine the proposition on the basis of thinking in images, you not only deepen your understanding of the proposition, but also make a qualitative leap in your understanding of the theme. After such repetition, your understanding and memory level of materials will inevitably improve, and you will focus on the materials that can best express the theme, while letting other materials "fade".
Starting from recognizing the objectivity of the proposition, recall the images related to the theme and write them down (which can be quickly expressed by various symbols). In the process of writing, images and ideas related to the theme may come to your mind, and then return to the objectivity of the proposition. This repetition will produce new ideas. The more repetitions, the better the effect.
Of course, quick composition is limited by time, and it is difficult to repeat it many times. But when it is trapped by many materials, we can change the dilemma of blocked thinking, get rid of the fetters and make progress by retreating.
7 cross thinking method
For example, when we want to go to a city, there will only be a straight road or a winding path when we think vertically, but when we think vertically and horizontally, there will not only be a road, but also things related to the road-vehicles, pedestrians, traffic police, weather, time and people and scenery that change at any time, where regional scenery, times, customs and even politics, economy, history, folk customs and culture meet. In this way, we can "wander all over the world and think deeply about the audio-visual area; The spirit of painting, not only with things; It is attached to the sound and lingers at will (Wen Xin Diao Long Xun pian).
8 picture thinking method
When writing a narrative, it is often a dry narrative, which only shows a process of development, so it lacks touching power. This is because language thinking will not become picture thinking. Only by focusing on explaining the ins and outs of things, instead of recreating the original vivid picture of life and re-experiencing the colorful perceptual world, and only by fully displaying the picture in the author's image, can the article produce fiery and vivid artistic charm and reproduce and sublimate the colorful life.