Emperor Xuan Tong, Aisin Giorro Puyi, was the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty. It was a historical accident that he became the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. Before the death of Emperor Guangxu, the Crown Prince was not Puyi.
Last time I talked about Guangxu, after the "coup of 1898" and "coup of 1898", Cixi thought about abolishing Guangxu. Guangxu doesn't have a son, how to do it procedurally. In the 25th year of Guangxu,1February 24th, Empress Dowager Cixi issued a letter, in which Dipper, the son of Zai Feng, became the "eldest brother" and would inherit Tongzhi as the heir in the future. That is, Emperor Guangxu will hold a Zen ceremony and a grand ceremony for his eldest brother Deng Ji. At this time, the boxer movement took place. Another is Big Brother's father, who supports the Boxer Rebellion, saying that the Boxer Rebellion is a righteous citizen, not a mob. The Boxer Rebellion rushed to the embassy district of Dongjiaominxiang, killing Sugiyama Bin, the Japanese embassy in China, and Keander, the German minister. And then things got bigger. Then Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Cixi went west with Guangxu in a panic. In Yihe Puyi, Big Brother, fled with the drive to the west. At the same time, Cixi fled to the University, and a paper imperial edict made Zai Feng the Minister of Military Aircraft, heading west. After walking for a while, Cixi changed her mind and said that the trouble between the Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance was caused by Zai Feng, and Zai Feng was transferred to minister of military affairs and sent to Xinjiang. The following year was the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, and Cixi returned to her funeral. His son should no longer be the eldest brother, so he abolished the name "eldest brother". After returning to Beijing, the eldest brother Puyi could not be in the palace and was returned to Zai Feng's name, so the "eldest brother" was abolished.
After the abolition, Cixi became older and older, Guangxu had no son, and the relationship between Cixi and Guangxu was not good. Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai. On October 20, the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, Guangxu was seriously ill, and Cixi issued an imperial edict to let Puyi, the son of Zai Feng, the prince of alcohol, succeed him as Emperor Tongzhi and concurrently serve as Emperor Guangxu.
So why did Cixi choose Puyi, that is, Xuan Tong inherited the throne? I think there are still two reasons. The first reason is that judging from Aisingiorro's lineage, Puyi's father is Zai Feng, Puyi's grandfather is Yi Xuan, Yi Xuan is Daoguang's seventh son, Daoguang's fourth son is Yi Kun or Xianfeng, and the fifth son is Puyi's grandfather, that is, Zai Feng's father we just mentioned. The son of Daoguang had three great influences on modern history. The first is Old Four, namely Xianfeng, the second is Old Six, Prince Gong, and the seventh is that Prince Gong is Puyi's grandfather. Yi Xuan, the prince of alcohol, has two emperors in his family. The first emperor was Guangxu. Last time we talked about it, the second emperor was Xuan Tong. After Yi Xuan's death, the old drunkard prince Zai Feng succeeded to the throne. Among his sons, except the dead, three died, two were adopted, one was succeeded by Guangxu, and only one was left, leaving only Zai Feng. So how did Zai Feng get involved with Cixi? There is another mystery. Cixi took a fancy to Zai Feng very early. Cixi's confidant is Rong Lu, and Rong Lu has a daughter named Guaerjia. Cixi liked it very much and adopted it in the palace. She likes this girl very much and regards her as her own child. She gave this guar to Zai Feng. At this time, Zai Feng's stepmother, his aunt and Zai Feng's aunt were engaged to Zai Feng, and Nacai's engagement was accepted. Then Empress Dowager Cixi issued a decree to make peace. In the end, I had no choice but to give up Zai Feng's engagement and accept Guaer Jiashi, the adopted daughter of Cixi, as Fujin of Zai Feng, the Prince of Alcohol. Rong Lu was the confidant of Cixi in her later years. Like Qianlong in small Shenyang, Rong Lu has neither academic qualifications nor martial arts. The official rose quickly, leading the army, Ministry of War, minister of military aircraft and university students. First, it subsidizes college students, then. Rong Lu's daughter, Cixi, regarded her as an adopted daughter, married her to Zai Feng and gave birth to a son, Puyi. It can be seen that both Guangxu and Xuan Tong chose Guangxu and Xuan Tong at the junction of their relationship, that is, the junction of Ai Xinjue Roche and Yenala. Thus, in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, the day before Guangxu's death, Puyi decided to inherit the throne.
10/20, Guangxu was critically ill, Cixi issued a letter, and Puyi, the son of Zai Feng, the prince of alcohol, succeeded to the throne. On that day, the minister of military affairs, the minister of the interior, and the eunuch went to the North House of the Prince of Wine, which is now the former residence of Soong Ching Ling. In fact, the northern residence at that time was much larger than this area, and the head of Prince Alcohol's palace was a mess that night. At that time, Xuan Tong was only 3 years old, and Puyi was only 3 years old. A stranger, he doesn't care about you. He cried. His grandmother doesn't want to take this grandson away. Let me interject. There is a habit in Chunwangfu that the first-born child is brought by grandma after the full moon, not by mother. Therefore, Puyi was brought up by her grandmother when she was a child. Later, Puyi recalled that when she was in Wang Fu, Puyi fell asleep at night. This grandmother is not at ease. Come and see the little grandson and the shoes she is wearing. I woke up the child and walked barefoot slowly and quietly into Puyi's sleeping hut to see if the child slept well. It was cold and the quilt was pushed over to cover it. I'm not prepared at all. Suddenly, I want to take the child away. The grandmother fainted, and the whole alcohol palace was in chaos. Puyi was carried into the palace. When I arrived in Zhongnanhai, Cixi was in Yiluan Hall at this time, aged 3. Guangxu was dead at this time, and the next day, he was dead. When a 3-year-old saw a body parked in that place, he still cried, but he was both crying and scared. Later, he was held hostage by Cixi, the day before his death. He looked at such a sick and unfamiliar old lady and cried with fear. Cixi didn't have the strength to coax him. This is number 2 1. The spirit of Guangxu ended in Gan Qing Palace, and that of Cixi ended in the Forbidden City. On a cold day, 3-year-old Puyi was carried to Gan Qing Palace to cry in front of Guangxu's body, and then to the Forbidden City to cry in front of Cixi's body. Later, Pu Yi recalled that she was cold and scared, surprised and scared, and cried in a mess, which was simply torture for such a 3-year-old child. According to the rules, the emperor must first meet the minister in Baohe Hall, and then he will go to Taihe Hall. It was freezing on the ninth day of November, and it took him a long time to lift him to the throne of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. The 3-year-old child couldn't sit still, and his father knelt beside the throne and hugged him with one leg to coax him. He didn't understand, but the minister of civil affairs knelt down below, and the 3-year-old child didn't understand. In the cold winter, his father was full head big sweat, which shows the situation of Xuan Tong Deng Ji. Puyi has a memory. Let me read it to you: "Dad knelt down on one knee and supported me with both hands, but I struggled to cry:" I don't live here, I want to go home! I'm not staying here, I want to go home! "My father was sweating with anxiety. The three kneeling and nine knocking of civil and military officials are endless, and my crying is getting louder and louder. My father had to coax me into saying, "don't cry, don't cry, it's almost over, it's almost over!" " "
No sooner had the ceremony of Deng Jiyi ended than the military attaché s of the Qing Dynasty began to whisper to each other. How can you say that you will go home soon? How can you say it's almost over? How did the 100,000-year rule of the Qing Dynasty end quickly? It is said that this bodes ill for the Qing Dynasty, so this ceremony in Deng Ji did not increase the festive atmosphere of officials, but was shrouded in a sad atmosphere.
It was only three years from Xuan Tong's landing at the South Pole to his abdication. He is from three to six years old. Although the time is not long, there are many big events facing both inside and outside. Only Xuan Tong Ji Zheng wrote a voluminous book. I think these three years are a great event, that is, the "Revolution of 1911". In the thirty-first year of Guangxu, 1905, Sun Yat-sen established the "China League" in Tokyo, Japan, and Sun Yat-sen was elected as the prime minister. The program was "expelling the Tatars, restoring China, equalizing land rights and establishing the Republic of China". In the thirty-second year of Guangxu, Empress Dowager Cixi was ready to make some reforms, but she also said that people's wisdom could not be separated and people's consciousness was not enough, so it should be pushed back. In the thirty-third and thirty-fourth years of Guangxu, Xuantong Yuan and Xuantong two years, uprisings broke out one after another, but they all failed. Xuan Tong, August 19th, three years, Gregorian calendar 19 1 1. Victory, this year was191year, so it was called "Xinhai Revolution" in history, and then Hunan and other provinces responded one after another. Soon, an interim meeting was held in Nanjing to elect Dr. Sun Yat-sen as the interim president, change the year number to AD, abolish the year number of Xuan Tong, 19 12 1, and Mr. Sun Yat-sen became the interim president of the Republic of China.
There is an imperial edict about Xuan Tong's abdication. After the imperial edict was drafted, it was read by Yuan Shikai and Yulong, and finally officially released. Its general idea is as follows: "Why should we tolerate the honor and dignity of a surname and show people's likes and dislikes today when the people of the whole country tend to be harmonious?" The emperor led the emperor to make the sovereignty known to the whole country, making it a constitution and a national system. Explained such a major historical change in very relaxed and elegant words. There were conditions at the bottom, and there were conditions at that time. Let me talk about this condition. The first "Conditions for Preferential Treatment to the Qing Emperor" is to the effect that: "First, after the resignation of the Qing Emperor, the title will remain unchanged; Second, the government of the Republic of China allocates four million and two thousand silver every year; Third, live in Miyagi for the time being and move to the Summer Palace later. Fourth, the palace deacons are retained as usual, and no eunuchs will be recruited in the future; Fifth, the original private property is specially protected by the government of the Republic of China. "I briefly explain that the title of the first emperor remains the same, or called, but only in the palace, a bit like the Japanese emperor, has been maintained. The second is money, which gives you four million and two thousand pieces of silver for living expenses every year. Third, you live in the Forbidden City and will move to the Summer Palace in the future. Fourth, all the eunuchs in the palace did not move, but no more eunuchs were recruited and no new people were allowed. Fifth, the original property will be protected by the government of the Republic of China. As the Revolution of 1911, these five items are relatively generous for a revolution.
After Xuan Tong abdicated, those forces in the old Qing Dynasty have been looking for opportunities for restoration. In six years, they found an opportunity. At this time, Yuan Shikai was dead, with Li as the president and Duan as the premier. They disagreed and had an argument. Historically, it was called "the battle between the imperial courts". Li called Zhang Xun to Beijing. This Zhang Xun participated in the Sino-French War, served as a soldier, and was later promoted to lieutenant. When training in Tianjin, Zhang Xun followed. When Yuan Shikai was in Beijing, he gave him an official who had always been loyal to the Qing Dynasty, called "Governor of the Yangtze River" and Anhui overseer. He doesn't shave or cut his braids, so he is called "braid handsome". His army also has braids, so it is called braid army. After Zhang Xun arrived in Beijing, in June, due to the use of the Gregorian calendar, on the evening of June 30th, Zhang Xun asked Kang Youwei. Puyi said, "I'm too young to bear this great responsibility." Zhang Xun said: "When Emperor Kangxi was 8 years old, he achieved something." Puyi said: "In that case, I am reluctant." This is a repair. The next day, in July of 1 year, that is, in July of Gregorian calendar 1 71day, Puyi was Xuan Tong and held the second Tang Ji Hall in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. Very good. Now I left a photo. Puyi sealed a series of official titles, and his new so-called courtiers were also three kneeling and nine knocking. At this time, Beijing. When the news came out, all localities opposed it, and foreign embassies in Beijing also expressed their opposition. When the crusade army hit Beijing, Zhang Xun had only 3,000 braided soldiers, so it was vulnerable. After the defeat, Zhang Xun fled to a foreign embassy to hide.
Our textbooks, many monographs and a large number of papers all call this event "zhang xun restoration", which I think is debatable. How do you say "restoration"? Fu and Biography of Historical Records and Ping Yuanjun: "Three phases, three resets." Means recovery; "Bi" and "Interpretation of Erya": "Bi, Junwei also." It's the throne, the throne. To say "zhang xun restoration" is to restore Zhang Xun's throne or status. Zhang Xun, you are not an emperor, but you are just a governor of Anhui. So what can you restore? What should I say? I said it should be called "Zhang Xun mutiny, Xuan Tong restoration". Or "Zhang Xun mutiny, Puyi restoration".
The restoration of Xuan Tong brought a very serious consequence, which the Qing royal family did not expect. What are the consequences? It was people in the Republic of China who thought Puyi was restless, and there was still a braid in the Forbidden City within the scope of the Republic of China, so someone came up with an idea to drive Puyi out of the Forbidden City and cut off his restored braid.
13, 1924, Feng Yuxiang arrived in Beijing and changed his army into a national army. He became the commander-in-chief and commander of the First Army. He proposed to drive Puyi out of the palace. Who did he send? The commander-in-chief of Beijing garrison was sent to the Forbidden City with his men, informing Puyi to move out of the palace for two hours. Puyi felt too sudden and had no time to prepare, so he asked for an extension. Puyi had to consult with Prince Zai Feng, an alcoholic, and some members of the royal family. At this time, the phone was cut off. Later, Lu said that it could be extended for another 20 minutes. If it was later, he would have sex. Ying Shao, Minister of the Interior, quickly discussed with Puyi again. At this time, the prince of alcohol also came. Puyi hastily signed an agreement, took five cars, drove out of the Forbidden City, and drove all the way to Mi Beifu, the former residence of Soong Ching Ling. This is what he said when he reached the extreme. He wants to go home, but he doesn't. It's almost over. Three years will pass. In the following year, Puyi arrived in Tianjin and first lived in Bird and Jingyuan. 193 1 year, she arrived in the northeast, 1932 became the ruler of the puppet Manchukuo, 1934 became the emperor of the puppet Manchukuo, 1945, the Soviet army arrived in the northeast. Japan surrendered, Pu. Puyi returned to China, then People's Republic of China (PRC), and Puyi was taken into custody in Fushun War Criminals Management Office. 1959 On the 10th anniversary of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Puyi was pardoned and returned to Beijing. Puyi/Kloc-0 became a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in 1964, and/Kloc-0 died of kidney cancer in 1967. Discussion on burial in Babaoshan cemetery. Later, the cultural environment in China changed. CPPCC held a memorial service for Puyi, and Puyi's ashes were placed in Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery.
Puyi had five wives in her life. The first is "Empress", Guo Bole, Wanrong and Daur. When Puyi married her, she was no longer the emperor of Xuan Tong, but a national of the Republic of China, so Wanrong could not be called the queen. The second is "Shu Fei", that is, Wenxiu, Wenxiu and Wanrong married Puyi on the same day. At this time, Puyi was not the emperor of Xuan Tong, so she could not be called Shu Fei. The third is "Mrs. Xiang", which is his surname. Later, he changed his surname to Tan Mingyuling, and later divorced Puyi. The fourth is called "Mrs. Fu", that is, Li, 1943 married Puyi in Changchun, and later divorced. The fifth place is Li. Li Yu 1962 got married and later died.
Puyi was the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and also the last emperor of our two thousand-year imperial system in China. From 22 1 BC, when Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor, to 23 12, when Xuantong was proclaimed for three years, Puyi was the last emperor. * * * There was an emperor. According to some statistics, there were 492 emperors, and Puyi was the last one.
Finally, there are two coincidences. I said it was strange on history of qing dynasty. The first coincidence is that the Qing Taizu Nurhachi rose in Fushun, and the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Aisin Giorro Puyi, managed the war criminals in Fushun. This is of course a historical coincidence; There is another coincidence. Ye, the first empress of the Qing Dynasty, was Lashi, the wife of Nurhachi. In the second episode of Cai Dongfan's Romance of the Manchu Dynasty, it is said that Nurhachi will build a great hall, dig this foundation and dig out a stone tablet with the words: "Ye He, the founder." I can solemnly say that there is no such record in Manchu, Chinese and Korean materials. It is purely a historical story compiled by Mr. Cai Dongfan. Strangely, however, the first empress of the Qing Dynasty was Ye Lashi, and the last empress of the Qing Dynasty was Ye Lashi, the empress of Guangxu. Xuan Tong has no queen, because he was not an emperor when he got married, which doesn't count. Therefore, the last queen of the Qing Dynasty was Ye Henara, and the first queen was Ye Henara. From this perspective, Cai Dongfan's words are still interesting, which is also a historical coincidence. Some people say that this is an act of god or a wish? I said it was a historical coincidence. The twelve emperors of the Qing Dynasty, and the last emperor was Xuan Tong.