The original text is as follows:
Say goodbye to the old.
Du Fu [Tang Dynasty]
The empty countryside has never been peaceful in war. I am old, but there is no peace.
Children and grandchildren were all killed on the battlefield, and war requires death.
Throw away the crutches and go out to fight. The same person in the same group shed tears for me.
Fortunately, my teeth are good and my appetite is not diminished, and my sad body is as thin as firewood and withered.
Armored and armored, the man had no choice but to say goodbye to the leader.
I am sad to hear my wife sleeping on the road, and I still have thin pants and sheets in winter.
Knowing that the last time we met, poor people and poor people didn't pity her.
I can't go home yet, but I still listen to her urging me to do my best.
The defense of Tumen is strong, and the natural barrier in Xingzhen is difficult to smuggle.
The situation is no longer the battle of the city in those days, even at the time of death.
There is joy and happiness in life, no matter you are cold, old and sick!
Thinking of the peaceful young people in the past, they can't help sighing for a long time.
The army is generally recruiting troops, and the war has permeated Lu' an.
The remains of a tree and a blade of grass, a blade of grass and a blade of grass, are all red on the beach.
War is everywhere in search of paradise on earth, and the emperor dare not hesitate to kill the enemy.
Resolutely abandon the hut and go to the front, the sky is really broken!
Translated into vernacular as follows:
The war in the four fields is not over, but I can't get peace when I am old.
Children and grandchildren were martyred on the battlefield, so there is no need to fight for their lives.
Throw away crutches and go out to fight, and people in the same trade shed tears for me.
I am glad that my teeth are intact and my appetite is not diminished, but I am sad and thin.
The man wore armor to join the army, so he had to bow for a long time to say goodbye to the chief.
On the way to sleep, I heard my wife's complaints. In the cold winter, I still have thin pants and clothes.
The poor couple didn't feel sorry for her hunger and cold until the last time they met.
I'll never go home if I leave now, but I still hear her urging me to eat as much as possible.
The Tumen Pass is tightly guarded, so it is difficult for Xingyuan Town to rely on smuggling.
The situation is not as good as the battle of Yecheng, and even the time of death has a grace period.
Life has joys and sorrows, it doesn't matter if you are hungry, cold, old and sick!
I can't help sighing when I think of my youth.
Around the world, enlistment is heavily guarded, and the bonfire of war has filled the mountains.
The remains piled up on mountains, grasslands and trees have become foul, and rivers and plains have been dyed red with blood.
Where is the paradise on earth where war is everywhere? How dare you hesitate to wander when Qin Wang kills the enemy?
Resolutely abandon the cabin and go to the front. If the sky falls, it will be disastrous!
There are some words that I think it is necessary to explain separately in order to better understand the meaning of this poem:
Suburb: refers to the land around Beijing.
Grow old: grow old.
How to use it: how to use it. Loneliness: living alone. End, everything, that is, living.
Throwing crutches: throw away crutches.
Bone marrow stem: describes the aging of bones and muscles.
Interface: armor, armor and helmet.
Yi Long: From top to bottom, regardless of rank, hands in the air's greeting ceremony. Shangguan: It refers to local officials.
End of the year: the end of a year.
Who knows: know the root and know the bottom, know the root and know the bottom.
Extra meals: eat more.
Tumen: Tumen, near Meng County in Heyang today, was an important defensive stronghold of Tang Jun at that time. Wall: barrier.
Xingyuan: Located in the southeast of Jixian County, Henan Province, it was an important defensive stronghold of Tang Jun at that time.
Potential difference: the situation is different.
Choice: Can I choose? End: end, thought.
Late return: wandering. Actually: finally.
Hill-covered: Covered with hills.
Dan: Red. There was a lot of blood, so Kawahara was dyed red.
Wandering: reluctant to go.
A cabin: A cabin.
Collapse: Describe the appearance of the liver and intestine. Destroy the lungs and liver: describe extreme grief.
What is the background of the author's writing this poem?
This poem was written in March 759, the second year of Tang Suzong Gan Yuan. The fatuous Tang Suzong didn't trust leaders such as Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi, and the army didn't have a commander-in-chief. Tang Jun was defeated in Yecheng. In order to reverse the crisis, it was urgent to add troops, so Ding was forcibly arrested in the west of Luoyang and east of Tongguan, and even the old man and the old woman were forced to serve. This poem was written in this historical background.
Now that we know the creation background and the meaning of the whole poem, let's enjoy it together:
In the war to pacify the Anshi Rebellion, after Tang Jun was defeated in Yecheng, in order to prevent the rebels from invading the west again, the imperial court made conquests everywhere in Luoyang, and even the old man and woman were not spared. To bid farewell to the old and welcome the new is to express the bitter feelings of an old man who joined the army in his twilight years and bid farewell to his wife.
From the beginning, the poet put the old man in the turbulent atmosphere of the "restless countryside" era, letting him reveal his "old and uneasy" experience and mood, and the language situation was low, giving people a feeling of depression. He sighed and said, "All his children and grandchildren died in the war. If I am the remaining old man, why should I live? " The words are full of the old man's deep sadness. As the war approached, the government asked him to go to the front, so the old man threw away his crutches and walked out of the house trembling. Going out with a stick, the strokes are trembling, suggesting that the protagonist is an old man who understands the righteousness and knows what to do in this difficult time. But after all, he is old and weak, and the soldiers in the same trade can't help sighing when they see this scene. "Those who travel with you suffer", and the situation falls, which sets off the tragic fate of this old man who is already in his twilight years. "Fortunately, there are teeth and the bone marrow is dry." The teeth are intact, which shows that they can cope with the hard life on the front line and show the stubbornness of the elderly; The bone marrow is about to be drained, which makes him feel sad and angry. Here, the tone rises and falls, showing the complex contradictions and changes in the old man's heart in a tortuous way. "The man introduced me and said goodbye to the law for a long time." As a man, the old man has put on his uniform, so he did not hesitate to bid farewell to the chief executive and set off generously. The pitch is very high.
Next, the most gripping description in the poem appeared: when leaving home, the old man wanted to cheat his wife and leave without saying goodbye to save infinite sadness. Who knows that I didn't walk a few steps, but there was the sad cry of the old lady. His only relative was crying by the roadside, and his shabby undershirt was shivering in the cold wind. This sudden discovery made the old man's heart tense at once. Then, a tearful psychological description of the old couple's forced grief and mutual affection was launched: the old man knew that parting was death, so he had to come forward to help his wife and swallow his tears for her loneliness and helplessness; At this time, the old lady was crying. She knew that her wife would never come back, but she still whispered, "When you get to the front, you should always take care of yourself and eat as much as possible!" This delicate psychological description is a big gap in structure, depicting the kindness, sadness, sadness and inseparable feelings of the characters. As Wu Qixian said in Du Fu's poem: "This trip has become a dead end, so why bother?" However, there is still a breath, so we can't be afraid, we can't be sad for our own death, and we can't hurt each other's cold; But my wife knew I wouldn't come back, and she ate more rice to comfort me, but ignored her cold and mourned my death. It is touching because the poet expressed unusual words of sympathy and comfort in life, such as "hurting his cold" and "persuading him to eat more", under the two extremely unusual specific backgrounds of "leaving after death" and "not coming back" respectively. Coupled with the helpless "complexity", the unexpected "smell" fell out layer by layer, and the tortuous writing received a thrilling artistic effect.
The following six sentences "Tumen" are resurrected, and the explanation is broad. After all, the old man is strong, and he soon realized that he must get rid of the tragic atmosphere in front of him. He couldn't help but consider the overall situation and further comfort his wife. It seems to comfort myself: "This time, the defense lines guarding Heyang and Tumen are still very strong, and it is not so easy for the enemy to cross Xingyuan Ferry on the Yellow River. The situation is different from the last rout of Yecheng. Even if you die, it's still early! People are alive, no matter young or old, there is always a meeting and separation! " Although these soothing words, which pretend to be approachable, have a strong sense of self-improvement, they can't completely hide the contradictions in the old man's heart, but they also tell the true feelings in troubled times, which can alleviate the old lady's grief to some extent. "Recalling the days when I was young and strong, I sighed when I came back late." Seeing that we are about to break up, the old man can't help but recall those peaceful days when he was young and can't help sighing for a while. The mood is a little frustrated here, paving the way for the next wave.
In the next six sentences of "All Nations", the old man brought the dialogue further to reality and made a sad and generous voice: "Open your eyes and see! Now the world is at war, and bonfires burn all over the hills; The vegetation stinks of corpses, and the blood of the people has dyed the vast mountains and rivers red. Where is the promised land? How dare we just think about ourselves and still linger there? " This section has two meanings. First, it shows a vivid and broad picture of the life of the times, which is a true portrayal of the broken mountains and rivers and the people. He told his old lady: the disaster on the earth is not just for them, the implication is to be more open. First, in the face of fierce enemies, we can no longer wander. Instead of doing nothing, they might as well jump on it and have a fight. Through these vivid and concentrated words, the poet created an upright, open-minded and patriotic old man, which is rare in the history of China's poetry. Judging from the development of poetry, this is a great impetus, and the inseparable situation will eventually end.
"Abandoning the house will destroy the lungs and liver." When he made up his mind to say goodbye to his wife, the old man suddenly felt a splitting pain in his internal organs. This is not an ordinary parting, but leaving my hometown where I was born, grew up and grew up. After many hardships, relatives related to * * * and changes in temperature can't be seen in a blink of an eye. This situation is unbearable for the elderly. The floodgate of feelings can no longer be controlled, and tears converge into deep sadness and great pain for adults. At the end of this story, the emotion drops sharply, but it contains rich and profound artistic conception: what will the future of the widowed old man be like, whether the left-behind widowed wife will be in a desperate situation, and how the unpredictable war situation will develop and change, all of which will be left to readers to experience, imagine and think.
This short narrative poem won not by the twists and turns of the plot, but by the psychological portrayal of the characters. The poet describes it with the monologue tone of the old man complaining and sighing, that is, masturbating, focusing on the complex psychological state of the characters, sometimes heavy and angry, and sometimes broad-minded and self-explanatory; This changeable emotional tone determines the structural level of the whole poem, and there is a wonderful feeling of ups and downs in the rigorous arrangement.
Du Fu's greatness lies in his ability to base himself on life, go straight into people's hearts, dissect and dig out details, accurately and vividly express the real life of his time through individual reflection, and summarize the endless bitterness and disasters of working people, including the poet himself. It is no accident that his poems won the reputation of "the history of poetry".
Finally, I believe everyone is familiar with the author Du Fu. Here I will briefly introduce:
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, is called "Du Gongbu" and "Du Shaoling" in the world. Born in Fugong County, Henan Province (now gongyi city, Henan Province), he was a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu is regarded as a "poet saint" by the world, and his poems are called "the history of poetry".
Du Fu and Li Bai are called "Du Li" together. In order to distinguish them from the other two poets Li Shangyin and Du Mu, that is, "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai are also called "Big Du Li". He is concerned about the country and the people and has a noble personality. About 65,438+0,400 of his poems have been preserved, and his poetic skills are exquisite, and he is highly respected in Chinese classical poetry and has far-reaching influence. He lived in Chengdu from 759 to 766 and was commemorated by Du Fu's Caotang.