With the increasingly fierce competition in the domestic construction market in recent years, the profitability of buildings is getting lower and lower, and it is becoming more and more difficult to operate. China Railway Engineering Corporation, China Railway Construction Corporation, China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction Group and other large domestic construction enterprises have successively entered the overseas construction market, and the proportion of overseas projects in construction enterprise projects is increasing. At present, the infrastructure of developed countries in Europe and America is very perfect. Most of the markets that China construction enterprises can enter are underdeveloped areas with weak infrastructure, backward industries and lack of resources, such as African countries. If the project starts, a very important problem is placed in front of us, that is, the configuration and management of mechanical equipment have a great impact on the construction period and project benefits, and most of the mistakes made in this process are irreparable. Therefore, this work is particularly important for overseas engineering projects.

According to my work experience in recent years, I would like to talk about my personal views.

1 Precautions for Equipment Configuration and Procurement The management of equipment configuration and procurement includes a series of work such as investigation, demonstration, equipment selection, bidding and procurement, which plays a vital role in the success or failure of overseas engineering projects and should be highly valued. The management in this respect mainly includes: (1) Before making the equipment configuration scheme of the project, we must have a comprehensive understanding of the politics, economy, culture, customs and climate of the country where the project is located, and at the same time, we must carefully study the mandatory terms of the equipment in the project contract signed with the owner, and conduct in-depth field investigation on the local equipment supply and leasing market, make comprehensive judgment and economic analysis and comparison under the premise of considering the construction period, and make a detailed equipment configuration list. Note that in the economic analysis and comparison of domestic procurement costs, all kinds of freight charges of equipment must be calculated, including transportation fees, loading and unloading fees, customs declaration fees, sea freight and so on. Customs clearance fees and road freight from the domestic product supply place to the port and after arriving in Hong Kong.

(2) Under the premise of following the principle of "meeting the needs and being economical and reasonable", the equipment configuration should be "more rather than less" as far as possible, and a little surplus reserve should be left, which is different from domestic construction projects. This is mainly because the social resources of the construction country are not rich and the machinery leasing market is underdeveloped. Even if it is leased, the unit price will be very high (for example, in the case of providing fuel, the rental fee for TY220 bulldozer is $80 per hour, and the rental fee for 1.0m3 excavator is $90 per hour). Temporary emergency can be used, but long-term rental is definitely not cost-effective. If there is insufficient equipment in the early stage, it will take a long time to contact and purchase from China or a third country, which will delay the construction period; Second, the cost will be high.

(3) The selected equipment shall be of the same model and manufacturer as far as possible. Even if the equipment is not produced by the same manufacturer, the main parts of the engine and gearbox should be produced by the same manufacturer as far as possible. It provides convenience for future spare parts storage, maintenance and use management.

(4) It is not planned to order engineering command vehicles (including cars and off-road vehicles) from China. Generally, there are many second-hand European and American vehicles in the local area, and the prices are not very high. In addition, most vehicles in many countries are right-handed steering wheels, while domestic vehicles are left-handed steering wheels, which is very inconvenient to use locally. Before buying, you must also check the customs clearance documents and go to the local customs to confirm the validity of the documents, otherwise there will be many hidden dangers.

(5) When ordering engineering transport vehicles from China, be sure to find out whether there are clear and mandatory steering wheel setting regulations in the local area. If so, the manufacturer must be required to carry out renovation in China according to the contract.

(6) Procurement shall be conducted by public bidding. Generally, overseas engineering projects have a great demand for equipment. For manufacturers, selling to the international market will greatly reduce the procurement cost. Second, manufacturers will try their best to tell you the practical experience gained through overseas sales, so that you can avoid detours.

(7) The purchased equipment, especially key equipment, must choose brands with high reliability, convenient maintenance and guaranteed spare parts supply.

(8) The focus of contract negotiation with suppliers is the after-sales service of equipment, and as far as possible, the suppliers are required to equip technicians with strong technical ability to stay on the construction site. In addition, the equipment payment must be paid in installments. You can pay the deposit first and then pay it after you arrive in Hong Kong. It's best to keep a part of the warranty money.

(9) Remember to ask the supplier to provide a suggested list of wearing parts and common parts required for normal use of the equipment during construction. When making the purchasing plan, we must also consider the influence of special geographical, climatic and environmental factors on the wearing parts of the construction site. For example, in non-countries, the temperature is very high in most countries, and the aging of rubber parts and tires will be faster and more serious; Local workers have low operating skills and rough movements, and the damage to clutches, gearboxes and chassis will be more serious. Don't save a little money for a while, it will cause more expenses for future accessories and delay the use, so the accessories must be ready.

(10) The supplier is required to issue its VAT invoice, carry out anti-corrosion treatment on the equipment surface, and conduct pre-factory commodity inspection on the safety-related equipment such as wheel machinery and generators.

2. Confirmation of shipping agent and matters needing attention in cargo collection and transportation. After signing the equipment and materials procurement contract, the shipping agent should be confirmed immediately to complete cargo collection and shipment efficiently. Under normal circumstances, the time and intensity of goods collection and delivery are very tight, so we must make careful plans in advance, otherwise mistakes will be made. Matters needing attention mainly include the following aspects: (1) Determination of shipping agent. It must be determined on the basis of careful investigation. The contents of the investigation mainly include three points: first, to understand the strength and reputation of the shipping agency, such as the location, scale and service of its freight yard. Powerful shipping agents have advantages in the number of containers and bulk carriers, and the guarantee of shipping time is more reliable. Normally, they don't leave work. Furthermore, knowing the customs clearance ability of the shipping agent is the guarantee for the smooth shipment of goods; Third, the focus is on freight and transportation costs. The freight paid by the shipping company to each shipping company depends on the quantity of its goods. Generally, powerful shipping agents will pay lower fees accordingly.

(2) Estimate the volume and weight of the goods to be delivered in advance, so as to provide accurate cargo quantity for shipping agents, and then determine the cargo location and containers of appropriate size, so as to avoid the shortage or waste of cargo location during loading. Moreover, when planning the general stacking position of goods, we mainly consider the placement of special goods such as fear of pressure, collision and odor, and make full use of every inch of space.

(3) Port cargo collection is very important, and we must go all out. Once you miss the time of collecting goods, you will lose a lot of goods in vain, and also leave hidden dangers for the construction ahead, which is irreversible. Generally, container goods must enter the port one or two days before shipment, and all the goods must be packed before the container enters the port. Otherwise, once the container enters the port, it can only be placed in the port warehouse, waiting for the next shipment. Bulk cargo must arrive at the cargo yard one week before shipment. Before the cargo ship enters the port, the cargo marks, packing list (volume, total quantity and quantity) and anti-corrosion treatment should be done well.

(4) Be sure to communicate the name of the goods with foreign countries when you declare the goods, and see if there are any special regulations or preferential policies in the importing country, so as to avoid the trouble of customs clearance. When all the goods are packed and shipped, contact the shipping agent and foreign customs clearance personnel to sort out the customs declaration information such as the name, quantity and unit price of the goods, so as to prepare for the subsequent customs declaration and overseas customs clearance.

(5) When collecting goods at the port, it is necessary to prepare some materials that are bulky but not heavy and necessary for external construction, such as cotton emery cloth heads (used for cleaning and repairing machinery), daily necessities and building materials. , fill the vacancy.

(6) There are some specific details that must be paid attention to. For example, wooden cases for packaging must be fumigated, otherwise the customs declaration will not pass; After the goods are packed, be sure to write down the lead seal number and leave photos; The outer packaging identification must be consistent with the mechanical nameplate; Mechanical parts such as tires, keys, mirrors, etc. It is best to remove it and install it separately.

(7) The customs declaration should be as simple and clear as possible, and the spare parts should not be too verbose. They can be submitted as an assembly as much as possible for customs clearance in the future.

(8) For land transportation of equipment after customs clearance, it is necessary to consult the local traffic police department in advance whether there are any special regulations, such as police escort and transportation time limit.

3. On-site management of equipment Maintaining the intact rate and attendance rate of equipment during the construction process is the primary factor for completing overseas construction with high quality and efficiency, so the on-site management of equipment is particularly important. The management contents mainly include: (1) The project leading group must be equipped with a full-time deputy manager in charge of equipment and materials in addition to the project manager and the deputy manager in charge of external liaison. Only in this way can we effectively solve the outstanding contradictions in the use of equipment.

(2) As far as the mechanical operators are concerned, domestic personnel should be arranged to operate large and key equipment as far as possible. For equipment with relatively large quantity and low requirements for operating skills, local workers can be employed to operate, but the project personnel must be responsible for on-site management, such as large transport vehicles and bulldozers.

(3) The collection and preservation of technical data must not be neglected. The information available abroad is very limited, and it is not convenient to contact with China. All on-site mechanical data (product manual, user manual, parts catalogue, packing list, commercial invoice, certificate of origin, and copy of customs clearance documents of local customs) are collected and saved to provide convenient conditions for future use.

(4) After the equipment is put into normal use, special personnel shall be arranged to inspect the machinery, with the emphasis on routine inspection and maintenance of each operator before and after work; Regularly assign special personnel to forcibly maintain the equipment.

(5) The management of accessories is very important for the normal use of equipment.

The first is the management of parts library. Clean up all the accessories shipped by sea at one time and put them on the shelves according to the packing list. It shall be neat, firm and clearly marked. Don't just pile it up for a moment to save trouble. After a period of time, no one can say clearly about the accessories. Once the machinery breaks down and parts need to be replaced, it is not worth the loss to fly the urgent parts from China blindly. Spare parts warehouse should also be settled daily, regularly counted, and the accounts are consistent.

Secondly, the spare parts procurement plan should be forward-looking and comprehensive, otherwise it will seriously affect the normal use of equipment. This requires that according to the use of equipment, on the basis of sorting out the spare parts in stock, the spare parts plan of equipment should be made regularly and irregularly. Note that there must be an advance amount in the plan to provide a certain reaction time for domestic supply, and the equipment name, manufacturer and part number must be clearly indicated in the plan.

(6) Oil management has a great influence on the use cost of equipment.

The countries where general construction projects are located are poor in oil resources, and the prices of diesel oil and gasoline are very expensive, so they often "cut off oil". Oil management has always been a difficult point in overseas project management. The main reason is that the line of the construction bid section is long, and the phenomenon of "stealing oil" by local workers is very common, which is very difficult to supervise. The specific measures that can be taken are as follows: First, the fuel tank cover must be locked, but this one is far from enough. Employees will also drain oil from the bottom of the fuel tank and the oil drain plug of the diesel filter, and they need to "round" the hexagon nut in these two places. In addition, the work should be done more carefully, such as refueling according to the workload of the day before work every day, recording the oil level in the oil tank with a ruler, and checking after work. Only in this way can we fundamentally curb the momentum of "oil loss".

(7) It must also be remembered that the equipment of overseas engineering projects is generally imported temporarily. In the process of maintenance (especially vehicles), remember not to change the color of the original equipment, the number of the engine and the number of the chassis to prevent trouble when passing through the customs.

4. Equipment management in the later stage of the project After the completion of the project, the later management of the equipment is also very important, otherwise it will be endless. This part of the management content includes:

(1) After the project enters the final stage, the equipment shall be cleaned centrally, registered one by one, and the machine condition shall be fully grasped. Maintain or repair equipment with good machine condition or maintenance value; Equipment damaged to a certain extent that cannot be repaired or uneconomical to repair shall be scrapped in time.

(2) State-owned projects are under construction, and the repaired equipment can be directly transported to new projects for continued use; In the adjacent state-owned projects, and the transportation cost is not very high, the equipment can be transported to the past for reuse after completing the relevant export procedures (generally, construction equipment is temporarily imported).

(3) It is estimated that there are no suitable follow-up projects in the construction country or the third country in the short term, and equipment leasing business or warehousing can be carried out on the spot; There are no follow-up projects for a long time, and the rental market is very underdeveloped. Consideration should be given to auctioning off-market equipment.

(4) If it is economical to transport the outbound equipment back to China (most of them are uneconomical), then it is best to mark the equipment, so as to avoid customs duties.

To sum up, only by managing the whole process of equipment from procurement, delivery, use to later stage can we give full play to the maximum efficiency of equipment and create maximum benefits for overseas construction projects through equipment.