1. The second tone (rising tone) and the third tone (rising tone) of students' reading tone are not in place. The characteristics of Shangsheng are the lowest pitch and the longest tone, while some students have shorter reading tone and higher reading tone.
2. The pronunciation of flat tongue and sticky tongue is confusing, and the nasal sounds before and after are unclear, which leads to inaccurate reading.
3. Students have low resolution on initials and finals with similar shapes, such as B and D, T and F, P and Q, ei and ie, iu and ui.
4. Some whole syllables are difficult to master, such as Yuan, Yue, Yun and Ye, which are all spelled as general syllables.
After learning the spelling rules of J, Q, X and U, students only need to spell N, L and U, and save two points on U. ..
It is difficult to spell syllables with vowel ian. When spelling, the middle tone is often removed, and an is used directly, such as L-I-an, and students misspell lan.
7. When vowels iou, uei and uen are spelled with initials, they should be written as iu, ui and un, but many students still spell the letters in the middle. Another example is the vowel that begins with "I". If there is no initials before spelling, the word "I" should be capitalized. For example, "leaf" should be spelled "leaf" instead of "leaf" and so on.
There are many reasons for the above phenomenon. To sum up, there are roughly the following categories:
1. The influence of dialect environment
Ningbo belongs to the "Wu dialect area", and what students usually hear at home and in society is the authentic "Ningbo dialect". If they live in such a dialect environment for a long time, their auditory nerves will become familiar and fixed with the perception of this dialect. If they want to learn the correct pronunciation of Putonghua, their auditory nerves will often be slow and unable to distinguish the pronunciation accurately. This is one of the reasons why students still can't pronounce correctly although they are listening to the teacher's pronunciation repeatedly.
2. The influence of Pinyin itself
These obstacles mainly include:
(1) Chinese Pinyin is an abstract phonetic symbol, which is difficult to read, remember, confuse and forget. It is difficult for freshmen to learn initials, finals and tones in about a month and a half. They should not only spell syllables accurately, but also spell them at a certain speed.
(2) Pronunciation parts, such as "soft palate", "hard palate" and "gum", are rather abstruse, which is really difficult for primary school students to understand. Moreover, some pronunciation parts are not easy for students to observe, resulting in inaccurate pronunciation.
(3) The initials and finals are so similar that it is difficult for students to distinguish them. For example, the four initials, B, D, P and Q, have different pronunciations just because the position of the semicircle is different, and the position of the semicircle has no essential connection with the initials, so it is difficult for students to remember.
(4) Why are 16 syllables such as Yuan, Yue, Yun, Ye, etc. called "globally recognizable syllables"? What are the rules of this arrangement? These are too abstract and abstruse for primary school students to understand, so they can only rely on rote memorization, which affects the memory effect.
3. The influence of students' physiological and psychological characteristics
Because primary school students are "straight throat", breath control is not flexible enough, which leads to inaccurate tone control. Moreover, primary school students' perception of things is not fine enough, and it is easy to have low resolution on initials and finals with similar shapes, and they will lose the initials when spelling. Students' spelling difficulties are also related to visual memory defects, which make it difficult to remember the order of individual letters and letters in pinyin. They often reverse the order of letters in words, such as spelling "hui" as "hiu" and "tou" as "tuo".
4. The influence of teachers' classroom teaching
Some teachers are not accurate in their own Putonghua and their pronunciation is not in place, which will definitely affect students' learning quality. In teaching, students memorize letters mechanically, teachers demonstrate pronunciation, and students learn by reading. The teaching method is monotonous. After all, a book is a torment for the first-grade primary school students, which affects their attention in class. This is really "students learn passively and teachers have no choice but to teach".