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Kangxi dictionary
In the Kangxi Dictionary, the explanation of "Table Four Tones with Equal Rhyme" is: "The husband with equal rhymes, Sanskrit is Sidan." In other words, rhyme is imitated by Siddhartha in Sanskrit. Siddhartha is a pinyin table used by Indian children who have just learned to read. The Tang Dynasty Yijing monk "Nanhai Zhuan Neifa" said: "Six-year-old children learn in June." (Da Zhengzang No.2125, page 228, hereinafter referred to as Da Zhengzang, only the number and page number are noted) Sanskrit 1 * * has 14 vowels: A, ╣, I, ρ, U, ╱. ╪(visarga means that the vocal cords stop vibrating at the end of the preceding vowel. If you count these two (represented by a╮ and a╪), you can count the vowels as 16. In the Tang Dynasty, most people thought that the following four words were rarely used (the fourth word was not used at all) from ╱, so the vowel number was 12. Sanskrit consonants * * * include K, kh, G, gh, Linc, ch, J, jh,; ▆、▆h、╨、╨h、╯； t、th、d、dh、n； Phosphorus, ph, boron, bh, m; y、r、l、v、▂、▄、s、h33。 Take a vowel letter and spell it with 33 consonants in turn, such as ka, k╣, ki, k \ ... Kenya Hemophilia Association ... ω ha ... ω A...；; ca……cha……▆a……▆ha……； ta……tha……pa……PHA……； ya……ra……la……va……▂a……▄a……sa……ha……。 One * * * 33x12 = 396 different syllables, which is the first chapter. Chapter 2 There are other auxiliary (middle) sounds after the first consonant (front). The second chapter is Kya ..... Khya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya ... Kya .... Kya .... Kya ...... Kya ... Cra ... Chra ... take turns to spell it, so it's called "parivarta". This Sanskrit character is also equal to "Zhang" (see the internal and external turn), which is called "Pin" in Buddhist scriptures.
Han/Han/Chinese/human
From the Eastern Han Dynasty, Han people began to learn Buddhism and turn over scriptures. But most of them are obvious teachings. You don't need to know Sanskrit to learn this. Apart from a few sporadic contacts with Sanskrit, such as Mahayana Sutra, people have ignored Siddhartha.
the Tang Dynasty
In the early Tang Dynasty, esoteric religion mixed with witchcraft flowed into China on a large scale. To translate this sutra, it is necessary to translate a long spell (mantra) before people begin to learn Siddhartha and consider what words to use in a certain pronunciation of Sanskrit. Japan released Enron (84 1 ~? ) The fifth book "Four Places Tanzang" said: "The translation of the previous generation was uncertain between Brahman and Chinese. The truth is right, the Vatican is rude. " (No.2702, page 4 18) can prove it. There are Enron's works in "Liu Di Zang Temple Rare Books Series, Other Volumes" published in March of 3 1984 in Japan, which shows how close the relationship between tantra and Siddhartha studies is. Han people have been studying Sidetan for a long time, so they copied the Tangyin table, which is the contour map. The earliest existing rhyme picture is the rhyme mirror, which was introduced to Japan in the Song Dynasty and returned from Japan in the late Qing Dynasty. However, page 3 16 of the other volume records a book "A Catalogue of Rhymes from Legend to Silent Writing", which refers to the preface to Micro Rhyme Mirror. The editor quoted the original text of Legend to Silent Writing and said, "Master Sidan made a mistake." It can be seen that Japanese monks also believe that the rhyme mirror is Siddhartha. Compared with Siddhartha's rhymes, they are not exactly the same. Sanskrit vowel 14, Chinese rhyme 206. According to legend, there are 36 letters (initials). It is impossible to make a chapter with 206×36. I have to make a picture with a rhyme or several similar rhymes, and rotate it with initials. The book has 206 rhymes (divided into several groups). Several rhymes are summed up into a unit, which is called "photo". Parigraha is a word for "generalization" in Buddhist books. For example, The Theory of Ming Zhengfa said, "If so, always take the essence of all the theories." (No.1629, page 10) 206 is divided into four parts, namely, flat, upper, lower and middle, and the number is about 60. It is not difficult to generalize it as 12 or 16 (the earliest isomorphic composition was only summarized as about 40 "graphs". There is no such thing as a "portrait" in "Yun Zhi Micro", which is called "Forty-three Turn". "Ming Ming four tones equal rhyme" is directly called "Zhang").
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Now, let's take the picture of "the 23rd opening of eversion" in Rhyme Mirror as an example (Figure 1). "On" means there is no U-shaped middle tone, and "On" means there is. Later phonologists are collectively called "Hu". At first, this word was only used as a pronunciation or pronunciation in modern Chinese, and later "Hu" became a term, which became a general term for "open mouth call" and "closed mouth call". The whole picture has 6 grids horizontally and 5 grids vertically. The top six squares are used by draftsmen to illustrate the nature of initials (letters). From right to left, the 1 frame is lip sound, the second frame is tongue sound, the third frame is tooth sound, the fourth frame is tooth sound, and the fifth frame is throat sound. These five combinations are called pentatonic. The use of Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu in the seven tones of Tongzhi is a borrowing of musical terms (C, D, E, G, а), which is meaningless. The sixth case is "lisp", including "semi-lisp" and "semi-lisp". Rhyme refers to fine-tuning in front of the rhyme mirror, saying, "The word" Lai "comes with a tongue first and teeth later, which is called tongue teeth; Japanese characters are called toothed tongue after teeth. "Seven Temperaments" is called "half sign and half quotient". Lip, tongue, teeth, teeth, throat, half tongue and half teeth are collectively called "seven tones". A * * * gets 36 letters arranged in 23 vertical rows. There is a list of "thirty-six letters" at the back of "Tune Rhyme and Finger Micro": help me to see the doubts of the clean stream group, wake up from nausea, wake up from the frame shadow, and be aware of the future. There are two groups of "lip sounds". One group is called "heavy lip sounds" (later used to be called "heavy lips"), including helping to understand. According to modern estimates, when writing a book, it is probably called "double lip sound". The other group is called "light lip sound" (hereinafter referred to as "light lip sound"), which includes non-applied micro-sounds and probably emits "lip-tooth sound". There are two groups of "tongue sounds" One group is called "Tongue sound", including wearing mud. This is using the tip of the tongue to stop the sound on the back of the teeth, and the other group is called "supralingual sound", including knowing the car and bearing the mother. Luo Changpei said that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue behind the gums. There are also two groups of "tooth sounds". One group is called "tooth sounds", which includes evil spirits, that is, the tip of the tongue makes a rubbing sound and the back of the teeth makes a rubbing sound. The other group is called Zhengyin, which includes checking Zen through the bed, and may pronounce it at or behind the gum with the tongue leaf (or tip of the tongue). " "Articulation" includes the suspicion of seeing a fluid mass, which is the nasal sound at the root of the tongue and the same part. "Laryngeal sound" includes shadow box metaphor, which is a fricative sound of the root of the tongue, a glottic sound and a semi-vowel sound. "Semi-lingual sound" refers to vowels, not lateral sounds. Semi-dental sound refers to the Japanese vowel sound, which is generally considered as nasal sound plus pre-lingual fricative sound. The Sanskrit word "Modo" m╣ta or m╣t╱k╣ was originally used as a mother tongue, and later it was used to refer to the vowel 14. Together with the two points of emptiness and nirvana, it is roughly a vowel. It is also borrowed to call initials, because Sanskrit occasionally uses m╣ta to refer to all letters. Under the general names of "lip sound" and "tooth sound", there are various annotations such as "clear", "sub-clear", "turbid" and "clear and turbid". "Qing" and "turbidity" have been used as musical terms since the pre-Qin period. Ten Years of Everything is done in Han Fei Zi mentioned Shang Qing and Green Pepper. Confucius and Ying Da said in "Rites, Music and Justice": "Huang Zhong and Zhong Lu are all turbid, and the elders are also turbid. When the guests arrived, the bell was ringing, short and crisp. "Length refers to what the law says. When the pipe is long, the sound is low; If the pipe is short, the sound will be high; This is the rule of wind instruments. Because consonants, especially vocal cord tremors of stops, are generally low-frequency, it is most natural to translate Sanskrit n╣da╪ and gho▄a╪ into "voiced sounds". ▂v╣sa╪ and agho▄a╪ are naturally translated as "Qing". Consonants affect tones. Most dialects in China that distinguish between (cloudy) turbidity and (sunny) flatness have high and low levels. Guangzhou dialect is the most typical. After the four tones are split, each has its own high and low turbidity. Japan's Shi Mingjue's Hint to Siddhartha said: "The sound of low before and high after can be the weight of the sound." (No.2706, page 507) shows that the voiced sound introduced to Japan in the Tang Dynasty was low at first. Japan released the statue of Siddhartha's Wheel Sketch, saying: "The sound is heavy, low at first and then high; The voice is light and the beginning is high. " (No.2709, p. 657) can also testify. Interpretation of Enron's Four Places in Cang and I Ching's Biography of the South China Sea Returning to the Inner Law says: "There are always thirty-three characters on the right foot, which is called the first chapter; They must read aloud, not for equality. " (No.2702, page 380) That is to say, when you read Sanskrit consonants such as ka, you must use Gao Pingtiao ... You should not just stick to Chinese characters and change your tune. From this perspective, "clear" means that the vocal cords do not vibrate and the affected words are raised. The word 1 in Sanskrit Bi Sheng is prathama, and the second word is Dvit: ya, which translates into Chinese as "ziqing", but it means the second unvoiced sound. One example is that the word "Du (Qing)" is added to the word "Qing" because the second time is "poor". Nasal sounds and lateral sounds are called "clear and turbid" because the analysis is not accurate. Judging from the above, he used "light and heavy" instead of "clear and turbid". Pei's Nirvana Character (No.2702, page 4 12) bets "light call" in ka and "slightly heavy call" in kha. It can be seen that "light" means alpapr╣╯a) (stingy) and "heavy" means mah pr ╣╣╯ a (atmosphere). Not all rhyme books follow this correct definition, and many of them are used wrongly. Vertically, the second largest grid is flat-voiced characters and the third largest grid is upper-voiced characters; The fourth is disyllabic words, and the fifth is disyllabic words. Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru are collectively called "four tones". The big characters in the last column on the leftmost side of each picture are the rhymes of "Guang Yun" or "Inner Rhyme", and all the words in the picture are circled. In a big box, words are arranged in four small rows. 1 Line is called first class, line 2 is called second class, line 3 is called third class, and line 4 is called fourth class. The name "Equal Rhyme" comes from this. What does "wait" mean? Jiang Yong's phonological analysis of Qing Dynasty said: "There are four levels of phonology. The first size, the second size, the third size and the fourth size are all acceptable, and the fourth size is particularly good. "From this sentence," equal to "is the opening of the main vowel. Take the 23rd turn of Rhyme Mirror. The four rhymes of "Cold, Delete, Fairy and First" are written in the square on the left, facing the first, second, third and fourth grades. According to a survey by Gao Benhan and others in Sweden, people in the Tang Dynasty pronounced first-class vowels. Read second-class vowels. The third-level pronunciation uses ε vowels, with a first-level alto. Read lesson 4 with e vowels. Since there are four rhymes, the main vowels must not be the same. Jiang Yong's words are credible. However, because some initials (letters and buttons) are only spelled with a certain rhyme, such as Fei, Fu, Feng and Wei, they are also called "third-class buttons". This is a term loan. If there are some new buttons with only one or four rhymes, such as Xiqing, and some new buttons with only two or three rhymes, such as taking pictures and wearing them, people can write them together in a big box. Because there is a fixed relationship between initials and "equality", Jiang Yong said: "The method of distinguishing equality must be distinguished by letters", that is, the initials are used to infer which level of rhyme they belong to. People who rhyme don't have to bother. Isomembranous is a family term and is not uniform. " Jing Yun "Yun Qi is ranked 13th in opening to the outside world; This is the fourth rhyme. The word "chicken" is the same as the first-class rhyme "ying" and "ancient sorrow" The rhyme "Gui", which is transformed into pentatonic harmony, is also filled in the fourth level, but "Jusuiqi" is not cut with "Gu". According to the research of Gao Benhan and others, "Gu" and "Ju" in Qieyun are not the same: then there are two kinds in the fourth category. Lu Zhiwei is called Qi, Xi 'an, Xiao ... and the fourth-order rhyme of the first kind of "purity" also calls the rhyme of branches, fat, sacrifice, truth, fairy, night, invasion and salt "third and fourth-order rhyme" In this third-and fourth-order rhyme, it is called "the reproduction of throat, teeth and lips", and Dong Tonghe is called "the polyphonic button". Lu's explanation is that there is no alto in pure band 4, I alto in band 3 and band 4 and I alto in band 4. Japan's Shi Mingjue's Hint to Siddhartha II says: "I ... Xuanzang says" One "..." (No.2706, page 527) Tang Shihui-lin's The Sound and Meaning of the Classics has twenty-five notes, that is, "When I go there, I will sound when I go there" (No.21. These two materials may show the third-order midrange of Tang accent, and the fourth-order midrange is a semi-vowel Y. Pushing down from here, he pronounced/used the I sound, just like most people in Indo-Europe. His "b" is pronounced as "rid", while "a" is pronounced as "yid". B is the third-class word of quality and rhyme, and "I" is the fourth-class word of weight.
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The method of demonstrating the pronunciation of a Chinese character with two other Chinese characters.
The use of rhyme by later generations is mainly to help people deduce the contemporary pronunciation of each word from the anti-tangent.
Example 1
Now, take "cutting Polygonatum odoratum" as an example (Figure 2). At the beginning of this book, there is a catalogue of twenty pictures, which is equivalent to an index. They are: ① Gao, Jiao (-ao, -iao), ② Gong, Gong (-ong, -ong), ③ Solitary, Ju (-u,-ü), ④ Hook, Pigeon (-ou, -iou), ⑤ Gan, and (-am, -iam), ⑤ Gold. Song, Jia (-e, -ia),? Ge (fruit), gua (-uo, -ua),? Gang, Jiang (-ang, -ang),? Light (-uang)? (-Ang,-Ang), how's it going? Hey, surprised? Both (-ai, -ie),? Base (-i)，？ After (-uei)? Good boy (-uai). ⑤ The voice is only used by people who sing Kunqu opera. The pronunciation here is somewhat out of harmony with the modern pronunciation, because this book was written in the Song Dynasty. The word finder encountered "?" Word, note "GuChi chop". Using the general plan, we know that "Gu" is in the third picture. Turning to Figure 3, I can see that "Gu" crosses the upper voice at 1, and the word "See" is arranged vertically in black and white. Reuse the general picture to know that -ong is in the second picture. Turning to Figure 2, check whether the word "Hong”(= Red) is under the black and white word" Box ". Now just push the word "look" horizontally? The word "Gong" is pronounced here. The book "On List" says: "Find the letters first, and then find the rhyme." That's the process. wait for
Example 2
Another example is checking "?" The word "Xu Liang cut". From the third picture, we know that Xu belongs to Xiao's mother in the third row. Then use the general map to find the 13 map, and the "beam" crosses the fourth place under the word "Lai" in black and white. If you push the word "small" horizontally from here, you will encounter a ○, and then go up to a wrong box, which is the word "Xiang". I know "? This word should be read as "elephant". The list says, "This eye is taken up and down in my spare time." Another example is to look up the word "cut" and "cut the article". Check the general plan, know that -ian is in Figure 8, and find that the "article" itself is in black and white under the word "below". You can find the -i diagram 18 from the general diagram. Look there, the word "move" is under the word "Yu". Pushing the word "ancient" horizontally and vertically is a white circle. I had to look up the picture of 19, and the word "yes" was below the word "ancient", so I knew that the word "mo" was pronounced "yes". "Checklist" says: "This leaf right is endless." For example, look up the word "I saved". Using the general plan, it is found that the homophone "Yu" crosses the fourth place under the word "Yu" in Figure 3. Look up the fourth picture and know that under the word "see" is "save". Pushing the word "Yu" to the fourth place, I met the strange word "Yan". It was difficult to recognize itself, so I had to push it from the upper level to the upper level, that is, "you, you", so this word was read as "you". "Checklist" said: "I accidentally read the word, so I can find it when I go up and go in." I'm talking about the look-up of such words. Phoneticians can understand the phonology of Qieyun more clearly by using early rhymes, and can infer the author's dialect by using late rhymes to test the phonetic changes since the Song Dynasty.
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After a long time, the pronunciation has changed, which makes people feel that some rhyming books do not conform to the actual pronunciation. The general trend, people want to change. Generally speaking, people in the Song and Yuan Dynasties were tinkering, and people in the Ming and Qing Dynasties could not help but reinvent themselves, especially the authors in the area of "Mandarin". This kind of work is not so much an rhyming book as a dialect phonetic investigation report. Here, the relationship between the rhyme and the four stalls is completely gone.
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In the process of evolution, it is found that some anti-tangents in Rhyme Book do not completely conform to the arrangement of equal rhyme. For example, the frontispiece of Zhi Yun, Song of Distinguishing Boxes and Cutting Words, says: "It is poor to find a box in three or four competitions, and lose a box in two. In ancient times, there were many records in Poems and Poems, but today's Poems and Rhymes rarely meet each other, which is the phenomenon. Monks are very cautious (conservative). They just make some rules to explain some exceptions, but they won't change easily. For example, there is an example in the Notes on Cutting Differences, in which "Fu" is used instead of "Pu", and its types are "Feng" and "Bing". ..... replace' mode' with' none', its categories are' micro' and' bright', and its categories are' knowledge' and' end'. The words "pi" and "Guang Yun" are all cut ... (Pi is a sealed letter) They are all combined into categories: take a word "Pu" under the word "He" to make the word "Pu" pronounced clearly. " This kind of text to explain the abnormality was later called "door method". The Summary of Siku said that "there was a volume of Fingering Jade Keys at the end of the original" under the rhyme of historical classics. The test is to collect penetrating beads in a vacuum ... I don't know who separated the text and added it to this book, and attached a volume of "Fingering", which is clumsy and equal to "piercing beads" and cannot be picked ... "It can represent the comments of most scholars in later generations. Generally speaking, more praise and less praise. The words "single use" and "common use" are added at the beginning of each volume of Guang Yun, which shows that rhyme is semi-legal. For example, in the "finger map", "Zhi Zhi, Zhi Zhi, Zhi Zhi, Zhi Zhi, Zhi Zhi, Zhi Zhi, Zhi Zhi and Zhi Zhi know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know know. Know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know, know Representing orthodox views. The four-tone chart recorded in front of Kangxi dictionary has 36 letters and only two pages of rhyme. There are also those who boldly delete letters, such as "Poems of Early Plum Blossoms".
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Wait for # d ngdàI to take no action until the expected person, thing or situation appears: wait for the opportunity. After the exam, the students waited anxiously for the results to be announced. Grade #děngjí is differentiated according to quality, degree and status: it is divided into three grades according to quality. Idle # dūngxián① normal; Ordinary: Take it for granted. 2 casually; Easy: Don't wait to see the young man's head. It is very important to form good habits, so we can't take it for granted.