On the Original Text of Guo Qin
According to solid belief, Qin Xiaogong holds the land of Yongzhou, and the monarch and his subjects stick to it, so that he can get a glimpse of the Zhou family, which has swept the world, embraced the world and swallowed up the heart of the Eight Wastes. When the time comes, Shang Jun should help it, legislate internally, cultivate and maintain the tools of war; Against the prince outside the company. So the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River.
Without filial piety, Huiwen, Wuwu and Zhao Xiang inherited their careers. Because of its legacy, Hanzhong in the south, Ba and Shu in the west, fertile land in the east and key counties in the north. Feared, the vassal states sought to weaken the State of Qin through alliance, and did not cherish the precious and fertile land, so that the people of the world could join hands and become one. At this time, there are Meng Chang, Zhao Pingyuan, Chu Chunshen and Wei Xinling. These four monarchs are wise and faithful, generous and caring, and respect the virtuous and value the virtuous. They are all from Tianping, belonging to Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. So the people of the six countries, including Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin and Du He, worked for it, while Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Yi, Zhao Liu, Lou Man, Zhai Jing, Su Li and Le Yi worked for it, while Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Liao Wang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She worked for it. Taste ten times the land, millions of people, knock on the customs and attack Qin. Qin people used to delay the enemy, the division of the nine countries, but they were slow to advance. Wu Qin's death cost him money, but the ruler of the world has been trapped. So he was defeated from the loose contract and bribed Qin to cede territory. Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chasing after death and driving north, burying millions of bodies and bleeding profusely. Take advantage of the trend, slaughter the world and split the mountains and rivers. Strong countries please submit, weak countries enter the DPRK.
Extending to the king of Zhuang Xiang, the country enjoys a shallow life and the country has nothing to do. When Emperor Fen VI was fierce, he made a long-term plan to conquer the palace, swallowed the princes who died within two weeks, followed the supreme rule, and made Liuhe, whipping the world by beating and shocking the world. Take the land of Baiyue in the south as Guilin and Xiang Jun; Baiyue Wang bowed his head and tightened his neck, appointing officials. So Meng Tian built the Great Wall and guarded the fence in the north, but the Huns were more than 700 miles away. The conference semifinals dare not go south to herd horses, and the scholars dare not bow to their knees. So let's abolish Wang Zhidao and burn the words of a hundred schools of thought. Xi(Huē) is a famous city. It kills heroes, gathers soldiers from all over the world, gathers in Xianyang, sells dysprosium (dí) and casts it as twelve gold men to weaken the people all over the world. Then, Jianhua will become a city, because the river is a pool. According to the city of 100 million feet, it will be strong because of the unexpected abyss. A good general will guard the key points with a strong crossbow, and a loyal minister will be Chen Libing. The world is set, and the emperor's heart begins, thinking that Guanzhong is solid, Jincheng is thousands of miles away, and the descendants of the emperor will always have a career.
I have been shocked by this unusual custom since the first emperor died. However, the son of the urn and cable pivot, méng Li Zhimin, and migrants also; Talent is not as good as Chinese, not a sage, but a wealth of Yi (y ρ); Cui Deli was stubborn among the ranks and buildings, and hundreds of people turned to attack Qin, cut firewood for soldiers, unveiled the banner, and the world gathered to respond, grabbing food and chasing the scenery. Shandong Haojun rose together and Qin family died.
Moreover, the world is not small and weak, and Yongzhou is solid and self-sufficient. Chen She's position is not respected by Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. Mow(y?u) and compassion (qín) are not the same as those of Gouji; The people stationed in the garrison are not resistant to the division of the nine countries; Visionary, marching with troops, not for the people of the times. However, success or failure is different, and achievements are the opposite. Why? Try to make duó bigger in Shandong and Chen She, and it will be out of the question in the same year. Qin, however, is a mere place, but it has become a thousand times more powerful, with eight countries in the same column, which has been more than a hundred years. Then take Liuhe as home and faith as palace; It's hard for one person to commit a crime (à n), and the seven temples are destroyed, and the hands are powerless. Why do you laugh for the world? Benevolence and kindness are not applied, and the tendency to attack and defend is different.
translate
Qin Xiaogong occupies the dangerous terrain of Xiaoshan and Hanguguan, owns the land of Yongzhou, is firmly guarded by the monarch and his subjects, seeks the right of the Zhou royal family, has the will to sweep the world, control the world and annex the four seas, and has the ambition to annex all countries. At that time, Shang Yang assisted him to establish internal laws and regulations, devoted himself to agriculture and textiles, and built defensive and offensive equipment. Lian Heng's strategy was adopted abroad, which made the governors to the east of Xiaoshan fight with each other. As a result, the Qin people easily seized the land outside the west of the Yellow River.
After Xiao Gong's death, Huiwen Wang and Hehe successively inherited the existing inheritance and followed the strategy of the previous generation, taking Hanzhong in the south, Bashu in the west, cutting fertile fields in the east and occupying very important areas in the north. Frightened, the princes gathered in an alliance and tried to weaken Qin. Don't be stingy with rare and precious utensils and fertile land to recruit talents from all over the world, and adopt the strategy of vertical integration to conclude a Covenant, help each other and become one. At this time, there were Qi, Zhao, Chu, Chun Shenjun and Wei, Xin Lingjun. These four monarchs are wise, resourceful, sincere and trustworthy, generous to others, and have great respect for talented people. They broke Qin Lian Heng's plan by contract, and formed the allied forces of Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. At this time, the scholars of the six countries were Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin, Doukhi and others to advise, Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Yi, Zhao Liu, Lou Slow, Zhai Jing, Su Li, Le Yi and others to communicate, and Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Tian Ji, Lian Po, Zhao She and others commanded their respective armies. They once attacked the pass of Qin with ten times the land of Qin and millions of troops. The National People's Congress of Qin opened its doors wide and led the enemy deep, but the troops of the nine countries hesitated and dared not enter the customs. The Qin people didn't spend a single soldier, and the princes in the world were already in panic. As a result, the vertical agreement failed, and the vassal States scrambled to cede territory and bribe Qin. The state of Qin has the spare capacity to subdue them when they are sleepy and pursue the defeated troops of the nine countries. Millions of defeated soldiers are lying dead on the road, with rivers of blood and big shields floating. In this favorable situation, Qin cut off all the land in the world and re-divided the land of mountains and rivers. The powerful countries surrendered voluntarily, and the weak countries went to Qin to worship on time.
When King Xiaowen and King Zhuangxiang took turns to succeed to the throne, their rule was not long, and nothing important happened in the State of Qin. By the time of the first emperor, he developed the legacy of the Sixth World, ruled all countries by force, wiped out the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty and all the vassal States, ascended the throne to control the world, enslaved the people all over the world with severe punishments and severe laws, and shocked the world. Taking Baiyue's land to the south and dividing it into Guilin County and Xiang Jun County, Baiyue's monarch bowed his head and tied a rope around his neck, leaving his life to the lower officials of Qin. So he sent Meng Tian north to build the Great Wall and guard the border, so that the Huns retreated more than 700 miles; Hu people (again) dare not come to the south to graze, and warriors dare not bow and shoot arrows for revenge. Then he abolished the ancient emperors' way of governing the country and burned hundreds of works in order to make the people ignorant; Destroy tall walls and kill heroes; Collect all the weapons in the world, concentrate them in Xianyang, destroy sharp swords and arrows, and cast twelve bronze men to weaken the resistance of the people. Then take Huashan as the city and the Yellow River as the pool moat, occupy Huashan and face the Yellow River, which is considered to be a dangerous and solid terrain. Excellent generals guard the key points with strong crossbows, and reliable officials and elite foot soldiers question passers-by with sharp weapons. The world is set, and the first emperor thought that relying on the dangerous terrain in Guanzhong and the solid Yugoslav capital of Fiona Fang, the imperial inheritance of later generations could be realized.
After the death of Qin Shihuang, his afterglow still shocked remote areas. However, Chen She was just a poor boy. He used a broken urn as a window and tied the door panel with a straw rope. He was a lower class man, and later he became a soldier who was transferred to the frontier. Talent is inferior to ordinary people, virtue is inferior to Confucius and Mozi, and wealth is inferior to Tao Zhugong and Eton. He joined the garrison, suddenly rose from the field, led tired soldiers, commanded a team of hundreds of people, turned around and attacked the State of Qin, broke branches as weapons, held bamboo poles as flags, and heroes all over the world responded and gathered. Many people followed him with food on their backs. Heroes and heroes east of Xiaoshan revolted together to destroy Qin.
Besides, the Qin dynasty, which ruled the country, has not been weakened, and the topography of Yongzhou, the dangers and solidity of Xiaoshan and Hanguguan are still the same as before. Chen She's position is not higher than that of Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhong Shan. Hoe stick is not sharper than hook spear; The fighting capacity of the soldiers who fought in the frontier is not comparable to that of the nine armies; Chen She's strategy of leading troops is not as good as that of the military commanders and advisers of the nine countries. But those with good conditions failed, those with poor conditions succeeded, and their achievements were completely opposite. Why? If we compare the eastern countries with Chen She and measure their strength, it will be a world of difference. However, due to its small size, Qin developed into a national situation with thousands of chariots, which led to the return of the eight countries and made the governors of the six countries appear before them for more than a hundred years. After that, I will own the world, with Lushan Mountain and Hanguguan as the inner palace. A garrison soldier attacked the country and died. All the grandchildren died at the hands of others and were laughed at by the whole world. What is the reason? Without benevolence and righteousness, the offensive and defensive situation will be different.
To annotate ...
1. Qin Xiaogong: Born in 38 BC1year, died in 338 BC. During the Warring States period, he was the monarch of the State of Qin, whose name was Qu Liang. Grandson of Mu Gong XV. He appointed Shang Yang as a strong soldier of Qin and Guo Fu.
2. Songshan (xiáo hán): Songshan and Hanguguan. Xiaoshan, east of Hanguguan. Hanguguan, in Lingbao County, Henan Province. A solid and dangerous geographical location.
3. Yongzhou: including north-central Shaanxi Province, most areas of Gansu Province except the southeast, southeast Qinghai Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
This refers to the power of the status of the son of heaven, not the Zhou royal family. In the early Warring States period, the Zhou royal family was already very weak, with only thirty or forty cities and a population of more than thirty thousand.
5. Sweeping the world: synonymous with the following "including the whole world, including the four seas, and annexing the eight famine". Mat, like mat, uses nouns as adverbials. The following "package" and "package" are the same.
6. Eight Barrens: It originally refers to remote places far away from all directions, generally referring to "the world".
Shang Jun: Shang Yang, born in 390 BC, died in the first 338 years. Defenders of Taoism in the Warring States Period. The surname is gongsun, and the name is martingale. I am the first official of Wei and the official of Wei Xianggong. After his death, he entered Qin for nineteen years, assisted in political reform, and made Qin rich and strong. When Xiao Gong died, Childe Qian framed martingale for rebellion, and the car cracked and died.
8. foreign countries: to foreign countries. Lian Heng: Also known as "Lian Heng", it is a strategy of alienating the six countries and uniting the Qin State to implement divide and rule. The sentence "Lian Heng" is an empty pen. The Qin Dynasty in Zhang Yixiang began in the tenth year of Wang Huiwen, namely 328 BC, ten years after the death of Shang Yang.
9. Let the princes fight each other. Fight, use.
10. handover: put your hands together and describe it effortlessly.
1 1. Xihe: Also known as Hexi, it is the west bank of the Yellow River in eastern Shaanxi. In the 22nd year of Qin Xiaogong (340 BC), Shang Yang attacked Wei, and Wei made his son fight for the general. Shang Yang wrote a suicide note, son, willing to give up for a good meeting. Now that the alliance has been established, Shang Yang seized his son and attacked his army. After ten years, Wei was repeatedly defeated by Qin, and Wang Wei was afraid, so he gave Qin the land to cut the Xihe River for peace.
12. No: Pass the word on and die.
13. Huiwen, Wu,: namely,,. King Huiwen is the son of filial piety, King Wu is the son of King Huiwen, and Zhao Xiang is the half-brother of King Wu.
14. Reason: verb, follow.
15. Fertility (gāo yú): refers to fertile land.
16. Key counties: refer to areas of great political, economic and military importance.
17. Love: stingy.
18. incur, recruit.
19. Cooperation: Comparing the "Lian Heng" strategy of Qin State, it is a strategy to unite the six countries to deal with Qin State. From, through "vertical".
20. Four Gentlemen: Meng Qi Changjun, Zhao Zhao Sheng, Chu Chunshen, Huang Xie and Wei Xinling County. They were all politicians who were second only to the monarch at that time, and they were all famous for attracting guests.
2 1. About, knot.
22. leave, make discrete. Balance, pass "horizontal".
23. At the same time, merge and unify.
24. Xu Shang: Song people. Su Qin: A native of Luoyang, he was the "co-leader" at that time. Doukhi: Zhou people.
25. Qi Ming: Minister of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Zui: Son of Dong. Chen Yi: Chu people. Xiao Xiu: Chen Chu. 9 Lou Slough: Wei Xiang. Attending: Ren Wei. Su Li: Su Qin's younger brother. Le Yi: Jiang Yan.
26. Wu Qi: Jiang Wei, later in Chu. Sun Bin: Qijiang. Dai Wei: Chu River. Ni Liang and Liao Wang: Both were military strategists at that time. Tian Ji: Qijiang. Lian Po and Zhao She: Zhao Jiang.
27. System: command and command.
28. Call it a day: attack Hangu Pass. Knock, knock.
29. The division of the Nine Kingdoms hesitates to enter: The Nine Kingdoms are the Han, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan mentioned above. Wandering (qūn xún), hesitating or afraid to move forward because of concerns. According to the Table of Six Countries in Historical Records, there is no such thing as "the division of nine countries" going out together. "Qin people switch to delay the enemy, and the division of nine countries dare not enter" does not conform to historical facts.
30. Death: If you lose, throw it away. Arrow.
3 1. system: sanctions, uniforms. Disadvantages: cheerful personality, drowsiness and fatigue.
32. Death: the army that escaped, used as a noun here. North: defeated army, noun. Millions of bodies: This has nothing to do with the number of people killed in a battle. The number of people killed by Qin in six countries is recorded in history books. For example, in the first 293 years, Han yique was killed and 240 thousand people were beheaded. In the first 260 years, Zhao Changping was defeated and 450,000 soldiers were killed.
33. Because: while, preposition. Pro: favorable situation, used as a noun.
34. Enjoy the country: the number of years of the emperor's reign.
35. Six: Qin Xiaogong, Huiwen Wang, Wuwang, Zhao Xiang, Xiaowen Wang and Zhuangxiang Wang.
36. Yu: Drive and cure.
37. Two weeks: During the last Zhou Nanwang of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties split. The Western Zhou Dynasty is located in the old king city in the east of Henan Province, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is the public, which is called East and West. The Western Zhou Dynasty was destroyed in the fifty-first year of King Xiang of Qin and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the first year of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. It is not the current affairs of the first emperor, but written by the author for the convenience of writing.
38. Achieve supreme status: ascend to the throne. System: control.
39. Shocked: The word "shocked" is shocking (Guangdong Education Edition directly uses all the words).
40. South: South. Baiyue: In ancient times, Yue people lived in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong, and each tribe had a name, also called Baiyue.
4 1. bow your head and tie your neck: show that you are willing to submit. Tie your neck, tie a tether around your neck, as a sign of surrender.
42. Li Xia: Delivered to a judicial officer for trial.
43. North: In the north, locative nouns are used as adverbials. Fence: a metaphor for a barrier on the border. Francisco, the fence.
44. Early Kings: This article refers to the six generations of kings since Qin Xiao. First, the dead elders.
45. Words of burning a hundred schools of thought: Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism. The words of a hundred schools of thought are the works of various schools in the contention of a hundred schools of thought. Speech, speech, here refers to the work.
46. Qiaocheng: Destroy the tall city walls.
47. Selling dysprosium: destroying weapons. Molten metal needle. Front, weapons. Dysprosium, arrow.
48. Ren Jin: "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor": "Gather all the soldiers in the world, gather in Xianyang, sell them as Zhong Yi and Ren Jin, each weighing 1,000 kilograms, and put them in the palace." Weakness: To weaken (the people of the world).
49. A city of 100 million feet: Huashan Mountain. The accident abyss refers to the Yellow River.
50. Who is the general guarding the pass and the loyal minister guarding Chen Libing? These two sentences are intertextual and should be understood as "a good general is guarding the key points, and Chen Libing is guarding the key points, but who?" . A trustworthy minister. Who is it? Oh, to ask who he is means to inquire. Why, pass on "ha" to drink.
5 1. Guanzhong: Hanguguan is the gateway of Qin, and Guanzhong refers to the land of Qin Yongzheng.
52. Jincheng: A strong city. Gold is a symbol of stability.
53. Children and grandchildren are emperors: children and grandchildren are kings. Emperor, noun flexible verb
54. Different customs: Different customs refer to remote places.
55. Bunker rope pivot: Use a broken urn as the window, and use straw rope instead of the door panel of the household pivot to describe the poverty in the family. Urn, made of urn. You, window. Rope. Tie it with a rope. Pivot, the pivot of the door switch.
56. Munri: People with low status in rural areas. Chen She was a servant when he was young, so he was called a "personal servant". Self-protection refers to the ancient rural residents. Slave, slave
57. Immigrants: The border guards refer to Chen She, who was stationed in Yuyang in the first year of Qin Ershi.
58. China people: ordinary people.
59. Walk on tiptoe (Hong W incarnation): In a garrison. Climbing trees, dancing and stepping on the ground mean "in …". The establishment of the ancient army was five and twenty-five, so the rank was used to refer to the army.
60. Stubborn: "Rise", protruding (Guangdong Education Edition has directly used all the words). Qiān mò, originally a field path, refers to the people here.
6 1. Follow the scenery when winning grain: follow the dry grain. Win, bear. Scene, same as "Shadow".
62. Chev: Compound function words are progressive, equivalent to "except" and "except". Weak, weak.
63. Device: Tongqi (Guangdong Education Edition has directly used the word "Tongjia"), an ancient agricultural tool for breaking ground and leveling fields, which looks like a rake and has no teeth. Spine: Zizyphus jujuba. Cherish: spear handle, here refers to the wooden stick.
64. Shovel: Sharp. Hook: A short weapon that bends like a sword. Halberd: A long-handled weapon with spear and Agger. Spear: spear.
65. There are also verbs, catch up, catch up.
66. measurement.
67. 10,000 chariots: 10,000 chariots, indicating strong military strength. Zhou system, the emperor is thousands of miles away, and the army is driven by thousands of cars, so it is also called the emperor of thousands of cars. In ancient times, a vehicle was called a car.
68. Sorting the eight states: Sort the eight states in the second order. Order, seating, order, here is the meaning of arrangement order. Bazhou refers to Yanzhou, Jizhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yuzhou, Jingzhou, Yangzhou and Liangzhou. In ancient times, the world was divided into Kyushu, Qin lived in Yongzhou, and the six countries lived in the other eight States respectively.
69. Facing the same column: make the governors of the six countries come to appear before the court. Make ... come to worship. In the same column, in the same class, this refers to the governors of the six countries. Qin and the six countries were originally the same column governors of the Zhou Dynasty.
70. Yes: You, used to connect integers and zeros.
Make an appreciative comment
The first three paragraphs are mainly written in three aspects: first, several generations of Qin have ambitions; Second, the strength of Qin is getting stronger and stronger; Third, because of Qin's strength, it is not very difficult to unify the world. 1 section emphasizes Qin Zhizhi, section 2 emphasizes strength, and section 3 emphasizes both. The layout and comparison of the whole article start from these three aspects, with specific historical facts running through it, and a big outline is outlined in general language, which makes the narrative content biased and has the author's own views. For example, "Qin people surrendered and seized the Xijiang River", "The price of Qin Wu's death", and at the end of the third paragraph, "The heart of the first emperor thought that Guanzhong was solid, the golden city was thousands of miles away, and the descendants of the emperors were also the eternal industry" are all extremely ambitious and powerful, and it is not difficult to write. At the same time, the author also wrote on the other hand, such as "four kings", "teachers of nine countries" and "people of six countries" The stronger the other side, the stronger the Qin dynasty. This is a way to celebrate the moon. But we feel that the more we write about the power of Qin, the more we see the arrogance and ignorance of Qin; The more you write about Qin's overconfidence, the more you see Qin's subjective one-sidedness; The greater my ambition to write about Qin, the shorter my vision of Qin. Although the author is talking everywhere, he is "preparing" for the discussion in the last paragraph everywhere. Such an article naturally feels full and hearty to read.
At the end of the second paragraph, there are only nine words: "the country is shallow, and the country has nothing to do." This is of course a fact, but it is not without events to write about. However, I don't intend to waste more ink here, but draw a vertical line that runs through all periods of Qin Dynasty. As far as writing is concerned, an energetic article can't stop breathing. A dozen words at the beginning of the third paragraph made the whole article pause briefly. Gui Youguang, an ancient prose writer in the Ming Dynasty, once said that this is "like people exhaling" (see Gui Youguang's Historical Records Review). Of course, we can't look at the problem in a formalistic way, but insist on inserting a "window" in the article in one go; But when the article is written here, there will naturally be a chance to breathe and "exhale like a person."
The third paragraph is about Qin Shihuang: ambition and strength. But paragraph 3 is different from paragraph 2. The second paragraph is a positive and negative comparison, but the third paragraph is a positive one, which vividly depicts the strength and ambition of Qin Shihuang, and the more you write, the more imposing it becomes. Even at the beginning of the fourth paragraph, there are still two sentences to be added: "The first emperor didn't, I was surprised by the strange customs." Wu Kaisheng criticized: "It is arrogant to add two more sentences." However, the author turned his pen and set out, but praised and criticized everywhere, further indicating that the demise of Qin did have its way.
The last paragraph is "on" and "off". Several aspects are still compared and combined, and then a conclusion is drawn, which is the so-called "off". In order to make the conclusion more solemn, I mentioned Qin again and said it again, ending with "benevolence and righteousness are not applied but the offensive and defensive trends are different." Articles must be able to publish, collect, open and close, and start to look at skills.
This article did have a positive impact at that time. As a scholar-bureaucrat, Jia Yi certainly made suggestions for the Han Dynasty from the standpoint of the feudal ruling class. However, he was able to recognize the power of the peasant uprising, and realized that the key to the demise of the Qin Dynasty was to lose people's hearts and trust in force too much. The feudal rulers were ambitious, abused the people and were finally eliminated by the people. With this understanding, the ruling class began to consider how to ease social contradictions in order to consolidate its ruling regime. This shows that the peasant uprising really pushed the wheel of historical progress. With Jia Yi's description, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty can really sum up the experience and lessons of the Qin Dynasty from prosperity to decline and from strength to weakness.