Looking back on the socialist transformation movement of capitalist industry and commerce in China in 1950s, it took several years to change the nature of all privately-owned enterprises of the means of production and to transform and destroy the bourgeoisie at that time. This profound social change was successfully realized through peaceful redemption, that is, in the form of state capitalism. This is indeed a great social reform. How should we eliminate capitalist private ownership and turn it into socialist public ownership? China * * * production party made a full investigation and theoretical thinking before carrying out this transformation movement. However, today we re-examine with the theory of the primary stage of socialism, especially in the face of the fact that a large number of individual economies and private economies have emerged, we should admit that there were still some blind spots in the understanding of capitalist industrial and commercial transformation at that time, which caused controversy in the theoretical circle.
Then, how should we understand the blind spot of theoretical exploration and the denial of logical thinking by history, and draw a correct conclusion that conforms to the law? We believe that:
First of all, political reasons are the decisive factors of capitalist industrial and commercial reform. Productivity is the decisive factor of social change, but it is not the only factor. The decisive role of productive forces in production relations is only reflected in the essential and final significance of human historical development, and other factors may be more decisive at a certain point in history. The transformation of capitalist industry and commerce in 1950s was in a special period of China's historical development. At that time, socialism was full of vitality, and the whole capitalist world had not yet emerged from its various crises, many social contradictions and the shadow of war. The people of China who suffered imperialist aggression in history were disappointed and dissatisfied with capitalism. They will not approve of China's capitalism, but they have a high degree of enthusiasm, firm belief and confidence in winning socialism. The outstanding achievements in the period of national economic recovery have greatly enhanced the determination of the broad masses of the people to take the socialist road. Now that the socialist road has been established and capitalism has no future, plus the blockade and embargo of western countries and the great assistance of socialist countries, it is impossible for China to take the third road on the fence. China's socialist road has both external pressure and internal motivation, which is the general trend and the will of the people. From the reality, the political foundation of the new China is very unstable, and the western countries are eyeing it. After China's land reform, there is polarization, and the capitalist forces in urban and rural areas are expanding day by day, endangering the foundation of the new state power. China's * * * production party has to put the task of consolidating the new regime in a prominent position, which is bound to limit or even eliminate the private ownership that endangers the ruling foundation of the regime. Therefore, socialist transformation cannot be considered purely from the economic point of view, but must be considered from the political point of view. The Soviet Union's wartime policy was not considered from the economic point of view, but the urgent need of war. The wartime policy of * * * was necessary and reasonable for the new Soviet Russia regime, but it proved to be a temporary and emergency policy. Compared with Soviet Russia, the environment of socialist transformation in China has some similarities. It is in this sense that we can call it China's "wartime production policy".
Secondly, the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce is an inevitable requirement for the implementation of planned economy. It shows that the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce is reasonable and inevitable, and that the positive role of planned economy in history is necessary. Lenin, the founder of the planned economy, presided over the formulation of the all-Russian electrification plan, which was adopted at the eighth congress of the all-Russian Soviet in 1920. This is the first long-term plan of the Soviet Union to develop the national economy. Stalin theorized and systematized the planned economy. Starting from 1927, he formulated a five-year development plan for the national economy, bringing the whole national economic life into the orbit of the planned economy. Planned economy has created a miracle in the history of Soviet economic development. With only two five-year development plans, the economic strength has jumped to the second place in the world and the first place in Europe. In the early days of China's liberation, due to the influence of the international situation, the economic construction environment was relatively closed, and there was a serious shortage of materials, resulting in a shortage economy era. The state must invest heavily in construction. At the same time, the national economic life is relatively simple, and the implementation of planned economy is conducive to concentrating the manpower, material resources and financial resources of the whole country, making overall plans and carrying out large-scale national economic construction. Theoretically, the planned economy is compatible with the industrialization era. In fact, the planned economy has also produced miraculous effects in our country. In 1950s, China followed the Soviet model and implemented a planned economy, which consolidated the newly-born republic and strengthened the foundation of the state-owned economy. This is the core of all problems. Implementing the planned economy inevitably requires bringing the private economy into the orbit of the planned economy. Socialist transformation of the private economy was the objective requirement of the overall economic environment at that time.
Third, the strong desire to catch up with western countries is the subjective motivation of capitalist industrial and commercial transformation. After 1840, China was invaded by western powers. After years of war, the national economy is riddled with holes and the people live in poverty. The newly liberated people of China are more eager to change poverty and build a strong country. The poem "Ten thousand years is too long to seize the day" clearly expresses this strong desire. In order to rapidly expand the national economic strength and catch up with western developed countries, it is necessary to establish the "priority development strategy of heavy industry", and its institutional guarantee is planned economy. The feasible way is to transform private enterprises and make them serve the large-scale economic construction of the country quickly.
In a word, it is a historical necessity to carry out socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce from the objective need of consolidating political power to the objective requirement of national economic system. The subjective will of China people to catch up with western countries and build a strong motherland will inevitably make the right choice to transform the private economy.