Literary form

This entry is a polysemous word with two meanings.

Yuanqu is a popular literary form in the Yuan Dynasty and the wisdom essence of Confucian scholars in the Yuan Dynasty, including zaju and Sanqu, sometimes referring to zaju. Zaju is a kind of performance form characterized by funny in Song Dynasty, and it developed into a traditional opera form in Yuan Dynasty. Each book is mainly 60% off, with a wedge at the beginning or between folds, and each fold consists of Beiqu divertimento and Bai Bin homophony. Such as Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan. Popular in Dadu (now Beijing) area. There are also dramas in Ming and Qing dynasties, but there is no limit to 60% discount per book. Sanqu is a popular music form in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it has no object. The content is mainly lyrical, including poems and collections.

Chinese name

Yuan zaju

Foreign name

Yuan drama

Year of creation

Song and Yuan Dynasties

Genre classification

Sanqu and Zaju

Representative figure

Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu

quick

navigate by water/air

Historical position, development process, system, characteristics of sound and emotion, category of Yuanqu, Yuanqu, four tragic love dramas, Yuanqu.

Basic meaning

Yuanqu was originally a popular "street poem" or "village square minor". With the destruction of Song Dynasty in Yuan Dynasty, it spread in the vast areas of north and south, centering on Dadu (now Beijing) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou). Yuanqu has strict metrical formula, and each qupai has fixed format requirements in sentence pattern, word number, level tone and so on. Although there is a fixed framework, it is not rigid. Interlaced characters are allowed in the fixed frame, and sentences can be added to some qupai. In terms of rhyme, it is allowed to be flat and even, which is more flexible than quatrains and Song poems in metrical poems. Therefore, readers can find that two songs with the same "Qupai" sometimes have different words, which is the reason (the one with the least words in the same Qupai is the standard frame).

It began in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty. Generally speaking, Yuan Zaju and Sanqu are collectively referred to as Yuan Qu, Zaju is a drama and Sanqu is a poem, belonging to different literary genres. But there are also similarities. Both of them sing in the form of Beiqu. Therefore, Sanqu and Opera are also called Yuefu. Sanqu is the main body of literature in Yuan Dynasty. However, the achievements and influence of Yuan Zaju far exceeded that of Sanqu, so some people called Yuan Zaju "Yuan Qu" or "Yuan Qu".

Yuan zaju

Historical position

Yuanqu is another literary prosperity after Tang poetry and Song poetry, and it has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuanqu inherits the beauty and gracefulness of poetry; On the one hand, in the Yuan Dynasty, the soldiers and soldiers were placed in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine men and ten beggars", and the political monopoly and social darkness made Song Yuan radiate extremely dazzling fighting brilliance and reveal rebellious feelings; Sharp-edged pointed at the drawbacks of society, denounced the society that "not reading is the highest, illiteracy is the best, and people who are not sensible are bragging", and pointed at the world trend that "everyone is embarrassed to live, and no one can see the money". The works describing love in Yuan Qu are also more inflammatory and bold than the poems of past dynasties. All these are enough to keep the artistic charm of Yuanqu forever.

The rise of Yuanqu has a far-reaching influence and outstanding contribution to the development of China's national poetry and cultural prosperity. As soon as Yuanqu appeared, just like other artistic flowers, it immediately showed great vitality. It is not only a convenient tool for literati to express their feelings, but also provides a brand-new art form to reflect the social life of the Yuan Dynasty.

Development history

rise

The composition of Yuan Qu includes two styles (Sanqu and Yuan Zaju): one is Sanqu, which includes a poem, a band of songs and a set of songs; Secondly, Wen Qu, which consists of several episodes, is a kind of zaju specially performed on the stage, which is a mixture of Bai Bin and Ke Fan. "Sanqu" is opposite to "drama". Drama is a script used for performance, writing lyrics, explanations and actions of various roles; Sanqu is only used as the lyrics of oratorio. In form, Sanqu is similar to Ci, but in language, Ci should be elegant and implicit, and Sanqu should be popular and lively. In terms of meter, words are more rigorous, while Sanqu is more free. Sanqu can be divided into "Xiao Ling" and "San Tao". Xiao Ling, also known as Ye Er, has a short system and is usually just an independent tune (a few contain two or three tunes). Three peaches are composed of many songs, and it is required to always use a rhyme. Qupai of Sanqu also has various names, such as Daodaoling, Chuidi, Happy Spring, Alpine Sheep and Hong Xiuxie. Most of these names are vulgar, which also shows that Sanqu is closer to folk songs than Ci. With its profound reality, extensive theme, popular language, vivid form, fresh style, vivid description and changeable skills, Yuanqu radiated dazzling brilliance in China ancient literary garden.

A brief history of Yuanqu: there is no hero between heaven and earth

Juzhai

develop

The development of Yuanqu can be divided into three periods.

Early stage: from the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuanqu has just entered the poetry world from folk slang, which has distinct characteristics of popularization and colloquialism. For example, Guan Hanqing's zaju is a parody of the world, with wonderful songs, changeable styles, lively and profound poems, glittering and translucent beauty, and several episodes are so spicy and rotten that they are soul-stirring Ma Zhiyuan's creation has a wide range of themes, lofty artistic conception, vivid images, beautiful language and harmonious phonology. He is known as the first master of Yuan Sanqu, "the first person of Qu Yuan" and "the father of Qiu Si".

Mid-term: from Yuan Shizu to the first year to Yuan Shundi, and then to the first year. During this period, the creation of Yuanqu began to make a comprehensive transition to knowledge and specialization, and Sanqu became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sue, George, etc.

The last period: from Yuan Chengzong to mindfulness, to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, Sanqu writers were specialized in composing music. They pay attention to metrical rhetoric, deliberately strive for work in art, and advocate grace, exquisiteness, elegance and beauty. Representative writers are Zhang, Xu Zaisi and so on.

In a word, Yuanqu, as a "literature of one generation", has rich and diverse themes, broad creative vision, vivid life, full and touching characters, and easy-to-understand language, which is an indispensable and valuable heritage in China's ancient cultural treasure house.

The four masters of Yuan Opera: Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu.

Three elements of Yuanqu: singing (lyrics), subject (action) and dialogue.

Representative work of Yuanqu Opera: Dou E Yuan, Sha Qiu Si, Tianjin.

system

The rise of Yuanqu represented the highest achievement of literature in this period. As far as it is concerned, it is because Yuanqu established and perfected the system form. Flexion system is embodied in the following six aspects:

1. Gongdiao: Gongdiao refers to the mode of ancient music in China. Quhe Gongdiao originated from Yan Yue in Sui and Tang Dynasties. There are five palaces and four tones commonly used in North and South music, commonly known as Nine Palaces or South Nine Palaces, including Gong Zheng, Lv Zhong Palace, Lu Nan Palace, Lv Xian Palace, Huangzhong Palace (Five Palaces), Broad-faced Tone, Double Tone, Upgraded Tone and Yuediao Tone (four tones). The number of opera episodes and Sanqu episodes in Yuan Qu is connected by two different tunes in the same palace tune.

2. Qupai: commonly known as "Quzi", it is the general name of various tunes, each with a proper name, such as Dianjiang Lip and Shanpo Sheep. There were 335 Qupai in North China in Yuan Dynasty, and each Qupai had a certain tune and singing method. At the same time, it also stipulates the number of words, syntax, level and so on. Accordingly, you can fill in new lyrics. Most of the lyrics come from the folk, and some of them are developed from the lyrics. So the name of the lyrics is the same as the lyrics, but the content is not exactly the same. There are also music cards specially designed for performances, but most of them only have tunes without lyrics.

3. Rhyme: In terms of rhyme, Yuanqu strictly abides by the requirements of the nineteen parts of Zhongyuan Rhyme, which are divided into flat, upper and lower. Rhyme has the following characteristics: level tone, not avoiding heavy rhyme, one rhyme to the end, borrowing rhyme, dark rhyme, redundant rhyme and lack of rhyme.

4. Elegance (zè): Qu is more strict in using words than poetry, and pays special attention to the plainness at the end of each sentence.

5, antithesis: the antithesis of songs requires more freedom, which can be flat and even, that is, flat and even. There are thirteen dual forms in Qu, such as "two-character pair", "head-tail pair" and "line pair", which have many characteristics in language use and word order combination, mainly as follows: there are work pairs and wide pairs, but the phenomenon of wide pairs is more common; Self-righteous in the sentence; Intricate pairs or inverted sentences, such as "loyal ministers are not afraid of death, and fear of death means disloyalty to them"; Say yes in the common saying.

6. Links: The most significant difference between songs and words is whether there are links, songs with links and words without links. The so-called "interlude" refers to the words added beyond the number of words required by the melody. Not limited by melodies such as phonemes, parallelism and sentence patterns, lines are generally used at the beginning of sentences.

There are more than 220 writers of Yuan Qu, and more than 4,500 works (collections and parts) have been handed down to this day, including more than 3,800 poems (including singers), more than 470 collections and more than 60 zaju (books)/kloc-0. Among many writers, Yuan Haowen, who made a pioneering contribution to the formation of Yuan Qu, was born at the time of the war in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and was a superstar in the poetic circles of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. His works are clean and handsome, which has played an enlightening, guiding and standardizing role in Yuan Qu creation.

Sound and emotional characteristics

The Gongdiao of Yuanqu has its own voice and emotion, and the music rhythm can be expressed from its Gongdiao. It is divided into six palaces and eleven tones, and * * * counts as seventeen palace tones. As follows:

Lv Xian Palace Singing: [Fresh Li Mian]

Lu Nan Palace sings: [Sigh and sadness]

Lv Zhong Palace sings: [High and low flash earning]

Huang Zhong Gong sings: [Rich and touching]

Singing in the main palace: [melancholy and majestic]

Dao Gong sang: [Elegant and Quiet]

Dashi Singing: [Romantic Meaning]

Xiaoshi sings: [beautiful and charming]

Gao Ping sings: [Everything overflows]

Singing in general: [Picking a pit]

Rest refers to singing: [urgent and empty rest]

Singing in the upper corner: [Sad Turn]

Two-tone singing: [Health Stimulation]

Shang Diao sings: [Sorrow]

Singing in the corner: [melodious sobs]

Gong Diao Singing Method: [Elegant and Heavy]

Yuediao singing method: [Tao writes sneer]

Yuanqu school

Yuan zaju

/kloc-The second half of the third century is the most prosperous period of Yuan Zaju in the drama world. The structure of "four folds and one wedge" is one of its remarkable features, and "one lead singer" is another remarkable feature of Yuan Zaju. The singing and speaking of Yuan Zaju are closely linked, "the song is white". Yuan Zaju also has some characteristics, such as the script pays attention to the stage, divides the roles into types, ignores the external form of life, expresses the inner feelings of the drama in a typed and symbolic way, and combines the writer's wandering feelings with the essential real life. It has fully possessed the essential characteristics of China opera, gone through the comprehensive course of China opera, is rigorous, complete and unified, and is also a distinctive China opera art. Under the direct influence of Jin Heqiang, Yuan Zaju is a complete drama form which combines various performing arts forms. He also created mature literary scripts on the basis of scripts, lyrics and aria literature since the Tang and Song Dynasties. This can be said to be a qualitative change compared with the drama of joining the army or the drama of the Song Dynasty, which is mainly funny and ridiculous. As a mature drama, Yuan Zaju not only enriched the stories sung among the people for a long time, but also widely reflected the social reality at that time, and became one of the popular literary forms.

Yuan Sanqu

First, explain the name.

The Yuan Dynasty was called Yuefu.

(2) The name of Sanqu was first found in literature, and it was Chengzhai Yuefu written by Zhu Youdun in Ming Dynasty. The Sanqu mentioned in this book refers to poetry only, not including the number of sets.

(3) After the middle of Ming Dynasty, the scope of Sanqu gradually expanded to include the number of episodes.

(4) Scholars' papers since the 20th century regard Xiao Ling and Ji Shu as Sanqu. Sanqu as a stylistic concept was finally determined.

Second, the emergence and development: the emergence of Sanqu

(A) originated from the Golden Ci

According to scholars' research, Sanqu originated in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties and originated from folk songs.

Jin pronouns have the characteristics of flexion and tend to be vulgar, straight, harmonious and flat. Jin Ci absorbed a large number of northern folk songs and customs. Many epigrams in Jin Ci are actually both words and songs, and many words are close to the songs of later generations in style.

(2) Sanqu entered the literary world and became the main way of Sanqu literature.

At the end of the Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, literati had no choice but to take the imperial examination. Under the influence of the social trend of avoiding the world and playing with the world, they went in and out of the Chu Pavilion, while a large number of famous prostitutes could work as Yuefu and sing songs, and they sang a lot of folk songs instead. Scholars like their poems and wines, and the harmony between silk and bamboo will inevitably lead to the combination of folk songs and literati creation over time.

(3) the change of music.

During the Song and Jin Dynasties, the northern minorities occupied the Central Plains one after another, and the Huqu they brought was combined with the original music in Han areas, giving birth to a new kind of music. Sanqu came into being.

Third, the system

(A) Poetry

Also known as "Ye Er", it is the basic unit of Sanqu system. Its name comes from the wine order of the Tang Dynasty. Monolithic music, short words and few words are the most basic characteristics. In addition to a single piece of music, there is also a kind of couplet, also known as a poem with the same theme and tune, which consists of several poems, at most 100, chanting one thing together or several things separately. Such as Guan Hanqing's double tune "Da De Ge Chun".

(2) Number of groups

Also known as divertimento, trilogy and Dalingqu, it developed from Daqu and Gongdiao in Song Dynasty. The system has three characteristics.

1 is composed of several tunes in the same palace tune.

2. All songs have the same rhythm.

There is usually a conclusion at the end.

(3) Take a tune.

Composed of different tunes of the same palace tune.

All four Yuan Dynasties

Guan Hanqing, together with Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu, is called the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera", and Guan Hanqing ranks first among the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera".

Hanqin Guan

Hanqin Guan

Guan Hanqing (about 1220 ── 1300) was a zaju writer in Yuan Dynasty. He is a representative of China's ancient opera creation. No. has been lent (one-to-one) and has been lent. Han nationality, Xiezhou people (now Yuncheng, Shanxi). Jia called him "the master of the pear garden, the general director of zaju and the head of the troupe" in the hanging words of Ghost Record, which shows his position in the zaju circle of Yuan Dynasty. Guan Hanqing once wrote "A Flower" as a gift to actress Zhu, which shows his indissoluble bond with the actor. He once shamelessly claimed: "I am the leader of the world's husband and the leader of the world's prodigal son." In the last paragraph of "A Flower in Lunan Don't Bury the Old", it is even more arrogant and stubborn to say: "I am a copper pea that can't be steamed, boiled, beaten, fried or fried." According to various documents, Guan Hanqing compiled 67 zaju, including 18. Whether individual works were written by Guan Hanqing is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Dou E's Grievance, Saving the Wind and Dust, Wang Jiangge, Moon Pavilion, Lu Zhailang, Single Knife Meeting and Adjusting the Wind and Moon are his representative works.

Ma Zhiyuan

Statue of Ma Zhiyuan

Ma Zhiyuan, Han nationality, is mostly from (present-day Beijing). According to textual research, Ma Zhiyuan is from Macitang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province. Both Dongguang County annals and Dongguang Ma's genealogy are recorded. In his later years, Ma Zhiyuan used the word "a thousand miles" and the name "Dongli" to show his ambition. He was a famous dramatist and essayist in Yuan Dynasty. Representative works include Autumn in the Han Palace and Tears in Shirts.

Zheng Guangzu

Zheng Guangzu, born in an unknown year, was born in Xiangling, Pingyang (now Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province), Han nationality. He was a famous zaju writer and Sanqu writer in the Yuan Dynasty, and his zaju was "famous for a while and resounded in the boudoir". There are 18 kinds of zaju that can be tested, including Duke Regent of Zhou, RoyceWong ascending the building, Hanlin romantic, lost female soul, unbreakable serial, Yi Yin helping soup, Laojuntang, and Lu Bu in World War III. Among them, Ghost Story is the most famous, while the last three are questioned as not Zheng Guangzu's works. In addition to zaju, Zheng Guangzu also wrote Sanqu, including six poems and two sets of manuscripts. Masterpiece Ghost Story.

Bai Pu

Bai Pu (1226- 1306), formerly known as Heng, was named Renfu, and later renamed Park, Zi, and Ming. Han nationality, originally from qi zhou (now near Hequ, Shanxi Province), moved to Calm (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province) in his later years and lived in Jinling (now Nanjing). He was a famous writer, dramatist and one of the four great composers in Yuan Dynasty. Masterpiece "Up the Wall at once".