First, the significance of cost control of construction projects

The cost control of the construction project runs through the whole process of the project, that is, the project decision-making stage, the project design stage, the project implementation stage and the completion stage are all related to the cost control of the construction project. Statistics show that in the decision-making stage and design stage of the project, the possibility of affecting the construction project cost is 30%-75%, while the possibility of affecting the construction project cost in the implementation stage is only 5%-25%. Obviously, the key to control the project cost lies in the project decision-making and design stage before the project implementation. Project decision is the decisive factor, and design is the key factor.

Controlling the project cost is not only to prevent the investment from exceeding the limit, but also to promote the construction, engineering and design units to strengthen management, so that the limited human, material and financial resources can be fully utilized and the best economic and social benefits can be achieved. Therefore, controlling the project cost is of certain significance for ensuring and promoting economic development.

Second, measures to control the cost of construction projects

The effective control of construction project cost is to control the amount of construction project cost within the approved project cost limit in the investment decision-making stage, design stage, project contracting stage and contract implementation stage, correct the deviation at any time, and ensure the realization of project investment objectives, so as to make rational use of manpower, material resources and financial resources in various construction projects, obtain better investment benefits, and finally control the final accounts of completion within the approved estimated amount to avoid the occurrence of "three excesses". For effective control,

(A) the decision-making stage of project cost control

The determination and control of project cost runs through the whole process of project construction, but various technical and economic decisions in the decision-making stage have great influence on project cost, especially the determination of construction standard level, the choice of construction site and process equipment, which are directly related to the level of project cost. According to relevant statistics, in the main stage of project construction, the investment decision-making stage has the greatest influence on the project cost, reaching 80-90%. Therefore, the content of project decision-making in the decision-making stage is the basis of determining the project cost, which directly affects whether the determination and control of the project cost in each construction stage after the decision-making stage are scientific and reasonable.

1, the necessity of investment estimation

Investment estimation is one of the important links in the preliminary work of capital construction. It is a decision-making document and an important basis for studying and analyzing the economic effects of construction projects. After the approval of the reliability study report, the estimate will be used as the investment limit issued by the design task, control the preliminary design budget, and serve as the basis for increasing the bonus and lending to the bank. Therefore, in economic work, we should reflect the design content realistically, reflect the economic situation of the construction area, and correctly and completely reflect the construction investment of the project from the beginning of the estimation.

2. The investment estimate must be a true reflection of the design.

In investment estimation, it is necessary to reflect the design content realistically, which requires designers to truly reflect the design intention from the project scale and project content. The main process should be compared with many schemes and the schemes should be optimized. The design scheme is not only technically feasible, but also economically reasonable. Therefore, engineering economists should start with the optimization of construction scheme, penetrate into the whole design process, reasonably predict the changes of various dynamic factors in investment estimation according to the principle of project cost management, and try to make the investment properly used without leaving gaps, which is the key to the preparation of investment estimation and an important basis for the next stage.

(B) the design stage of the project cost control

Engineering design is the process of overall planning and detailed description of the implementation intention of construction projects, the soul of engineering construction, the key link to deal with the relationship between technology and economy, and the key stage to determine and control the project cost.

1. Optimize the design scheme and effectively control the project cost.

Whether the design quality and attempt meet the national regulations and whether the function meets the use requirements is only related to the one-time investment of the construction project to meet the use requirements, not only to the one-time investment of the construction project, but also to the economic benefits after the project is completed and put into use. Foreign experts point out that although the proportion of design cost in the total project investment is very small, less than 1%, its impact on the project cost reaches 75%. Obviously, cost control in engineering design stage is the key to effectively control engineering cost. We must overcome the concept of emphasizing construction over design, and the control of project cost should start with design. Therefore, the construction unit should pay attention to the optimization of the design scheme when reviewing the design of the design unit, and use various indicators to analyze and compare the general plane design of the factory and the spatial plane design of industrial buildings. These two aspects of design not only have a great impact on the project cost, but also have a great impact on the production and operation after construction and production. When choosing a technical scheme, we should proceed from the reality of our country, take the improvement of investment benefit as the premise, and actively and steadily adopt advanced technical schemes and mature new technologies and processes. Generally speaking, advanced technical solutions have high labor productivity and good product quality, but they require large investment. Therefore, according to China's national conditions and the economic strength of enterprises, we must carry out serious economic analysis and determine advanced, applicable and economically feasible technical solutions. In industrial construction projects, equipment investment accounts for about 40%-50% of the construction investment. In the process of equipment design and modeling, standardized, universal and serialized equipment should be used as much as possible, and imported equipment should be suitable for the technological process and matched with related equipment, and repeated imports are not allowed.

2. Implement project quota design.

In order to control the project cost, quota design is adopted in the design process. The so-called quota design is to control the preliminary design according to the investment estimate of the approved feasibility study report, and to control the technical design and construction drawing design according to the approved total budget estimate of the preliminary design. At the same time, under the premise of ensuring the use of functions, all majors control the design according to the allocated investment quota, strictly control unreasonable changes, and ensure that the total investment does not break through. Decomposing investment and engineering quantity is an effective way and main method to implement quota design. It decomposes the investment and engineering quantity approved in the previous stage into various disciplines, and then into various unit projects and various branch projects. Through layer-by-layer decomposition, the control and management of investment limit are realized, and the control of design specifications, design standards, engineering quantities and budgetary estimate indicators is also realized. In the preliminary design stage, the quota design should be carried out according to the investment estimate approved in the feasibility study stage, and the estimated budget should not exceed the investment estimate, which is mainly used for the control of engineering, equipment and materials. Therefore, the design quantities defined in the preliminary design stage should be based on the design quantities, equipment and material standards approved in the feasibility study stage, and some quantities that are not easy to determine in the feasibility study stage can be determined by referring to the physical quantities of design and general design or similar completed projects. In the preliminary design quota, all professional designers should enhance the awareness of engineering cost, design the decomposed investment and control the engineering quantity in strict accordance with the quota, design under the condition of ensuring the use function, and strive to control the engineering cost and engineering quantity within the quota. In order to encourage and promote the project cost and quantity control within the limit. In order to encourage and promote designers to make a good choice of design scheme, competition mechanism should be introduced into the design, and design bidding should be implemented to promote designers to enhance their sense of competition, increase their sense of crisis and urgency, and overcome and eliminate the one-sidedness and limitations of scheme selection and empiricism.

(C) Cost control in the project implementation stage

The implementation stage of the project is the formation stage of the building entity and the main stage of manpower, material resources and financial resources consumption. The project has a large amount of work, involving a wide range, many influencing factors, changes in construction period, policies, prices of materials and equipment, fluctuations in market supply and demand, etc. . In order to improve the construction quality, control the project cost and give play to the investment benefit, it is necessary to strengthen the management and supervision functions of the project construction in the project implementation stage, so as to strengthen the all-round and whole-process cost control of the project construction. Due to the complexity of construction projects and the variability of influencing factors, some unforeseen expenses often appear in the project implementation stage.

1. Effectively control engineering changes and on-site economic visas.

In engineering construction projects, engineering changes and site visas are inevitable, but production should be controlled. In order to prevent the loopholes in the construction drawing design, it should be eliminated not only in the audit, but also in the joint review of drawings by both parties and the technical consultation of the design institute. In short, it should be eliminated before construction. Design changes should be made as soon as possible. The earlier the change occurs, the smaller the loss, and the greater the vice versa. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the management of design changes, control the design changes in the early stage of the design stage as much as possible, especially for major design changes that affect the project cost, and solve them by accounting first and then changing, so that the project cost can be effectively controlled.

2, strict audit project construction drawing budget

According to the construction drawing design schedule and the actual progress of on-site construction, the construction drawing budget is approved in time. For the part of the construction drawing design where the budget exceeds the corresponding budgetary estimate, it is necessary to analyze it in detail, find out the reasons, communicate with the project leader in time, adjust or correct the control objectives, and implement dynamic control of the project cost.

3. Choose the best professional subcontractors to prevent a few monopoly industries from raising prices at will.

In engineering construction, some special professional work has to be entrusted to professional construction units, such as substation installation engineering, communication engineering, greening engineering, etc., and these industries often have a certain monopoly nature. For example, the power distribution system of each construction project, from equipment procurement to installation height, must be contracted by the tertiary industry to which the power supply department belongs. And the price is a price. In these projects, we must first respect the "regulations" of the power supply department, and they must always contract the distribution system. On the other hand, we should allow another supplier to compete. Finally, good results have been achieved, and the purchase price of equipment has dropped by about 20% compared with the quotation of the original manufacturer designated by the Credit Bureau.

4, in-depth field, collect and master the construction related information.

In the process of engineering construction, appraisers and cost control personnel often go deep into the construction site to check the construction situation against the drawings, and sometimes have discussions with supervisors, general contractors and construction personnel to understand and collect relevant information of the project and keep abreast of the on-site construction trends; Assist the owner to timely review the expenses arising from design changes and on-site visas, and adjust the control objectives accordingly, so as to provide the basis for the final project summary and make necessary preparations.

Third, the end.

The essence of construction project cost determination and investment control is to use scientific and technological principles and economic and legal means to solve practical problems such as technical economy and management in engineering construction activities. Only in each stage of project construction, scientific valuation method and practical valuation basis are adopted to reasonably determine investment estimation, preliminary design budget and construction drawing budget, can the investment benefit be improved.

China has joined the WTO and is gradually trying to implement the international practice. Some places have already started the pilot work of bill of quantities quotation, and we will not be at a loss when we enter the international market. We should speed up the legislation in the field of engineering cost, bring the management of engineering cost industry into the track of legalization and standardization, and avoid the impact after China's entry into WTO. This requires us to study and deeply understand the specific rules and regulations of the WTO, seriously study the main competitors of WTO members, and establish an international consciousness to adapt to the new situation, changes, problems and requirements brought about by WTO accession.