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Development and utilization of Tenebrio molitor
United States of America

Researchers at Stanford University in the United States have developed a bug that feeds on plastic, or provide a new idea for biodegradation to control "white pollution". The researchers said that this is a surprising and hopeful discovery, which may open a new door to solve the global plastic pollution problem. Researchers in China and the United States reported in the new issue of Environmental Science and Technology that Tenebrio molitor can swallow and completely degrade plastics, and they have isolated bacteria living on polystyrene from Tenebrio molitor and preserved them. According to two studies conducted by Wu Weimin, a senior research engineer in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, they can feed on polystyrene foam or other forms of polystyrene, and microorganisms in worms' intestines biodegrade plastics in the process. In this regard, scientists pointed out that understanding how bacteria in breadworms accomplish this feat may bring new choices for the safe disposal of plastic waste. This discovery shows that Tenebrio molitor has a positive effect on the degradation of plastics, and perhaps this discovery can solve the problem of how to deal with "white pollution".

In the laboratory, 100 breadworms eat 34~39 mg of polystyrene foam every day-about the weight of a small pill. Like any food source, these worms convert about half of the plastic into carbon dioxide.

Within 24 hours, they discharged the remaining plastic from most biodegradable fragments, which looked like miniature rabbit feces. In "Wu Shuo", breadworms who often eat plastic are as healthy as those who eat normal food, and it seems safe to use their excrement as planting soil.

Researchers including Wu have shown in previous studies that there are microorganisms in the intestines of Indian corn borer larvae, which can degrade polyethylene, and polyethylene is used in film products such as garbage bags. However, the new research on bread bugs is very important, because polystyrene foam is considered to be non-biodegradable and has greater environmental problems.

China

20 15 authoritative journals in the field of environmental science, such as Professor Yang Jun's research group of Beihang University and Dr. Zhao Jiao of Shenzhen Huada Gene Company &; Technology published two sister research papers, which proved that the larvae of Tenebrio molitor can degrade polystyrene, the most difficult plastic to degrade. Since 2005, Yang Jun's team began to study the biodegradation of plastics. The main attack is the degradation of plastics such as polystyrene, which is the most difficult to degrade.

Scientists used several soil invertebrates, such as earthworms, millipedes, slugs and snails, to see if they could eat plastic. After feeding PVC, PE, PP and other 14C labeled plastics, the results showed that it could not be degraded.

Yang Jun believes that the idea of biodegradable plastics should not be limited to microorganisms. LEPIDOPTERA insects and termites can be considered. Marine moths and mussels can corrode polyethylene and submarine cables. It is also possible to isolate and clone key enzymes and their genes that can produce active groups from these organisms.

In the study of 20 14, Yang Jun's team found that wax insects (Indian corn borer larvae) can chew and eat polyethylene PE films, and two strains were isolated from the intestines of larvae, namely Enterobacter YT 1 and Bacillus YP 1, which can degrade PE films. Later, the research team found that Tenebrio molitor larva is a kind of animal that eats plastic badly. It is larger than wax worm (generally 35 mm long and 3 mm wide) and can use foam plastic as its only food. Tenebrio molitor has four life stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult.

Yang Jun's research team gave the mechanism of degradation of polystyrene by yellow powder larvae: in the first step, foamed plastics were first chewed into small pieces by yellow powder larvae and ingested into intestines; Secondly, chewing increases the contact area of polystyrene foam with microorganisms and extracellular enzymes, and the ingested fragments are further depolymerized into small molecular products under the action of extracellular enzymes secreted by intestinal microorganisms; Thirdly, these small molecular products are further degraded and assimilated under the action of various enzyme bacteria and larvae's own enzymes to form larvae's own tissues; Step 4, the residual foam fragments are mixed with some degradation intermediates, and some intestinal microorganisms are discharged in the form of insect feces, in which foam plastics may continue to degrade.

"Tenebrio molitor can digest the most difficult degradable polystyrene plastics and other relatively easy degradable plastics. In theory, Tenebrio molitor can also digest. " Professor Yang Jun said that at present, domestic manufacturers are considering using artificial breeding Tenebrio molitor or wax insects to degrade plastic waste.

However, he still called for a responsible attitude towards the future and future generations by dealing with the increasingly serious white pollution, reducing or banning the use of disposable plastic products and using more reusable products. Crispy rice crust: Make crispy rice with common method, and add 6% China shrimp powder to bibimbap and noodles. Other treatment methods are the same. Insect rice crust has the special flavor of fresh shrimp.

Cookies: Cookies with 5% Tenebrio molitor powder are not only rich in protein Tenebrio molitor powder flavor, but also rich in nutrition. Removing impurities from Tenebrio molitor-cleaning-curing-sterilization-dehydration-frying-baking-seasoning-finished product.

The raw materials can be Tenebrio molitor larvae or Tenebrio molitor pupae. The finished product is fluffy, golden yellow, crisp and rich in flavor. Can be made into various flavors such as spiced, spicy and sweet. It can be made into small packaged instant food or served on the table. Impurity removal of Tenebrio molitor living body-cleaning-curing-freezing-dehydration-drying-grinding-concentration-batching-homogenization-finished product.

The processing of seasoning powder is to dehydrate Tenebrio molitor into powder and season it as needed. Its taste is pure and fragrant, with a long aftertaste. It can be used as seasoning, seasoning or added to various rice and flour snacks, which can double the nutritional value of the product, with unique flavor and little cost increase.

Tenebrio molitor powder can also be used to make various instant noodle seasonings. 1. protein feed treasure house. According to experts' analysis, the fat content of Tenebrio molitor is 28.20%, and the protein content is as high as 6 1%. In addition, it also contains major elements such as phosphorus, potassium, iron, sodium, aluminum and various trace elements, as well as 18 kinds of amino acids necessary for animal growth. The amino acid content per 1 00g of dried product is as high as 947.95434. According to feeding determination, the nutritional value of1kg of Tenebrio molitor is equivalent to 25 kg of wheat bran and 20 kg. The defatted and deeply processed powder of Tenebrio molitor is widely used in feed, that is, defatted Tenebrio molitor powder.

2. Improve economic benefits. Practice in recent decades has proved that scorpions, centipedes, geckos, snakes, turtles, bullfrogs, tropical fish and goldfish fed with Tenebrio molitor not only grow fast and have high survival rate, but also have strong disease resistance and greatly improved fertility. Using Tenebrio molitor as feed additive for general livestock and poultry can improve product yield and quality, effectively reduce feed cost and improve economic benefits, which is welcomed by farmers and consumers. 1. High quality and high protein food. Tenebrio molitor can not only be used as feed, but also be eaten. Its larvae contain 56.58% crude protein, 28.20% fat, 57% crude protein in pupae and 64% crude protein in adults, which is much higher than conventional animal foods such as eggs, beef and mutton, and is easy to digest and absorb, so it is known as the "king of egg white" among insects.

2. Nutrient-rich green food. The high protein and free amino acid content of Tenebrio molitor is 50- 100 times that of mammals and10 times that of milk. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K are rich in water-soluble vitamin B group. Vitamin b 1 is 15 times that of milk, vitamin b2 is 1800 times that of milk and vitamin b6 is 52 times that of milk. In addition, there are macro mineral elements such as calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium, and trace mineral elements such as iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, chromium, selenium, boron and iodine, and the content of nutritional components is much richer than that of milk and meat. Under the principle of "reasonable diet and balanced nutrition", the pursuit of green insect pupa dishes has become a fashion and attracted much attention.

3. Food suitable for all ages. Tenebrio molitor has good taste and unique flavor, which is easily accepted by consumers. It can be baked, fried and processed into various forms of food, such as nut-flavored protein drinks and refined protein powder.

Now, eating Tenebrio molitor has become a reality. With the increasing demand for food, the first industrialized farm for raising insects appeared in America. There are 30 million crickets and 20 million breadworms in the New Millennium Farm in Ontario, USA, and the food made by these worms has been put on the shelves of supermarkets. This farm was founded by three brothers, Ryan, Jarrod and Darren. They hope that through this innovation, people's concept of diet will be completely changed, and insects on their farms will become a part of people's table. Compendium of Materia Medica says: "Exotic insects went abroad and were introduced into China at the end of the Ming Dynasty. ..... fed with poria cocos scraps and safflower, and handed over to the end of Guangxi, the color is red, the luster is lovely, and the medicine is particularly good. " Anyone who sees this worm bred by thyme must be a long-lived old man. Medical research has proved that the contents of riboflavin and VE in Tenebrio molitor are very high. VE has the antioxidant effect of protecting cell membrane lipids from peroxide damage, and is an indispensable nutrient and drug.

Tenebrio molitor is not only high in protein, but also complete in essential amino acids.

Tenebrio molitor fat is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which can be purified into medical and cosmetic fat, which can improve the anti-wrinkle function of skin and also play a certain role in treating and relieving skin diseases. SOD extracted from Tenebrio molitor as the raw material of beauty and health care products has better anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, whitening and beauty effects than the existing market products.

Chitin and antimicrobial peptides unique to Tenebrio molitor have many functions, such as lowering blood pressure, improving immunity, activating cells, preventing and treating cancer, lowering blood fat, lowering blood pressure, regulating blood sugar, resisting aging, regulating the body environment and so on, and can be used in medicines and health products.

In addition, mouse experiments show that Tenebrio molitor has certain nutritional and health-care effects of promoting growth, improving intelligence, resisting fatigue and resisting tissue hypoxia. Yang et al. pointed out that the dry powder filtrate of Tenebrio molitor larvae has good anti-fatigue, anti-aging, lipid-lowering and cholesterol metabolism, and can improve the transformation of peripheral lymphocytes in mice and reduce the micronucleus rate of bone marrow. Tenebrio molitor plays a practical auxiliary role in promoting blood circulation and strengthening the body, treating digestive system diseases and rehabilitation, and supplementing basic nutrition for the elderly and infirm patients. According to the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine (version 1977), it is cultivated with peanuts, lotus seeds, longan, red dates, Eucommia ulmoides, safflower, betel nut and walnut kernel. Used for invigorating qi and nourishing blood. It has the effects of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, warming middle warmer and regulating qi, and can also be used to treat nameless swelling and toxin. When eaten together with safflower, jujube and walnut, it can enhance the medicinal properties of ectoparasites, promote the full absorption and utilization of human body, adjust the balance of yin and yang in hematopoietic organs, and achieve the effects of tonifying kidney and replenishing essence, invigorating spleen and nourishing blood, cooling serum, clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting qi circulation and removing blood stasis. The worm can be used to treat myelodysplastic anemia, secondary anemia, thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction diseases, coagulation factor deficiency, etc. The curative effect is remarkable, the effective rate is 100%, and the cure rate is over 85%. Treatment of leukemia also has a certain effect, which can improve the remission rate of leukemia and prolong the survival period. By-products of exotic insects, such as insect dung, insect skin and other impurities, have the functions of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, reducing swelling and relieving pain; It has obvious effect on treating subcutaneous congestion and swelling caused by contusion and sprain. Studies have shown that foreign worms also have a good anti-aging effect.

In the treatment of tumor, the use of chemotherapy drugs and exotic worms can improve the immune function of the body, reduce the toxic and side effects of chemotherapy drugs, and also have a certain synergistic effect. Insects can reduce the toxic and side effects of cyclophosphamide, have a significant protective effect on immune organ atrophy, leukopenia and weight loss caused by cyclophosphamide, and enhance the inhibitory effect on tumors.