Chinese name
monopolize
Foreign name
monopolize
Japanese
Enjoy sth to oneself
classify
Seller monopoly and buyer monopoly
source
Mencius
kind
Economic term
Monopoly meaning
monopolize
The word monopoly comes from Mencius, which says that "monopoly must be sought and made public in order to control the market".
At first, it refers to manipulating trade from the commanding heights of the market, and later it refers to holding and monopolizing.
China has called monopoly "monopoly" since ancient times. In ancient China, salt, iron and tea were monopolized by the government for a long time. Because of huge profits, once the country has a financial crisis, it is inevitable to implement a monopoly system to supplement the shortage of national use.
In capitalist economy, monopoly means that a few large capitalist enterprises manipulate and control the production, sales and prices of goods in one or several departments through mutual agreements or alliances in order to obtain high profits.
Combined with the provisions of China's Anti-monopoly Law, monopolistic behavior refers to: excluding and restricting competition, as well as behaviors that may exclude and restrict competition. [ 1]
Monopoly industry refers to the situation that there is only one or several manufacturers in an industry or market. Monopoly market refers to a market organization with only one or several manufacturers in the whole industry.
The book "Political Economy" refers to the fact that a few capitalist enterprises manipulate and control the production or circulation of commodities in one or several departments by means of agreements, alliances, alliances, equity participation, etc. with their huge capital and sufficient production and operation scale and market share, so as to obtain high profits.
cause
It is generally believed that the basic reason of monopoly is the entry barrier, that is, the monopoly manufacturer can maintain its position as the only seller in the market because other enterprises cannot enter the market and compete with it.
Monopoly refers to the alliance of a few big capitalists in order to control the production, sales and business activities of one or several departments in order to obtain high monopoly profits. It is the deepest economic foundation of imperialism and the economic essence of imperialism.
Monopoly grew up from the free competition of government protectionism. In the stage of capitalist development characterized by free competition, in order to grab more surplus value, capitalist enterprises will inevitably adopt advanced production technology and scientific management methods, implement specialization and cooperation in production and improve labor productivity; In the fierce competition, large enterprises often crowd out and annex small and medium-sized enterprises by virtue of their own economic advantages, so that the production of means of production, labor and labor products is increasingly concentrated in their own hands. At the same time, the capitalist credit system and the development of joint-stock companies have broken through the limitation of single capital, accelerated the development of capital concentration, and thus promoted the development of production concentration. The centralized development of production and capital means the reduction of the number of enterprises to a certain extent. 1 Most of the production of the department is concentrated in the hands of several or dozens of large enterprises, and it is easier for them to reach an agreement, and * * * controls the production and sales of the department, which may form a monopoly; Due to the existence of a few large enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises are in a dominant position. In order to avoid mutual losses in competition and ensure mutual profits, a few large enterprises will also seek temporary compromises and reach certain agreements, thus making the emergence of monopoly necessary. Free competition leads to production concentration, and the development of production concentration to a certain extent will inevitably lead to monopoly, which is the general law and basic law of the development of free competition capitalism to monopoly capitalism. 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, monopoly has become the foundation of all capitalist economic life. [2]
In the development of capitalist economy, free competition leads to concentrated production, and when it reaches a certain stage, it will inevitably lead to monopoly. When monopoly replaces free competition and occupies a dominant position in economic life, capitalism develops to the stage of imperialism, that is, monopoly capitalism.
There are three main reasons for the formation of monopoly:
Natural monopoly: the cost of production makes one producer more efficient than a large number of producers. This is the most common form of monopoly.
Resource monopoly: key resources are owned by one enterprise (such as the dubbing industry of wireless TV).
Administrative monopoly: The government gives enterprises the exclusive right to produce a certain product or service.
There is also a monopoly by the government itself, which is called monopoly. [3]