In 2005, a complete and stiff mammoth was found near the Arctic Circle in Russia. This mammoth still has Ranunculus ternatus in its mouth and its eyes are transparent. Scientists believe that tens of thousands of years ago, this mammoth was eating buttercup, and the temperature suddenly dropped, and it was frozen in the ice before it could swallow the food in its mouth.
This mammoth has not come back to life. Of course, it is also possible that it was frozen at a temperature of less than 270 degrees in an instant and did not thaw instantly. But even if you reach it, you will die. After all, cells are not machines. Even if the metal is frozen instantly, the structure between molecules may be destroyed by instantaneous thawing. Freezing is bound to freeze water. There can be about 80% water in the human body, and its freezing will destroy cells.
Not to mention MINUS 270 degrees, that is, 273. 15 degrees of absolute zero, freezing a life instantly will kill it, because theoretically, even atoms stop vibrating at absolute zero, let alone macroscopic objects. The existence of any object must have certain energy (such as intermolecular potential energy and kinetic energy of molecules). The greater the kinetic energy of molecules, the higher the temperature. Absolute zero means that the energy of an object has reached a limit, or it is completely gone.
Of course, if the absolute zero of scientific conjecture can freeze time, it may be another matter, but according to the third law of thermodynamics, absolute zero can never be reached, and it can only be infinitely approached. Because there must be energy and heat in any space, and they are constantly transforming each other without disappearing. So absolute zero does not exist unless there is no energy and heat in space from the beginning. In this space, all matter has no particle vibration at all and its total volume is zero.
As for the difference between freezing at MINUS 270 degrees and normal, it is actually the same thing as the physiological changes of life and death. Living cells remain active and work normally to complete metabolism, while dead cells stop moving and begin to decline completely, and no new cells are produced. When people are frozen at MINUS 270 degrees, cells stop moving, but they will not die immediately after being frozen. At this time, even if people thaw instantly, they can only say that the cells are not dead and people are dead.
PS: Answering this question reminds me of the Glacier of the Saint, which is unscientific.
I don't think so for two reasons: 1. It is reported that some rich people in the west have an incurable disease and freeze themselves. In the future, when the technology is developed, it will thaw and come back to life. 2. I once watched a TV and put goldfish in liquid nitrogen (boiling point-196). The goldfish is instantly passive, and then it is put into the water. As a result, the goldfish swam slowly again. Of course, the goldfish died in the end, but it was done in the studio and no special measures were taken. Therefore, if it is a person, it will definitely be more scientific and rigorous, and I believe it will ensure the survival of people.
In addition, it has been suggested that 80% of human cells are water. Because the density of ice is less than that of water, the volume of water increases when it freezes, and the cell wall breaks, so people can't survive. This problem does exist, and people in life are frostbitten for this reason. But the reason is that we only know one thing and don't know another. It is true that water freezes, but it happens at the freezing point of water. After water freezes, the temperature drops again, and ice also has the characteristics of thermal expansion and cold contraction. That is to say, if the temperature of ice is low enough, its volume is not larger than that of water with the same mass. When the goldfish is frozen, it is directly placed in liquid nitrogen, which avoids the freezing process of freezing point and reduces the volume of ice without increasing. Therefore, the frozen volume of water in cells does not increase, so the cell wall will not be broken. Otherwise, let the fish freeze naturally. Anyone who fishes in winter knows that frozen fish will not come back to life if they are put back into the water.
A person is frozen to MINUS 270 degrees in an instant, and of course he won't die at that time! However, it is very difficult to wake him from hibernation. This is likely to kill him!
First of all, after being frozen, people can really put human organs in a state similar to animal hibernation, thus maintaining the state before freezing. However, the temperature in the problem is really too low, which may cause some harm to the human body, but I think it should not be fatal!
Secondly, when and how to revive the frozen people! Foreign medical experts have confirmed that some people hope to recover in the next few decades through freezing, but research shows that if the freezing time is too long, the frozen person may die during the recovery process!
Therefore, although instantaneous freezing may cause harm to human body, it will not lead to the death of the frozen person. However, until now, how to thaw frozen people, especially those who have been frozen for a long time, is still a world problem. Therefore, the possibility of death of this frozen person is still very high!
A: With the current technology, this person will definitely die; But in theory, it is possible that a new technology may be developed in the future, so that this person can temporarily sleep at a low temperature (close to absolute zero) and then thaw and wake up in the future.
Theoretically, at low temperature, the metabolism of human body is greatly slowed down and the body is in a dormant state, but there are still many bottlenecks in low temperature technology.
Bottleneck 1. It is impossible for the whole human body to enter the low temperature instantly. Protein slowly enters low temperature, and will gradually lose its activity. This change is irreversible. The solution is to let the whole human body enter the low temperature instantly, at this time, the activity of protein will be preserved.
The current technology can make a single human organ enter the low temperature state quickly, but it can't make the whole human body enter the low temperature state instantly from the inside out.
Second, 70% of the ice crystals produced by bottleneck and ultra-low temperature are water, which is hard to avoid. After water is rapidly cooled to freezing point, tiny and sharp ice crystals will be randomly generated, which will puncture cells and cause irreparable damage to human cells.
Learn from hibernating frogs, they can survive at MINUS 20 degrees. Before the frog enters the low temperature, the body will release a lot of glucose and dissolve it in body fluids, greatly reducing the freezing point of body fluids.
However, once the outside temperature exceeds the limit (more than 30 degrees below zero), frog cells will also be irretrievably damaged.
At present, both human embryo preservation technology and organ preservation technology have added special cryopreservation solution. On the one hand, it prevents organisms from deteriorating; On the other hand, it is to avoid water crystals in organs from damaging cell membranes.
But for the living human body, this method will not work.
Bottleneck 3. How to unfreeze the third bottleneck instantly is still a little premature, but it is also worth mentioning.
If the first two bottlenecks are overcome, the next step is the thawing technology of ultra-low temperature dormancy, which needs to restore the whole human body to room temperature in a very short time to ensure that protein, DNA and other active substances in the body will not be destroyed.
There is no such technology at present. Some people may think that the microwave oven may be ... a joke ... This idea is very good. We can study it ... Hee hee.
These are the three bottlenecks of low temperature dormancy, which scientists are still studying at present. Anyway, hypothermic dormancy is feasible in theory.
Like a water bear worm with strong vitality, it can survive for several days in the environment of -200 and for 2 minutes in the ultra-low temperature of -272. Under such harsh conditions, life can still survive, so who can say for sure about the future technology?
I saw an experiment in China University of Science and Technology before. A fish was frozen in liquid nitrogen at-190 degrees, and then taken out and put into warm water, but the freezing time was short, and the fish died after repeated freezing. So for people, freezing directly at MINUS 270 degrees will definitely kill people, because the human body is 70% water, and water will definitely freeze during the freezing process, piercing some cells of the human body. At present, there are experiments of freezing human body abroad, all of which are carried out after the replacement of blood and water in human body.
No one is frozen to -270℃, and long-term preservation of animal cells usually requires-120℃ to-196℃. At this temperature, all chemical processes almost completely stop. So the cryonics that the scientific community is studying now is carried out in this temperature range.
The key to cryopreservation of living bodies is to keep their bodies from being damaged, and ultimately, cells are not damaged, which is the basic unit of the body.
Ensuring that the body is not damaged is not measured by whether freezing can be carried out quickly, nor is it as simple as instant freezing. There is a complicated process.
Some strange phenomena in nature have attracted the attention of scientists.
Pear or apple trees can overwinter at a low temperature of -30 to -40 degrees, and can grow and bear fruit in spring; Some mollusks on the beach, such as mussels and oysters, turn into ice sculptures in the cold and wake up like sleeping beauty at low tide.
This miracle didn't happen to more animals and plants. They froze to death and never woke up.
Through the analysis and research of these phenomena, scientists finally discovered the secret, that is, how to avoid the chemical damage to cells and the destruction of ice crystals during freezing. This damage mainly occurs between 0℃ and -60℃. How to avoid this damage stage safely in the process of freezing and resuscitation, and reach the safe freezing temperature of-120℃ or return to normal temperature is a difficult problem that science needs to break through.
There are two methods at present. One is to use glycerol instead of aqueous liquid in human tissues, so that the freezing time inside and outside the cells is different, and the cells are frozen and dehydrated outside, which can avoid damage; 2. Vitrification technology that does not change phase during freezing can protect cells.
These two technologies have many complicated mechanisms and methods, so I won't introduce them in detail, because this paper is not an academic paper, but a popular science. In a word, cryopreservation technology is still a thing in the process of research, and there are still many difficulties to be overcome.
Although many people in the world choose cryopreservation after their death, hoping to help them return to a higher-tech world one day, it is still unknown whether their wishes can be realized. Paul Siegel is a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, specializing in cryobiology. He once tried to freeze a living hamster and a beagle for 2 hours and finally succeeded in bringing them back to life.
However, whether human body and consciousness can be revived after being frozen for decades and hundreds of years is anyone's guess.
At present, the largest cryonics companies in the world are Alcoa Life Extension Foundation in Arizona, USA and cryonics organization in Michigan, USA. Cryopreservation service is a charging item, and service can be reserved if necessary.
Although whether it can be resurrected is still a very slim unknown, a glimmer of hope is still very attractive. Some people choose frozen preservation before they die, hoping to recover and return to the world one day. Even some people just keep a head, hoping that their consciousness will be revived and their spirit will last forever.
For example, Oxford philosophers Postron and Sandberg only booked a cheaper service: only the head was refrigerated. Now Alco Life Extension Foundation has frozen 1 17 bodies.
Although this project is still a "science fiction", it is much more realistic than the "science fiction" that realizes superluminal time reversal. Time and space communication wishes these pioneers a dream come true.
When the temperature is lower than 19, there will be a negative heat balance. When the body temperature drops below 33, the function of the thermoregulatory center is abnormal, and when the body temperature drops below 30, the function of internal organs is obviously reduced and consciousness is lost; When the body temperature drops below 22, it is difficult to maintain the life center; If the body temperature drops to 14 16, the human body will freeze to death.
Under normal circumstances, the human body temperature is around 37, and the outside temperature will drop by about 20 degrees Celsius. If the core body temperature drops by 2 degrees Celsius, it will lead to hypothermia: unconsciousness and abnormal heartbeat. When the body temperature reaches 24 degrees Celsius, the heartbeat will stop. Theoretically, the lower limit of human body temperature is 0. At this temperature, human tissues will freeze, cells in the body will be destroyed, and the water retained in human cells will become larger when it freezes, which will directly rupture the cell wall.
Human cells can be preserved in-196 liquid nitrogen with protective agent for 30-50 years. However, cells stored in dry ice or -70 refrigerator lost more than 50% vitality after 6 months, while human cells lost all vitality after 4 months in dry ice.
When a person is instantly frozen to MINUS 270 degrees, even if he will not die, even if he is still alive when he is thawed, he will not live long, because in this case, human organs and cells are in the early stage of total collapse. The main reason why a single stem cell can remain active after thawing in liquid nitrogen environment is that the water in the stem cell will not condense into ice and break the wall under the protection of 196℃.
In fact, the research on human cryopreservation and resurrection has been going on for decades. The biggest problem of human freezing is not that it can't reach the low temperature, but that after reaching the low temperature, a lot of water in human cells will change phase, thus squeezing and destroying the inherent structure of cells in spatial conformation.
You can do an experiment, fill a paper box with water, seal it and put it in the refrigerator. When it is taken out a few hours later, the carton is bound to burst, because the volume of water increases in the process of turning into ice. Therefore, the key to lossless freezing of human body is not how low the temperature can be, but whether the human body rich in water can maintain the same three-dimensional conformation as before freezing.
There are two ways to change a liquid into a solid. One is discontinuous solidification in the form of crystals after phase change, which is the normal operation mode of water molecules. However, another way is so-called vitrification. During the glass curing process, the liquid is continuously cured without undergoing phase change.
In fact, the solid in vitrified state still has fluidity. Theoretically, glass is still liquid at room temperature and has certain fluidity, but the fluidity is too small to be observed. If the human body can be vitrified at low temperature, in theory, the cell structure will be completely preserved, which is the key to the resurrection of the frozen human body.
However, it seems that the key to vitrification of human body is not low enough temperature and fast enough freezing time. We may need to add some special substances to the frozen human body to maintain the vitrification and solidification process of water molecules. However, the research in this field is far from reaching the application stage.
The most important point of this question is not negative 270, but the word instant. The instantaneous temperature change can only be explained from the microscopic point of view, and there is no physical state change from the macroscopic point of view. It means that liquid water instantly becomes MINUS 270, so it is still liquid water and will not become ice, so this problem can be likened to time freezing, and people will definitely not die if time is frozen. What you know will be understood, and what you don't know can't be explained.
Speaking of this question, is it easy to think of cryonics technology? Yes, the principle of cryonics technology is to keep a person who died recently at a very low temperature and dream of bringing him back to life through advanced medical means in the future. The first factor for the success of this technology is instant freezing. So if the hypothetical situation can happen, can this person still live?
As far as I know, the possibility of this person not dying is almost zero! First of all, let alone how it can't be achieved with current technology. Even if a person can be frozen to this temperature instantly, he will not only die, but also die!
1. What is the concept of minus 270 degrees? As we all know, absolute zero is -273.6438+05 degrees, so -270 degrees is very close to absolute zero. At present, the most suitable temperature for cryonics technology is-196 degrees, which is not only a little higher than this temperature. At such a low temperature, even the bones will be frozen to pieces, not to mention how the cells are preserved intact. That's because even if it turns into ice soon, the pressure of the human body still exists. Instantaneous freezing will increase the pressure on the human body and the human body will burst into ice. If an astronaut dies in space, his companions will freeze him in space, and then he will become a pile of powder with a little vibration. In the same way, this person will end up like an astronaut.
Second, how to achieve instant freezing to such a low temperature? Although we can think that it is possible to freeze to such a low temperature instantly in an ideal state, it is impossible for all cells in the human body to enter the frozen state at once, because the body is very thick, and some cells, especially neurons with axons, are thin and long, which are easily damaged, and once damaged, they cannot be recovered. The importance of nerve cells to the human body is self-evident. Even if they are thawed, they are probably vegetative.
Third, how to achieve instant thawing? Since instant freezing is impossible, instant thawing is also impossible, because thawing will also cause damage to human cells. If you are not careful, human cells will die in a large area. Even if it is thawed, it is a lifeless cell. How can someone be resurrected?
In a word, even if the project can be approved and the scientific and technological conditions are sufficient, this person is hopeless!