Science is the eternity, universality and uniqueness of civilization. Science is different from truth. Truth is a correct objective law and its description under certain conditions, while science is a reasonable method and practical machine description under certain conditions. Science is not necessarily truth, truth must be science. Science is to infinitely enlarge and narrow any research object. In the process of infinite enlargement and reduction, we can find a perfect theory close to 100%, gain value and make contributions. Look at your present life, aircraft carrier, internet, etc ... These scientific meanings are ordinary in human life. Science is a method to study problems with a pragmatic attitude and rigorous thinking. Science is a knowledge system that reflects the essence and laws of various phenomena in the real world with categories, theorems, laws and other forms of thinking, and it is one of social ideologies. The authoritative works on China's science are Joseph Needham and his History of Science and Technology in China. Science is a knowledge system that uses categories, theorems and laws to reflect the essence and laws of various phenomena in the real world, and it is one of social ideologies. Science is the secret knowledge crystallized by human wisdom. Science is human cognition that emphasizes evidence and strict logic. Philosophers and scientists often try to provide an adequate essentialist definition of what science and scientific method are, but they are not very successful. Nietzsche believes that people often forget that science is actually a social, historical and cultural human activity, and it is inventing rather than discovering unchanging natural laws. Some postmodern philosophers, such as Faye Abend and Rorty, may agree with him. He also thinks it is foolish to fall into the trap of scientism, which holds that science can eventually solve all human problems or discover some hidden truths in the real world behind the daily world we feel and experience. However, he fully supports the view that science is regarded as a phenomenological, practical and therefore less ambitious activity. Of course, the post-modernism definition of science is still controversial, and it will be wrong to quote it casually. Scientific definition: a summary of the law of material change under certain conditions. The characteristics of science: repeatable verification, falsifiability and self-consistency. Popular science is short for popularization of science. Telling one's own arguments and conclusions, so that readers can verify that this conclusion is a repeatable regular (scientific) process, which is called popular science. Superstition means that you don't want the listener to verify it, but you just want the listener to accept the form of communication that expresses your views. Unconfirmed acceptance is also superstition. Science is not necessarily truth, but the pursuit of science is truth. There are two aspects in scientific research: one is to reveal the essential characteristics and laws of everything in the universe, and the other is to reorganize the original state of everything to make it something with certain performance and meet people's actual needs. Teaching science to people who have no ability to understand or verify should be called enlightenment education, which is mostly used to talk about scientific knowledge when children don't know the basic scientific verification methods. This does not apply to theoretical confrontation, which mainly focuses on evidence. School textbooks are standard popular science books, which can stand scrutiny and experimental proof. Superstition is not necessarily wrong, everyone is not all-rounder, and will trust the authority and experts of superstition to a greater or lesser extent without verifying them. So superstition is not terrible. But if you can't tell science from superstition, you may not know science from pseudoscience. Recognition refers to the recognition of both sides of the conversation, not empty fingers. For example, the identification of the "eight planets" refers to the adoption of resolutions by scientific conferences, not earth sciences.
Most people in the world know or admit that the latter standard is not easy to verify. But scientists sometimes make mistakes: for example, Aristotle is the greatest scientist of his time, but his theory that heavy objects fall first needs to be corrected. Revised statement: In the free-fall experiment, if two objects are subjected to the same air resistance in opposite directions, and other conditions are exactly the same, the heavier object will land first. (Note: Original conclusion: The best experiment is not to use two balls with different weights, but to compare people with parachutes with small stones, and the stones fall first. ) 1888 Darwin once defined science: "Science is to sort out facts, find laws from them and draw conclusions". Darwin's definition points out the connotation of science, that is, facts and laws. Science should discover unknown facts and seek truth from facts on this basis, instead of pure thinking fantasy divorced from reality. As for the law, it refers to the internal and essential relationship between objective things. Therefore, science is a knowledge system based on practice, tested by practice, and strictly demonstrated by logic about the nature and laws of motion of various things in the objective world. Cihai (1979 edition): "Science is a knowledge system about nature, society and thinking. It was born and developed to meet the needs of the people's production struggle and class struggle, and it is the crystallization of the people's practical experience. " Cihai (1999 edition): "Science: a knowledge system that uses categories, theorems, laws and other thinking forms to reflect the essential laws of various phenomena in the real world. French Encyclopedia: "Science is different from common sense at first, and science seeks order in things through classification. In addition, science tries to explain things by revealing the laws that govern them. Encyclopedia of the former Soviet Union: "Science is the category of human activities, and its function is to summarize and systematize the knowledge about the objective world. The concept of' science' itself includes not only the activities of acquiring new knowledge, but also the results of such activities. Introduction to Modern Science and Technology: "It can be simply said that science is systematic knowledge that truthfully reflects the internal laws of objective things. "For a long time, people always equate science with materialism, which is actually wrong. Science is the law that expresses the objective world, and we habitually think that materialism is right. In fact, materialism is not necessarily right. China's happiness research: "What is science? Science is a theory about studying the existence of objective things and its related laws. What is science and technology? Science and technology is knowledge that can be used by us and human beings by using the theory of studying the existence of objective things and their related laws. science
It should be pointed out that because people study objective things in different ways, science and technology are two concepts that can be transformed into each other, that is, science can be science and technology, and science and technology can also be science. For example, automobile engine theory can be called automobile engine science relative to automobile, and automobile theory is an automobile science and technology which is a comprehensive application of engine science, mechanical transmission science, electronic science and so on. Engine theory is also a science and technology, which includes the comprehensive application of materials science, fuel science, mechanics and other sciences. Therefore, science and technology should be targeted, otherwise the concept of science and technology will be easily confused. "
Edit the definition of this paragraph.
"Science is knowledge that can be temporarily known but not overturned", which we call "science", is knowable knowledge with certain constraints in time and space. Knowledge that has not been overthrown is called science. Therefore, when many laws in science are eliminated by another generation, or another group, a new generation of scientists and new discoveries, the science that was originally considered as the "golden rule" is eliminated one by one. So science is not equal to "truth". Science is only temporary and reliable knowledge about the material scope of the created world, but it is not absolute knowledge.
Edit the basic definition of this paragraph.
Science is a person who advocates truth and truth. It explores and practices endlessly and tends to approach the truth in stages, explaining and revealing the characteristics of truth, such as stage, development, history, dialectics, universality, particularity and information. As far as possible, it does not contain contradictory knowledge systems, and most of the achievements are beneficial to the benefit of human society, which is a lofty cause. Science should include five aspects: first, science is knowledge. Second, science is not general scattered knowledge, but a theoretical and systematic knowledge system. Third, science is the fantasy of human beings and scientists, and it is an isomorphic science about nature and science.
Understanding of the laws of society and people themselves. Fourthly, science is still an organizational system in modern society. Fifth, science and technology are productive forces, and science and technology are the primary productive forces (proposed by Deng Xiaoping). Bernard summarized the main characteristics of modern science into six aspects: first, organizational system; A method; Accumulated knowledge tradition; The main factors to maintain or develop production; One of the forces that constitute our various beliefs and attitudes towards the universe and mankind; There are various interrelationships with society. The birth of science is basically as long as the history of mankind. We humans have lived on the earth for 7 million years. According to archaeological findings, about 300 thousand years ago, primitive people began to understand and transform nature in the process of making stone tools. Ten or twenty thousand years ago, primitive people invented a new labor tool-bow and arrow. The inventor of the bow and arrow played a very important role in the development of human society and the progress of science and technology. On the one hand, the use of bows and arrows to organize hunting improves production efficiency, and at the same time raises the remaining prey, which makes human beings enter the era of animal husbandry from hunting; On the other hand, the friction heat generation technology was invented by using bowstring to drill holes around the drill pipe, which not only greatly improved the quality of human life, but also increased the means of production; Invent pottery-making technology by smelting mud with fire; Melting copper and iron with fire to make metal farm tools has enabled mankind to end the uncertain migration for more than 10,000 years and enter a self-sufficient agricultural society, thus starting the history of human civilization for 5,000 years. At the same time, science is the correct understanding of objective nature by human consciousness. It is an iterative process, which comes from practice (the activity of human understanding and transforming nature), and guides human beings to carry out a new round of practice and accept the test of practice, so as to make concrete and continuous arrangements. Generally speaking, science is an attitude, viewpoint and method! At the same time, scientific things themselves have paradoxes! In other words, things in different professional disciplines are easily confused and considered contradictory! In fact, it reflects the scientific understanding of different complex aspects of things! In fact, before this, because the word science has never been strictly defined, it will cause a series of confusion and unnecessary arguments. For example: What's the difference between science and pseudoscience? What is the difference between science and religion? Wait a minute. And these questions are very, very attractive. Therefore, the times require us to give an appropriate definition as soon as possible to solve these disputes. In this definition, the attribute "as close as possible to the truth, without self-contradiction" was added by myself, because it is to clarify the meaning of science, that is, to clarify what kind of knowledge system science is (I still don't understand why many books dare not add it clearly). Of course, "contradiction" refers to logical contradiction. "Knowledge system" is people's initial understanding of science. As a practical knowledge, the most important thing is to be highly organized and structured. At this point, any classic work has this feature to some extent, and the most famous one in ancient times is Geometry. Perhaps the most organized thing in China's classical works is my ignorance. I think the secrets in Orange (a chess book) have the greatest influence on me. However, the scientific knowledge system is not as small as some knowledge systems and the scope of discussion is so narrow, but a very huge knowledge system, and its ambition even attempts to cover everything. It is unique that such a huge system still needs to maintain a strong order and structure. But there is not only one knowledge system, so it is necessary to know what kind of knowledge system science is. The definition is given in the previous part, so skip a paragraph and discuss it again. People have long recognized that science is a social undertaking that benefits mankind, but its significance is further deepened with the development of the times. And this is also difficult for people who lack education to understand. How can the knowledge expressed in books be a social activity? It cannot be understood by others, nor can it be repeatedly verified by others. This is not knowledge in itself. Why should we emphasize its sociality? This is because science's understanding of knowledge is much stricter than others. No matter for wizards, religious people, civilians or scientists, knowledge refers to correct statements and correct predictions, that is, knowledge is what people think of as "truth". But only scientists examine "truth" very strictly. We should not only see whether its initial statement (usually called axiom) comes from intuition, experiment or good reason, but also carefully examine any details in the process of derivation and see if any conclusions it derives conflict with experiments or life experiences. And this series of work can not be done without scientific training, because there are scientific publications.
This requires education, the cooperation of many scientists, the understanding of the general public and the support from all sides. With the development of science, the higher the complexity of science, the stronger its sociality. "Close to the truth" emphasizes the characteristics of science. Compared with others, science emphasizes doubt and innovation most, because science is based on the premise of no foresight. At the same time, science attaches great importance to inheritance and reference! It is believed that all knowledge is people's understanding of the objective world. Although science pursues the unity of subjective world and objective world, after all, subjective world and objective existence are not the same thing. No matter how correct knowledge is, it is only close to the description of the world, not the description of the objective world. For example, the ideal gas model can describe oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide at normal temperature and pressure very well, because the linearity of these gas molecules is much smaller than the distance between them. Van der Waals' revision of the ideal gas model only approximately describes the real gas such as water vapor. Scientists knew from the beginning that their theories were similar, so they never expected that the conclusions drawn from their theories were not wrong with the real world. All knowledge is man-made and the product of the subjective world. Even if there are aliens, they may just be more evolved than the people on earth, and they will be wrong. The secret of nature exists in nature itself, and nature expresses itself with its own diverse characteristics, but it will not be clearly expressed in words through the mouth of God. It can be seen that the word "closest to the truth" not only emphasizes the rigor of science, but also emphasizes the significance of science to understanding the world. The attribute of "not including self-contradiction as much as possible" embodies the pursuit of perfection in science and emphasizes that science also has a process of growth. Ordinary people often make mistakes, so do great men. The most respected figures like Newton, Einstein and Marx also have wrong theories. Russell's works often describe the contradictions of great men. For example, Malthus, who advocated birth control, added three children in four years; Schopenhauer, who advocated inaction, was ecstatic about the late honor; Bacon, known as the originator of experimental science, did not know that Harvey, who treated him, invented the theory of great blood circulation. Even so, it is difficult to collect all the scientific contents of great men's wisdom without contradiction, and the bigger the system, the more difficult it is to be error-free, especially for new disciplines, which takes time to test. Any science has a mature process. In addition, with the development of the times, the original science may be an approximation in some cases, and there may be contradictions when it is infinitely promoted, and science will never pretend not to see it, but must solve this contradiction and make science develop forward. Relativity caused by Michelson's experiment, quantum mechanics caused by blackbody radiation experiment and mathematical revolution caused by Barber's paradox all developed after eliminating those contradictions. We talk about science, study science and apply science. What do we mean when we use the concept of "science"? It is necessary to make it clear. Science is a practical activity that unifies subjective knowledge with objective reality, a bridge to the expected goal and a link between reality and ideal. It can also be said that science is a practical activity to make subjective knowledge conform to objective reality (the original appearance of objective things, including real relations and changing laws) and create objective reality (things, conditions and environment) that conforms to subjective knowledge. This is the connotation of science. Science is a real attribute that conforms to objective reality, and it is an attribute that subjective understanding and objective reality can achieve concrete unity (whether science refers to science or not). The process of making subjective knowledge conform to objective reality and exploring and creating objective reality according to subjective knowledge is scientific research; Science and technology are methods, measures and means to create objective reality that conforms to subjective understanding (to achieve the expected goal); The practical activity of creating objective reality in line with subjective understanding is applied science; Subjective knowledge that conforms to objective reality is scientific knowledge; The universal law that accords with objective reality is scientific theory; For human beings, it is scientific discovery that reveals the true colors of objective and practical things for the first time; Changing reality to produce an objective reality that has never been seen before is a scientific invention; Thinking according to the actual relationship between objective things and objective laws is scientific thinking (logical thinking); Analyzing things and problems with scientific thinking methods is scientific analysis; The decision that can achieve the expected goal based on scientific analysis is a scientific decision; It is a scientific attitude to see whether subjective knowledge conforms to objective reality, to what extent, and whether objective reality can be created through repeated or universal practice tests and scientific thinking. Guiding personal behavior and social practice with a scientific attitude is scientific consciousness and spirit. A scientist is a person who has made major breakthroughs and innovations (major discoveries or inventions) in scientific practice. This is the basic viewpoint of dialectical materialism scientific view. Truth must be scientific, otherwise it can't achieve the expected purpose. The inequality of science is not equal to truth, which has achieved the expected purpose of killing, arson and war. Just applying science correctly may not be true, but it may also be a crime. Some people who only talk about science but don't tell the truth degenerate into criminals in society, and it is not uncommon to use high technology to carry out criminal activities. Drug manufacturing and trafficking is a typical case. Whether it is natural science or social science, we learn scientific knowledge, apply science and technology and develop scientific undertakings in order to achieve the expected goals. Only with this lofty goal can we create a high level of life value and pioneering spirit and realize the great development of mankind. Only in this way can we create high social benefits and promote the great development of social harmony. Only when scientists aim at creating a harmonious society and a harmonious world, or apply the function of science to practice and develop truth, can science become truth and become the real driving force to promote social development.
The scientific development of editing this paragraph needs a scientific attitude.
Only by correctly applying the law of harmonious development and science and technology can we achieve the expected goal of harmonious development. Because science contains many factors, the word science is widely used, and scientific numbers are used on different occasions.
It has different meanings, so it is difficult for people to define science in one paragraph. Just as it will be difficult, complicated and difficult to understand if a mathematical expression is used to reflect the trajectory of satellite launch and operation, it may be easier to realize if different mathematical expressions are used to reflect the trajectory of different stages. Now we might as well try to define science as follows: scientific activities refer to people's practical activities to explore the state, causes and laws of things' existence and change, as well as practical activities under the guidance of scientific knowledge and theory. Scientific knowledge refers to the knowledge that people truthfully describe the state, reasons and laws of things' existence and change through scientific activities. Scientific system refers to the theoretical system (knowledge system) formed by people logically combining relevant scientific knowledge. Scientific invention refers to people's practical activities and achievements in creating things that human beings have never experienced under the guidance of scientific knowledge and theory. The key to scientific activities lies in seeking truth and following objective laws, the key to scientific knowledge lies in truth, and the key to scientific system lies in solid knowledge and strict logic. The essence of science is "truth". The highly developed nervous system of human beings is the material basis and prerequisite for the emergence and development of science. Provide complete thinking functions such as feeling, memory, association, imagination, induction and reasoning. People's innate curiosity is the driving force behind the emergence and development of science. The reason why human beings engage in scientific activities and pursue scientific knowledge stems from the fact that human ability is insignificant compared with many things and cannot compete with it, so they can only go with the flow and act according to objective laws in order to survive and develop.
Edit this passage to understand.
To sum up, the average person's understanding of the word "science" may be understood as "the content of truth knowledge that represents reality that human beings have discovered" (specific scientific knowledge) or "the theory of scientific truth" (scientific theory system), or "how to find and distinguish methods called scientific knowledge and scientific theory" (scientific method and scientific spirit), which may also include philosophy of science. In fact, an eternal problem in the existence and development of science is the contradiction between standards and innovation. On the one hand, the emergence of scientific knowledge will inevitably form relevant standards for judging right and wrong. On the other hand, the process of scientific understanding is to break through science from the original standards.
Therefore, this process is bound to be restricted or suppressed by the original standards. This requires us to reflect on two kinds of scientific tragedies more deeply: one is the consequences caused by the implementation of wrong standards; The other is the humanitarian disaster caused by wanton innovation. Nie Wentao said in his speech "Appropriate Technology Training in Primary Hospitals": During the period from the implementation of the "limited carbohydrate" dietary standard for diabetes (John Rollo standard) to the re-implementation of the "high carbohydrate" standard (such as Peking Union Medical College Hospital standard), countless patients lost their health further because of the wrong dietary treatment for diabetes. How should the medical profession face such a situation? The strong shock caused by this speech is precisely because he raised a profound scientific ethics question. Stefan Zweig's two paragraphs in the original book The Right of Heresy: "(Castrio and Calvin) In this war, there is a much bigger and eternal problem of life and death." "Every country, every era, and every thoughtful person must determine the boundary between freedom and power many times. Because, if there is no power, freedom will degenerate into indulgence and chaos will follow; On the other hand, unless freedom is given, power will become tyranny. " These two paragraphs hide the following meanings: (1) All those who hold heretical views must prove their rights, or all those who oppose heretical views must provide evidence; (2) All people who hold heretical views need to prove their correctness without complaining about the previous social incomprehension. (3) The significance of the so-called scientific development lies in changing the original understanding of human beings. Therefore, the wrong choice is right, otherwise there will be no rationality of scientific exploration. Without standards, human nature may be lost; The mistakes implied in the standard itself may also be inhuman. Therefore, science is a social problem that transcends right and wrong itself.
Edit the lexical source of this paragraph.
The word "Xue" originated from ancient Chinese in China, which originally meant "the study of imperial examinations". Song Chen Liang's "Preface to Send Uncle Yunzhougao": "Since the rise of science, people who are scholars in the world have often been trapped in a one-day trip, and even died of old age." Science itself means classification, organization and projects, while learning means knowledge and learning. Therefore, when modern Japanese translated western works and English science, they quoted the word "science" in ancient Chinese in China, which means all kinds of knowledge and learning. The word "science" in English comes from the Latin word "scio", which later evolved into "scientin" and finally became the writing method today. Its original meaning is knowledge and learning. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a famous Japanese master of scientific enlightenment, translated "science" into "science". 1893, Kang Youwei introduced and used the word "science". Yan Fu also used the word "science" when translating scientific works such as Evolution. Since then, the word "science" has been widely used in China. The original meaning of science is systematic knowledge. I think maybe, in the19th century, science has become a very huge knowledge system. It is divided into many majors, and these majors are not related to each other like other knowledge. In addition to professional concepts, the basic concepts are the same, and the basic methods are the same. "Branch" means classification or hierarchy, so I think science is more suitable for "science". China's ancient classics about the origin of science are all information records about exploring the laws of science! Zu Chongzhi's ancient mathematical pi, Zhang Heng's seismograph, compass and compass in Han Dynasty, etc. , are typical medical achievements of Huangdi Neijing! It is a scientific masterpiece of ancient China society! But as far as the word science is concerned, it may still be imported! China's idiom "nameless" actually tells us that all books and biographies are records of ancient human and social science exploration in China! Since Sima Qian, historical records have been compiled according to biographies of historical figures, recording all identifiable historical records of written materials before the Han Dynasty! These are masterpieces of natural science and social science!
Edit the explanation of this paragraph.
Scientific. In many cases, as an adjective, it means "correct". Example: ① This method is very scientific; (2) scientific * * productism; ③ Scientific Outlook on Development.
Edit the scientific classification of this paragraph.
According to the different research objects, it can be divided into natural science, social science and thinking science, as well as philosophy and mathematics that generalize and run through the three fields. According to the different relationship with practice, it can be divided into theoretical science, technical science and applied science. According to the direct degree of human utilization of natural laws, science can be divided into natural science and experimental science. According to whether it is suitable for human goals, science can be divided into broad science and narrow science.
Classification of basic disciplines
1, humanities/social sciences, politics, economics, management, law, sociology, psychology, education, ethics, literature, aesthetics, art, logic, linguistics, history, military science, anthropology, archaeology, folklore, journalism, communication 2, natural science, physical chemistry, biology, astronomy, meteorology, architecture, geography, medicine, agriculture, psychology, informatics engineering. Thinking Science Mathematics Philosophy Psychology Computer Science
Branch discipline
Space science archaeoastronomy astrobiology, space chemistry, aerospace dynamics, astrometry, astronomy, astrophysics, solar system chemistry, galaxy astronomy, physics, cosmology, astrogeology, planetary science, solar astronomy, astrology, earth science, biogeography, climatology, coastal geography, geodesy, geography, geomorphology, geostatistics, geophysics. Study hydrogeology, mineralogy, meteorology, oceanography, paleoclimatology, paleontology, petrology, limnology, seismology, land science, volcanology, environmental science, environmental earth science, land science, life science anatomy, space biology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biology, biophysics, bioengineering, botany, cell biology, Phylogeny Classification Cytology Developmental Biology Ecological Embryology Epidemiology Animal Behavior Evolution (Evolutionary Biology) Evolutionary Developmental Biology Freshwater Biology Eugenics Genetics (Population Genetics, Genomics, protein Genomics) Histology, Immunology, Marine Biology, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Morphology, Neuroscience, Ontogenesis Virology, Zoology, Chemical Analysis, Chemical Chromatography, Spectroscopy, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Environmental chemistry, geochemistry, inorganic chemistry materials science, nanotechnology medicinal chemistry, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, organometallic chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacy, physical chemistry, electrochemistry, quantum chemistry, polymer chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, theoretical chemistry, computational chemistry, stereochemistry, thermochemistry, physics, acoustics, soil physical atoms, Molecular and optical physics biophysics calculation physics condensed matter physics low temperature physics dynamics fluid dynamics geophysical materials science mathematics physics nuclear physics optical particle physics (or high energy physics) plasma physics, polymer physics, thermodynamics, statics, solid physics, vehicle dynamics, social sciences, applied anthropology, religious anthropology, cultural anthropology, ethnography, ethnography, human development, human sexual behavior, experimental archaeology, archaeological anthropology, anthropolinguistics.
Psychology, Animal Archaeology, Economics, Overall Economics, Microeconomics, Behavioral Economics, Life Economics and Development Economics