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Luo Yin (833-909) was born in Zhejiang New Town (now Deng Xin Fu Yang). His original name was Heng Zi. Later, due to repeated trials, he changed his name to Yin and became Jiang Dongsheng. His great-grandfather and his great-grandfather both served as the county magistrate of Tang Fu, Fuzhou, and his father should also celebrate the opening ceremony and be the captain of Guichi. Luo Yin paid tribute at the age of 27. "Only 10 people have studied for a hundred generations." (Shen Song's Epitaph of Luo Guishi) Who knows that I took the exam ten times, but I came last ten times! "I took Geng Yin as my career 12 years, and watched people change" (preface to southern Hunan's application), "Hungry and cold, almost unlike ordinary people" (preface). In the following 16 or 17 years, "the East belonged to the country for its use" (supplemented by the History of the Five Dynasties), in addition to the hometown of Zhejiang, there were Shaanxi, Henan, Shanxi, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Anhui, Jiangsu and so on. , but they are "at loggerheads" (Biography of Luo Yin in the Spring and Autumn Period of Ten Kingdoms).
Luo Yin is known as "a gifted scholar in Jiangdong". Why is he always in a bad situation? This is because the employment system at that time was extremely corrupt, and the examination hall was dominated by powerful people, engaging in graft and cronyism. Luo Yin is an "isolated root on the left of the river" (for Zheng Shangshu's enlightenment) and "humble family background" (for Hunan's enlightenment), so he naturally has to sigh that "five-rank princes are old for no reason, and a fairy laurel is weathered" (autumn night in Chang 'an). "Supplement to the History of the Five Dynasties" said that he was "arrogant, especially hated by officials and ministers, so he could not be given the sixth place." It is reported that Tang Zhaozong wanted to take refuge in imperial academy. A minister objected on the spot: "Although seclusion is talented, it is easy. If you know the virtue of the emperor and are laughed at, how can you avoid it? " He also quoted Slander and Huaqing Palace as the basis: "The pavilions are full, and the songs are good in Kaiyuan. I also know that Desheng Yaoshun is fighting for Fei Yangxiao. " Hearing this, Zhao Zong cancelled his original plan (see the postscript of Yao Shilin's two books). It can be seen that Luo Yin's poems really hurt the hearts of the rulers. Even if they are angry, they are afraid, and naturally they are not allowed. Moreover, the "hegemony" sought by Luo Yin is actually the power of the separatist party's buffer region, and it is also arrogant, corrupt and useless. For example, Gao Pian, Huainan, who was famous for conquering the Huang Chao Uprising Army, is dominating the party at the moment, and Luo Yin is visiting for use, while Gao Pian is confused by the immortal theories of Lu Yongzhi, Zhang Shousheng and Zhuge Yin, which is cool and fantastic. The Exposition of Luo Yin's Writing Huainan Gaopian Building Yingxian County and Houtu Temple. He wrote poems on the wall and hung the sail at night. When Gao Pian knew this, he became angry from embarrassment and sent a boat to chase him.
Until the age of 55, the turning point finally came. Luo Yin, who has been away for most of his life, returned to Qiantang and defected to the southeast Hangzhou secretariat Qian Li → @ ①. Qian Li → @ ① Luo Yin was engaged, and please set up Qiantang County, which was hidden as Qiantang County Order. Two years later (902), Qian → @ ① became a knight, and Wang, Ai Di Tian → @ ② became a knight again (904). In the third year of Tianyu (②) (906), Luo Yin transferred to Sixun as a doctor, who was in charge of the military judge of Zhenhai Drug Rehabilitation Center. In the first year of Liang Kaiping (907) → @ 22 years, the host and the guest met like a duck to water. Almost all the memorabilia of governing the country, Qian's proclamations and recitations were written by Luo Yin. Wu Ying said, "This is an inherent admonition in the world. He roamed Wu Chu and retired at the call of the king of money. Its high-spirited spirit can shake mountains and rivers. " Yuan Ying called it "helping the country and benefiting Lebanon" ("Rebuilding Luo Zhao's admonition").
In September of the third year of Jingfu in Tang Zhaozong (893), Li Xi ú @ (1), the military defense ambassador of Wuwei, was appointed as the naval division of our military town and the observation and disposal ambassador of Zhejiang West Road. Li Xi ú @ (1) made Shen Song thank the grass, and declared that western Zhejiang was rich. Yin said, "After the war in western Zhejiang, we didn't have time to give money, and the ruling party in the imperial court was eager to pay bribes. This shows that we have no intention of asking for it. " Changed to: "elk often swim in cold weather, and there are no cattle and sheep at sunset." Speak for the people in southeast China with humorous language. When the court ministers saw it, they all said, "This Luo Yin is also a word." (Biography of wuyue and Luo Yin).
Luo Yin was grateful, tried his best to help, and made profound suggestions and dared to make comments. At that time, there were many taxes in wuyue, as small as chicken, fish and eggs. Fishermen in the West Lake pay a few pounds of fish to Qianwangfu every day, which is called "making house fish". Fishermen suffered greatly. Luo Yin wrote an article entitled "Pá n @ (3) River Fishing Map", saying: "When Lv Wang exhibited temples, who was more like a straight hook fishing country? If you are born on the West Lake, you must also provide fish for the house. " Qian Li → @ ① realized, "I am very satisfied with his logo" (ditto).
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms War, wuyue was relatively stable, which was caused by various subjective and objective reasons, and Luo Yin's assistance to Qian for 22 years also contributed.
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As a writer, Luo Yin has made outstanding achievements in both poetry and prose. In this regard, Li Ciming made a very pertinent evaluation: "Although Zhao Jian's poems are indecent in style, they are steep and straightforward, and the clank of the late Tang Dynasty is also full of vitality, just like his poems." ("Reading Records of Yue Maotang" VIII)
Luo Yin's works are abundant, but there are discrepancies in his books. Today, there are A&B Collection 10 and its addendum (Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty 1 0/volume), Apologize Book (5 volumes), Ghost Story of Guangling1volume, and two books 10, with preface. The rest are scattered.
There are about 500 poems by Luo Yin. Except for a few five-character seven-character poems and miscellaneous poems, they are basically modern poems, especially seven-character poems. Among them, of course, there are many works with implicit connotations, such as Cheng Wei meets an old friend. But more are sharp works that criticize the world and hate evil. The stormy times, tortuous experiences and unyielding personality make Luo Yin's poems full of integrity and lofty spirit. "Every article has words of joys and sorrows, and you must go" (Tongjiang poem is quoted from the last episode "Tiaoxi Fishing Hidden in Conghua"). His poems are argumentative, realistic and plain, which embodies the spirit of the new Yuefu in the mid-Tang Dynasty in the May 7-character poems, which is undoubtedly progressive.
A large number of Luo Yin's poems, by lamenting their own frustrations, reveal the drawbacks of the imperial examination and the decay of the employment system. The first "Qujiang Chun Qing" in A&B Collection is a lyric work after his last visit.
The river is full of flowers, and Jiangdong guests are at home.
Levin's drinkers are half dry, and the mountains are empty.
Xun also knows that he has not abandoned, and Hou men may not use talents.
A boat with a bright moon and a bamboo pole, who lives in the five lakes and returns. Because of his profound knowledge and rich experience, he had to retreat to all corners of the country. Isn't this a wonderful irony of the so-called "Yuefu has no hermits"? "Monkey People Give Zhu" satirizes the absurdity of the emperor's employment: "The trial period is in 12 or 3 years, and the smoke of the five lakes is contrary to it. If you learn to sacrifice to your grandson, the king will blush when you smile. " "Idle Notes of Shogunate Yan" contains: When Tang Zhaozong moved, only monkeys accompanied geisha artists. Monkeys are quite docile and can live with humans. Zhao Zong gave him a robe and a grandson to provide it. According to the Tang system, the five senses are shallow and the four officials are deep. A pretentious monkey juggler can give a senior official royal clothes and be awarded the title of servant of the emperor. However, a scholar with real talent and learning, 1923, left his hometown for Beijing and got nothing! The fatuity of the emperor and the corruption of the imperial examination have reached the point where it is hard to see.
Traveling from south to north, Luo Yin watched many vegetarian meals of redundant dead bodies, and he was also disgusted with the excessive rewards of senior officials and dignitaries. He condensed all this in his poem: "Doing or not doing health care is not health care, the post is a corpse, and the official is a gratitude." (Mao Zhai) In society, on the one hand, the rich live a luxurious life, on the other hand, "the humble alley is full of Artemisia, but who knows there are Yan Zi" (Qin Zhifu).
Luo Yin's brush strokes have also noticed the wider poor, and a poem about snow reveals the reality that the rich and the poor are close at hand:
Try your best to live a good year. What about a good year?
There are poor people in Chang 'an, but it is not advisable to be rich! (snow)
So what if there is a bumper harvest? Aren't you exploited more by the rulers? In the heavy snow, how many poor people without recourse will die of hunger and cold! For them, heavy snow is not so much a "disaster" as a "disaster", and it is better not to have too much. Putting deep indignation in cold irony is not only a mockery of the rich and the rich who live a luxurious life in a mansion, but also a sympathy for the poor who are rich and sorry, and a grievance against hunger and cold after years of running around. He lamented in "Sending the King and the Ambassador to Su Tai": "The struggle between the two places has intensified, and the elk has been lying in Suzhou for several years. Exhausted Meng @ (4) gave the whole family, and the old soldiers invaded too little. " There are frequent wars, heavy taxes and people's poverty. What will officials do when they see this? Observing people's feelings is beyond words.
Luo Yin's poems often satirize reality and lash out at the darkness by chanting things and history.
In poems about objects, Zhang Xianzhi either speaks frankly or symbolizes comparison and makes use of topics. He once used money to expose the greedy nature of the rich in Zhumen: "Zhumen is a wolf or a tiger, and half of it belongs to the king." ("Money") The poem "Money Flowers" satirizes this cruel and greedy behavior: "I can't bear to accompany Qiu Guang because of the reputation of trees. If you teach this thing to be worth storing, it should be done by giants. " If Huang Cancan's money can be collected like money, it will also be cut off by the rich and nobles. What a bitter irony!
People like to praise the majestic momentum of the Yellow River, but Luo Yin's poem "The Yellow River" expresses his feelings about the turbid and crooked Yellow River: "Don't lean on Ejiao, because it is difficult to understand fate. It is clear when you leave Kunlun. " As long as we compare it with history, we can find that the Yellow River written by Luo Yin is a vivid portrayal of the chaotic and dark reality in the late Tang Dynasty. At that time, evil spirits were in power, and things of seeking truth through songs were everywhere. Who can understand "providence"?
Luo Yin's poems about objects are not only used to expose rulers, but also to laugh at people attached to powerful people. There is a poem chanting incense: "You can eat white treasures when you sink into the water, and you can see the Jade House in spring when you smoke Boshan. Poor gentlemen do things for no reason. He is greedy for incense and forgets himself. " (Xiang) In order to win the favor of the powerful, he even risked his own life. Luo Yin gave it a contemptuous smile.
Eagle is a side of the vested interests who climb to the top: "Things change, weeds wither. Adjust to be an official, and be strict. The eyes are evil and the front is hidden, and the heart is thick and wants things. It is greasy recently and may be difficult to get rid of. " The goshawk, who was like a servant and military attache, refused to do its duty after eating, and it was not easy to drive it away. This can not help but remind people of those mediocre officials and vulgar people who get carried away and even put on airs with the change of social status.
Luo Yin didn't let go of those false hermits who were duplicitous. He laughed at the crane: "don't boast to others, you know there are always fish in your heart." ("Egret") Teasing cicada: "Today, the wind is so full, you should forget yourself." (cicada) in real life, aren't there many hypocrites who talk very high, but actually admire the power of official positions, or shameless people who talk high all day and forget their true colors?
It is another feature of Luo Yin's satirical poems to stab people by chanting history. Xue said that Luo Yin's "poems are famous all over the world, especially for chanting history" (History of the Old Five Dynasties). The so-called "long" does not necessarily mean a large number, but mainly refers to clever techniques and strong pertinence with reality. Luo Yin's epic often has the nature of historical theory, and there is a satire on reality in his chanting and discussing the success or failure of history. He said, "Try to compile the legacy of bamboo slips. Lonely as it is now. " (Ode to History) There are often many striking similarities in history. The mirror of history can often reflect the shadow of reality, and Luo Yin's epic poems obviously infected the color of the times in the late Tang Dynasty. He seldom intones the heroic figures who are all-powerful, and the magnificent scenes of the prosperous times, but mostly expresses his feelings at the time of national subjugation and the end of the world. Therefore, in addition to strong irony, his epic also has a strong sense of sadness.
What Luo Yin admires most is the rise and fall of the country. Indulge in the amusement life of "Lihua is the pet, Jiang ordered to win the cup and plate" and have no sympathy for political affairs. Even when the Sui soldiers attacked the lower city, they drank too much poetry and wine, and finally ended up with "I have a plan when the soldiers come, and I have a golden well hook" ("Taicheng"). Yang Di, Emperor Yangdi of Sui Dynasty, was also dissolute. "You forbear to flatten Kerwin Chen, only a few acres of land in Boleitang" (Yang Diling). How many profound lessons are there here!
Apart from Chen Houzhu and Yang Di, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, was also a notorious monarch of subjugation. Luo Yin wrote in Gusutai: "Let Gao Taibo lay the foundation stone, and the sage will see Yanling all his life. Because I haven't met my descendants, I worship Taiting as a beauty. " Taibo, the eldest son of Zhou, fled to the State of Wu to make way for his younger brother (Zhou Wenwang's father), and thus the state of Wu began its aristocratic demise. Later, Ji Zha, the son of Wu Gongzi, was hired to go to China to make friends with scholars. He once observed in Shandong and knew the rise and fall of other countries, so he was called a talented man. However, later generations did not inherit the good tradition of predecessors, and built pavilions and pavilions, which led to the demise of the country.
Luo Yin is not a "female curse" theorist. He pointed out that the surname is to vividly explain that the king of Wu died of debauchery, not to blame the surname. This is clearly expressed in the poem "Shi": "Why do Wu people blame the surname when the country rises and falls?" If Shi overthrew the State of Wu, who would be the loser of the State of Yue? "If Wu can be destroyed, then who contributed to the demise of Yue? This negates the saying that "women are the disaster of the country" and puts forward the view that the rise and fall of the country has its own "time". When the peasant rebels entered Chang 'an, Tang Xizong fled to Sichuan. To this end, Luo Yin wrote "Emperor Lucky for Shu": "Mawei Mountain is green and beautiful, and I am also lucky to see Shu coming back. A man should have something to say in the spring, so don't blame Yang Fei more this time. " Xie Aman, the queen of Xinfeng City, is very popular with Yang Guifei. This poem not only satirizes that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty made Yang Guifei a scapegoat during the Anshi Rebellion, but also forces Tang Xizong: What excuse can you find for fleeing to Sichuan this time?
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Luo Yin's prose can be represented by Acts. Mr. Lu Xun called it "almost all arguments for anger", which, like Pi Rixiu's and Lu Guimeng's essays, was "a mess of brilliance and sharpness" in the late Tang Dynasty (Lu Xun's essay crisis).
The Apology was first compiled in the spring of the eighth year of Xian Tong, Tang Yizong (867), with five volumes and sixty articles (there are 58 existing articles, two of which are missing), and Qing Ruan Yuan was listed in the bibliography of Four Treasures of the Study.
Strong satire is the remarkable feature of Revelation, with a wide range of themes and diverse techniques, which shows the author's superb artistic skills. What you have heard and heard, throughout the ages, are "slanderous people" ("preface to the book"), and all of them are interested in writing and have unique opinions.
Using historical themes to satirize reality is Luo Yin's most commonly used technique. He is good at revealing the essence of things through the analysis of phenomena. He not only affirmed Yao Shun's spirit of "showing future generations to be fair" from his "teaching without children" (san huang is good at his things, but Dan is not greedy), but also showed Yu Xia his intention of "being narrow-minded and taking what he needs" (making children high). From Liu Bang and Xiang Yu's rhetoric of "living in their place" and "replacing them", we can see their robber nature of "taking them according to their home country" (rhetoric), and from the fact that "the deer of Qin is absent, the world drives them", we can prove that the ruler's animal nature of "getting rid of virtue" (the deer of Qin) is concise.
Luo Yin paid special attention to summing up the historical lessons of rise and fall, in order to sound the alarm for the rulers in the late Tang Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was intoxicated with the sound of "Long live Dongshan" and "As for the poor people", which shows that "the call of the East Seal is not auspicious, but the misfortune of the British Lord" ("Hanwu Mountain Call"); The king of Wu "gave a staff to die, but P ǐ @ ⑺ used things", which led to the end of "crossing into Wu" (the legacy of Wu Palace), revealing the law that treacherous court officials are bound to make mistakes in the country if they are bad kings; The emperor's obsession with the lost building resulted in "respecting the monarch's grace and violating the monarch's power", which showed that indulging in the lost building would "refresh the monarch's morality" ("Fu on the Lost Building") ... These were highly realistic in the late Tang Dynasty when the emperor was decadent and the traitors used power.
What is worth noting is Luo Yin's creativity in the use of historical materials. He does not stick to some details recorded in ancient books, but chooses flexibly according to the needs of the theme. Some just start from a historical story and expand into a new story. For example, in Zuo Zhuan, Yan Zi ridiculed Qi Jinggong's "excessive punishment", which led him to "advance and retreat by business" and urged Qi Jinggong to "enter politics". The purpose of writing "Tale of Tales" was to allude to the chaotic political situation in the late Tang Dynasty; With Xie Huilian's "Snow Fu", Liang Wang's life is like snow. He perfunctory a novel "After Snow Fu", satirizing the secular villains who cling to everything by hook or by crook with the "falling" and "whiteness" of flying snow. Some slightly adapted the original story, highlighting a certain aspect, that is, they can have sex and become wonderful articles. Yue used the story of Biography of Maichen, but the object of criticism changed from Zhu's wife, who could not be content with poverty, to "being proud of women", and bitterly mocked the feudal bureaucrats for talking about "conquering the monarch" and "saving the people and saving things" in times of peace and prosperity, but "dismissing" when they were rich, which was more social significance. The author breaks through the shackles of traditional ideas, puts forward that "the Duke of Zhou is suspicious", praises "Uncle's opportunity is ahead" (Uncle's Monument), and affirms that Mi Fei and Ruan Ji are "fickle people" in the declining era of "a gentleman is like a guest and a minister is like a leopard and tiger" (Crazy Life in Syria). What I did was to reverse my conviction, but it was well-founded and convincing, and it was self-evident to borrow the meaning of the past to satirize the present.
It is also an important means for Luo Yin to criticize current politics and satirize reality with fables. With keen observation, he summed up their respective characteristics from people who listen to rumors and abuse their powers, arrogant and ostentatious people, important officials and powerful people, dangerous and treacherous people who kill each other, greedy and snobbish people. Through artistic exaggeration, he invented many fables, created vivid artistic images and achieved strong satire. The "neighbor" who specializes in "rebellion" reminds people of an ugly image (stone) of a detained person who deceives his superiors and deceives his subordinates and creates troubles; Talking about Kan Kan in the dark, the "servant" who "silences" when someone enters the candle is a wonderful portrayal of feudal bureaucrats who are peaceful and prosperous, and who are not officials (afraid of fame). These fables are eloquent, warning and practical, profound in meaning, evocative and thought-provoking, which embodies the author's superb satirical ability and is in the same strain as Liu Zongyuan's fable spirit.
It is another irony of Luo Yin's theory that "love must be done when it is stabbed, but things must not be forgotten when it is admonished" (Song Shen's "Rogge's Epitaph"). Ode to Autumn Insects is obviously a criticism of the feudal society that "those who steal the hook are punished, and those who steal the country are princes" ("Zhuangzi Q ū ū @"), and it is a warning to the unstable regime in the late Tang Dynasty; "Cricket Poetry" expresses the feelings of depression, grief and indignation, uses things to describe people, and exposes the social reality of evil success and moral oppression. Others, such as Ping Fu, bemoan the treacherous court official's being in power, The Picture of God and Sheep bemoan that there is no upright person in the DPRK, Wu Jie Ding Meng implies that Li Tang will "reverse his deeds" and "the people will understand", and Yue Xie Shen insinuates that Tang Yun will be exhausted with "Zhou Dao will die". , or entrust poetry and fu to see words.
There are some works about Chen Qi in Acts. Among them are the exposure of bad policies and habits (please chase them for nearly four days), Dai Junxun, Market Furniture, sharp accusations against the world (carving fishing platforms and puppets), criticism of the rebellion in the buffer region (Jia Zi picks up the years) and cries for changing reality. Affection is not suitable for talents (the Tao is not in people, good and evil need people), and there is contention for vulgarity (the first book, a friend of Helan, ordered by Lu Shengdong). The praise of the virtuous minister and good general lashes the darkness of society from another side and satirizes the ugly reality (Monument to Mr. Mei, Doctor's Intention, Stone Story). These chapters are incisive, refreshing, lyrical and inspiring.
As a collection of essays, Chanshu is flexible and diverse in style, short and pithy, with narration, interpretation, explanation, metaphor, doubt, topic, poem, fu, book, preface, sparseness, antithesis, monument and hanging, and all kinds of styles are handy and easy to use. The language is sharp, pungent and aggressive, just like a dagger throwing a gun, and its edge is unstoppable.
Two books * * * ten articles, divided into two volumes. "Chongwen Mu Zong" says: "The ten works by Cai Kong and Raul, with Lao Zi's theory of self-cultivation as the inside and Confucius' way of governing the country as the outside, will have the same effect. Chao said in Reading in a Village in the County: "Laozi keeps in good health and Confucius teaches the world. This is implicit, because this book has five chapters inside and outside. Anyone who says that' two books have the same name' takes the meaning of both. The General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu says: "It will be different to take Jin people in the name of two people. "In fact, the two books are theoretical works that express political ideals from a philosophical perspective. The so-called "two similarities", in the current words, is the unity of opposites. There are two meanings: (1) The theories of Laozi and Confucius were originally contradictory, but the first five articles of the two books were attributed to Laozi's words, and four of the last five articles were attributed to Confucius' words. The author tries to explain that self-cultivation and self-cultivation are different on the surface, but they are intrinsically related. The former is the foundation of the latter, and the latter is the purpose of the former. In this sense, the theories of Laozi and Confucius are both opposite and unified in some aspects, so they are called "two similarities". (2) Every article in the two books discusses a problem from two opposite aspects. The dignity, strength, gains and losses, respect for slowness and thickness of the first volume, and the confusion, gains and losses, authenticity, similarities and differences, love and hatred of the second volume all show that there are differences and internal relations between the two sides. The key to the decision lies in whether the word "benevolence" can be satisfied, and benevolence is expensive, strong, beneficial, respectful and thick, otherwise it is mean, weak, damaging and slow. Governing the country with "benevolence" means reason, virtue, truth, similarity and love, otherwise it is chaos, loss, falsehood, difference and hatred. It turns out that Luo Yin "shared" some viewpoints of Laozi and Confucius based on benevolence. In essence, he brought some of Laozi's theories into the track of Confucianism and served the propaganda of Confucian political theory.
As argumentative essays, each of the two books has a clear point of view, full reasoning, sharp language and strong logic, and always shines with outstanding ideological brilliance, which not only has strong practical significance at that time, but also has certain reference function at present.
Others such as preface, record, enlightenment, theory, monument, table, inscription, form, biography and so on. , are also written with sound and emotion, so I won't go into details here.
Needless to say, Luo Yin's poetry has its limitations and shortcomings. The author only opposes things that do not conform to the political norms and moral standards of feudal society He clearly advocated "criticizing" and "appealing" to the peasant uprising, and his comments on some things were biased. However, Luo Yin's poems are still a very valuable literary heritage, which deserves our careful study and reference.
Defendant: Liu Weisheng.