The basic requirements of an argumentative essay are: correct viewpoints, serious generalization, practical significance, and proper comprehensive use of various expressions; The basic requirements of argumentation are: true and reliable, fully typical; The basic requirement of argument is that reasoning must be logical.
When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. You can put forward a general argument first, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions. This way of writing is called total score, which is commonly used by middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step, which is a difficult way to write. It also requires the author to compare two different things in the opposite way, and then draw a conclusion, which is comparative writing.
Argumentative essay type: 1, independent essay 2, refuting essay.
Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argument.
Write an opinion according to the topic and explain it. Persuasive ability is very important, and three elements are indispensable. Take a closer look at the following, and you can try to write more in the future to make progress in your composition. In addition, famous sayings, aphorisms and celebrity examples should be registered in order to be better used in the composition.
(1) argument
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the viewpoint to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is also the viewpoint and proposition to be expressed by the author. When reading an argumentative essay, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.
(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper.
(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, or at the middle or end of the article. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the paragraph argument.
(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.
(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:
① correctness. The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, and the correct reflection of objective things depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even a lie, then no matter how it is argued, it can't be convincing. Therefore, the correct argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.
② Significance. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.
3 novelty. Arguments should be as original and profound as possible, and can transcend other people's views. They should not repeat other people's cliches, nor should they be irrelevant and superficial. They should be as novel and unique as possible.
Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments.
(2) arguments
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.
(2) Types of arguments: ① factual materials (factual arguments) ② theoretical materials (theoretical arguments).
(1) As the factual material of the argument, it can be A. Specific cases B. Summarized facts C. Statistical data D. Personal experiences and feelings.
(2) As theoretical materials for argument, it can be A. The classic works and wise sayings of predecessors B. Folk proverbs and sayings C. Scientific axioms, laws and so on.
(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself.
② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things.
(3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related. (3) Demonstration
(1) What is argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. The argument of argument is to solve "what to prove", the argument is to solve "what to prove" and the argument is to solve the problem of "how to prove". The self-purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between argumentation and argumentation.
(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.
(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments;
(2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with strong arguments. Argumentation and refutation are proofs, one is to prove oneself right from the front, and the other is to prove oneself wrong from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.
(3) Common argumentation methods mainly include the following:
Illustration: give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; (Function: Demonstrate opinions concretely and forcefully, and enhance the persuasiveness of the article)
B. Reasoning: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and epigrams from domestic and foreign celebrities, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; (Function: Strongly demonstrate opinions and enhance the authority and persuasiveness of the article)
C comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove arguments in comparison; (Role: Highlight the point of view and be impressed)
D. Metaphorical argument: use analogy with familiar things to prove the argument. (Function: vividly demonstrate the point of view, so that the article is easy to understand and accept.) In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "spear belt, shield belt attack" and "reduction to absurdity" are often used. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.
E Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, including quotes, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes, anecdotes and so on. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.
(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute an argument, namely, ① refuting an argument, ② refuting an argument, and ③ refuting an argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of arguments, arguments and arguments, refuting arguments or arguments has the same effect as directly refuting arguments. A rebuttal paper can combine several rebuttal methods to strengthen the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.
(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting.
(2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument.
(3) Refuting the argument, that is, exposing the logical errors of the other party in the process of argument, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and so on. Fourth, the argumentative structure.
1. The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze problems (theory) and solve problems (conclusion).
It can be divided into two categories.
A. vertical style: discuss the structure step by step.
B. horizontal style: parallel expanded discourse structure
For example:
There is a kind of "general-sub-theory-general" style, which first puts forward the argument, then expounds it from several aspects and finally summarizes it;
There is a style of "general theory-divided theory", which first puts forward arguments and then demonstrates them from several aspects.
There is a style of "divided theory-general theory". The things to be discussed are always analyzed in several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn.
In a word, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.
Common exam questions:
(1) Find out the arguments and summarize them.
(2) Argument function (providing arguments or sub-arguments)
Specifically, such as:
(1) Factual argument: Demonstrate the viewpoint truly and forcefully.
(2) Theoretical argumentation: enhance the persuasiveness of the article and reflect the characteristics of accurate and rigorous language.
(3) Comparative demonstration: through the comparison between A and B, highlight the point of view. Prove this point more forcefully.
(4) Metaphorical argument: use the analogy of A to B to make the viewpoint vivid and easy to understand.
The specific context should be analyzed concretely.
(3) supplement the arguments according to the arguments (function: make the arguments more comprehensive, powerful and universal)
(4) Anti-inference point
(5) Analyze whether the arguments used in the paragraph are appropriate (query: attribute, comprehensiveness, typicality and echo relationship)