Induction of Chinese knowledge points in junior one.
Common sense of literature
Warm memory and rational criticism of morning flowers and night gathering
Flowers in the morning and flowers in the evening are a collection of reminiscence essays written by Lu Xun, formerly known as "Coming Back to Life". "Dogs hate and hate cats? Cat? Rats; Chang and Shan Hai Jing by Teacher Zhang; Criticize the hypocrisy and cruelty of feudal filial piety; Wu Canghui showed the shadow of feudal paternalism; Depicting impermanence, superstition and intoxicating messengers in legends; " From "Hundred Herbs Garden" to "Three Ponds Printing the Moon" —— About childhood: exposing the quack's "father's disease"; Notes describing the evil and disgusting image of YanTaitai; Mr. Fujino, the Japanese teacher who appreciates Lu Xun most; Fan Ainong, a fellow countryman friend who was down and out all his life. Flowers in the morning and flowers in the evening combine memories of the past with real life, which fully shows the author's great enthusiasm for caring about life and reforming society.
Camel Xiangzi: The Bitter Story of Old Beijing rickshaw pullers (Lao She)
Main content: The novel tells the bitter story of an ordinary rickshaw driver. Xiangzi is honest, strong and patient, like a camel. Three ups and downs, Xiangzi lost confidence in life. By the end of the novel, Xiangzi became a numb, down-and-out, cunning, taking advantage, eating and drinking, gambling and giving up on himself. The novel criticizes the society that doesn't let good people have a way out.
Reading feelings: ① Through the changes of Xiangzi, he criticized this dark society mercilessly; (2) The novel shows us a striking figure painting, a world picture with a strong old Beijing style; (3) He is good at mobilizing various techniques to shape characters, and has strong artistic appeal; (4) The creative use of Beijing residents' spoken language makes the popular and simple language vivid, fresh, lively and powerful, full of national style and local characteristics.
Character image-typical plot-personality characteristics;
Xiangzi: Honest, robust, persevering, self-respecting and hardworking; Numb, down and out, cunning, easy to take advantage of, give up on yourself.
Tigress manages factory workers and boldly pursues Xiangzi who is bold, provocative and a little abnormal. Si Liu is cruel and overbearing.
How steel is tempered-the banner of idealism and the textbook of life
Author: Nicholas? Ostrovschi (former Soviet Union)
Main character: Paul? Kochakin: Stubborn, full of youthful vigor, fearless, determined and convinced of the cause of capitalism, he was a capitalist fighter who grew up under the training and education of revolutionary struggle.
Main content: with the protagonist Paul? Kochakin's life experience is a clue. It shows the vast historical picture of Soviet Russia from 19 15 to 1930 and the people's hard struggle life. It was in the melting pot of revolution that he grew from a working child to a proletarian soldier.
Typical plot: ① The Soviet Red Army fought with gangsters in Petriula; (2) the process of casting "steel"; Paul gave up the idea of suicide.
Enlightenment or sentiment: This novel makes us understand the meaning of life, and let us learn to face the hardships of life with a correct attitude, and meet the challenges of life with an iron will and tenacious struggle spirit!
Induction of Chinese knowledge points in junior one.
Rhetoric:
1, metaphor: make the language vivid and increase the color of the language. Turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete image.
2, personification: write things into adults, so that the language image is vivid. Give things human form and emotion (personification), describe vivid images and express rich meanings.
3, parallelism: enhance the language momentum, strengthen the expression effect. The narrative is thorough and detailed; Good at lyric.
4. exaggeration: highlight something or emphasize a certain feeling. Set off the atmosphere, enhance the appeal and enhance the association; Create an atmosphere, reveal the essence and inspire people.
5. Rhetorical question: it plays an important role and enhances the positive (negative) tone.
6. Questioning: Ask yourself and answer yourself, ask questions, and arouse readers' attention and thinking.
7. Duality: make the language concise and neat, and have a sense of music; Lyric and hearty; Easy to recite and remember.
8. Repetition: Repeated emphasis is impressive; Writing about scenery is lyrical and infectious; Connect the front with the bottom and distinguish the levels.
Note: The functions of various rhetorical devices (methods) are simply given above. When answering questions, be sure to combine the specific content to avoid being empty.
Structural layout:
Layout planning skills: cut to the chase, echo from beginning to end, show great plans, pave the way, deepen layer by layer, over-spread, set clues; Compact structure and complete symmetry; Lift the ground and take care of it; Set suspense, create waves, connect and merge, and have twists and turns. Whether the relationship between materials and the center is properly handled and whether the primary and secondary details are appropriate; Whether the materials are typical, authentic, novel and powerful.
Narrative texts are often arranged according to the passage of time, the transformation of space, the change of scenes and the logical order of thinking. The clues of prose conception generally include: taking emotion as the clue; Take reason as a clue; Take things as clues; Take spatial location as a clue.
Clarify the function of sentences in different positions in the text from the structure;
1, the first sentence-lead out the full text, outline and lead out the following to pave the way for the following;
2, the last sentence-summary of the full text, deepen the theme, take into account the above, echo before and after, meaning endless, memorable.
3, into a sentence-connecting the preceding with the following, transition, undertaking the above, leading to the following;
4. Central sentence-point out the center and reveal the main idea;
5, the finishing touch-point out the center of the full text and lead the full text; The sentence is profound, thought-provoking and enlightening after reading.
6, emotional sentences-express strong inner feelings, express your chest directly;
7. Contradictory sentence-it is self-contradictory literally, but the author has profound meaning. Reveal profound connotations and express profound opinions.
The structural characteristics of narrative (prose);
(1) Organize materials in chronological order or in the order of occurrence and development of events.
(2) according to the transformation of observation points to arrange material, such as my castle in the air.
(3) Arrange the materials according to the layout of the site, such as "Visiting Ancient Inner Mongolia".
(4) Arrange the structure according to the nature of materials, such as "trivial memories".
⑤ Arrange the materials according to the author's cognitive process or emotional changes. Like litchi honey.
⑥ Arrange materials according to what the author has seen, heard, felt and thought as writing clues.
Analyze the meaning of the sentence from the way of expression;
Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.
Explanation: when expressing ideas in words, there is a problem of methods or means, which people are used to calling expression.
For example, narration, description and lyricism are the main factors, and argumentation and explanation are the main factors.
1, the discussion in narrative often plays the role of finishing touch, revealing the purpose and significance of narrative;
2. Narratives in argumentative essays often play the role of illustrations;
3. The description and writing style in the explanatory text have played a role in making the works more vivid.
4. The writing method of alternating narration and discussion makes the explanation and discussion of the article relaxed and lively, and it is both interesting and enlightening to read. The narrative in the article serves the discussion, which is based on narrative and provides factual basis for the discussion, making the argument well-founded and convincing.
Induction of Chinese knowledge points in junior one.
Punctuation:
1, five uses of quotation marks: ① table quotation ② table irony or negation ③ table specific title ④ table emphasis or emphasis ⑤ special meaning.
2. Five uses of dashes: ① table annotation; ② table insertion; ③ table sound interruption; ④ table topic change; ⑤ table meaning change.
3. Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the contents of the table; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; 4 emotional contradictions; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking is in progress.
Ten common writing skills:
Symbol, contrast, foil, contrast, foreshadowing, care (echo), direct (indirect) description, promotion and suppression (to promote first, to suppress first), lyrical with scenery, metaphorical with things.
Symbol expresses the essential characteristics of a person and a social phenomenon through the concrete image of a certain feature. Example: Haiyan symbolizes the image of a proletarian revolutionary pioneer with great wisdom and courage.
Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing, and highlight the main features of the main thing or thing. Example: Haiyan compares the tall image of Haiyan with the cowardly images of sea ducks, seagulls and penguins, highlighting the distinctive characteristics of Haiyan's courage and courage to fight.
The main features of ontology are set off from two angles. Example: Praise for Poplar begins with a description of the growth environment of poplars-the majestic northwest plateau, which sets off the tall image of poplars standing proudly.
Lyricism by borrowing scenery is to express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes.
For example, from "Hundred Herbs Garden" to "San Tan Yin Yue", the article vividly depicts the colorful scenery of the Hundred Herbs Garden and the boring life scene in "San Tan Yin Yue" from different angles and levels, showing the author's thoughts and feelings of loving nature, enjoying a free and happy life and being dissatisfied with feudal education that restricts children's physical and mental development.
Metaphor is used to describe things, highlight the characteristics of things, and express the author's noble thoughts and sentiments with metaphor. Example: Praise of the Poplar compares the northern soldiers and civilians with poplars, and compares the tenacious spirit of the northern soldiers and civilians fighting bloody battles for the liberation of China with the characteristics of poplars' integrity, simplicity, seriousness, honest and frank and striving for the upper reaches.
First suppress and then promote, first deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and internal meaning of things, then affirm and praise things, and emphasize the characteristics of things more prominently. Example: Praise poplars. Say poplars are not "good women" first, and then praise them as "good husbands", which highlights the external image and internal charm of poplars.
Some commonly used terms (questions) in test paper topics;
1. Answer what is the function of something in the article, which can be considered from three aspects. The first is the content, such as deepening the theme and emphasizing feelings; Second, the structure, such as transition and echo; Third, language, such as fascinating and lively.
2, ideological-basically refers to the central idea or theme of the article.
3, thoughts and feelings-the ideological tendency of the author or the characters in the work, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and blame, etc.
Extracurricular reading refers to reading content other than textbooks (teaching materials). No matter what you read in class or after class.
4, sentiment-refers to the heartfelt feelings, understanding, sentiment, etc.
5. Writing skills-candidates should be clear that the narrow sense of writing skills is "expression", and the broad sense of writing skills refers to all the skills of writing articles, such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, symbol, straight to the point, and expression of will.
6. Means of expression-in a broad sense, it is a special sentence organization method used by the author in writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings.
By analyzing a work, we can grasp its special performance from point to surface. First of all, there are many rhetorical skills in words and sentences, including metaphor, symbol, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, contrast, personification, allusions and so on. When grasping its expressive techniques as a whole, we should pay attention to different styles of works: lyric prose has rich and colorful expressive techniques, such as borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining cadence and symbolism, etc. Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc. Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, analogy reasoning, etc. Novel description, comparison, bedding and reference, suspense and interpretation, real writing and imaginary writing.
The analysis of expression is a very general topic. Pay attention to the requirements of solving complete geographical problems when answering questions, and answer them concisely and accurately. For some topics, such as appreciating writing skills, we should accurately grasp the context, theme and genre style of the article, choose the most important answer, and don't have to cover everything, such as the types of techniques used to create characters in novels, such as the types of techniques used to express emotions in prose, and try our best to get scores.
7. Note: You should know some common procedures (sentence patterns), such as what is embodied, what is emphasized, what is strengthened, what is created, what is expressed, what is deepened, and what is clear about the theme.
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