(A) the development of regional economy is to optimize the allocation and combination of production resources in a certain space (region) in order to obtain the maximum output, which is our purpose of developing regional economy. However, the production resources are limited, but the limited resources can be optimally combined in the region to obtain as much output as possible. It is precisely because of different theories, different views on the focus and layout of resource allocation in the region and different choices of resource allocation methods that the economic development of various regions is extremely unbalanced. To realize the sustainable development of regional economy, we must attach great importance to tapping regional characteristic resources, giving full play to regional unique advantages, building local brands and realizing multi-industry development, so as to be invincible in the torrent of economic development. How to build a regional brand should be considered from the following aspects:
First, tap the regional cultural characteristics and establish a brand.
To study the economy of a place, we need to study its culture. By excavating the deep connotation of regional culture, it provides a profound theoretical basis for the sustainable development of regional economy. When we examine the cultural traditions of a specific region from the perspective of geographical space, we will find that the personality characteristics of groups in a specific cultural region are basically the same. The similar group character we perceive is the regional cultural character. "Regional cultural character is a tendentious and stable psychological feature shared by most people living in a certain cultural area." Compared with cultural tradition, regional cultural character is a deeper historical accumulation, which reflects the general and stable psychological trend and value orientation of people in a specific cultural area, and constitutes a distinctive feature that distinguishes this group from other cultural areas. It was formed under the background of a certain regional cultural tradition, closely linked with a specific cultural region, and influenced by geographical environment, economic structure, political system and the spread of foreign cultures. In the historical process of regional economic development, all kinds of "economic systems" are always immersed in the Wang Yang sea of cultural environment. In this cultural environment, everyone abides by the rules, customs and behavior patterns of his own group. "This has formed different regional cultural characteristics and played an important role in its economic development. Because of the strong inertia of regional culture, it has promoted the regional economy and has the impulse to return to traditional customs. This cultural inertia has a positive impact on the economy.
Yiwu, a typical economic city in central Zhejiang, has developed from a hawker's burden of "chicken feathers for sugar" to today's international small commodity fair and "the first city in China" by relying on the culture of "chicken feathers for sugar"; Today's Yongkang "China Science and Technology Hardware City" can be found that ancient Yongkang people were good at casting weapons and cauldrons. In the impression of ordinary people, Yongkang people are blacksmiths who run around shoulder to shoulder, specializing in making hip flask, tableware and other daily necessities. Therefore, this spiritual culture of Yongkang people has created today's "China Science and Technology Hardware City" ... All these regional economic developments have their profound cultural origins.
Regional culture affects the quality and concept of workers, creates a unique atmosphere, and thus guides the benign development of regional economy. The economic development of a region cannot imitate other people's models. Only by studying the cultural background of this area can we really develop the economy of this area. Because a market and a product can be imitated, but the "character" of a region and a person's spiritual culture can't be imitated.
Second, tap the regional characteristics and establish a brand.
The geographical characteristics of a region should be considered from the aspects of geographical location, traffic conditions and natural resources.
1. Geographical location, especially economic geographical location, reflects the spatial relationship between the studied object and the surrounding things with economic significance and is one of the most important factors affecting regional economic development. For example, Tianjin and Qinhuangdao are both port cities. As far as the natural conditions of the port are concerned, Tianjin is easy to deposit and freeze in winter, and the port conditions are not as good as Qinhuangdao. But the geographical position of Tianjin is much superior to Qinhuangdao. It is not only the mouth of Haihe River, but also the closest place to the sea in Beijing, with the agricultural developed North China Plain as its hinterland and economic support. Therefore, Tianjin has been able to rise and develop since Beijing established its capital in history. Although Qinhuangdao has good port conditions, due to its poor geographical location, Kailuan coal mine developed into an export port of coal only after mining.
2. Geographical location is closely related to traffic conditions. From a global perspective, Singapore is one of the typical cities that have developed thanks to good traffic conditions. Because it is located at the eastern end of the Malacca Strait, the world's shipping artery, it has developed into a world-famous container transportation port and entrepot trade center. Judging from China's domestic regional economic situation, coastal areas have adapted to the needs of opening up and international trade development and developed rapidly because of their superior geographical location and convenient transportation, especially convenient shipping conditions. As for the central and western regions, they are generally inferior to the eastern coastal regions in terms of geographical location and traffic conditions, so the economic development of these regions is relatively slow.
3. Natural resources refer to natural environmental factors and conditions that can generate economic value and improve the current and future welfare of human beings under certain time and technical conditions. Natural resources include mineral resources, water resources and forest resources. The endowment of natural resources, whether rich or poor, plays an important role in the speed and level of economic development. Areas with abundant natural resources that can be fully utilized generally have relatively developed economies. The most fundamental reason why Gulf countries in West Asia can become relatively rich regions in the world is that they have a large number of oil resources. The vast area in western China is rich in coal, oil and other mineral resources, which will promote the economic development of the western region to a certain extent, and may become the material basis for narrowing the gap between the eastern and western economic development levels. But at the same time, we should also see that the serious shortage of water resources may seriously restrict the economic development of the western region.
In a word, the overall location conditions composed of geographical location, traffic conditions and natural resources affect and restrict the development of regional economy. The difference of location conditions in different regions is the fundamental reason for the imbalance of regional economic development. But the advantages and disadvantages of location can be changed, and the role of location factors is relative. Generally, it only has great influence in the early stage of regional economic development. With the development of regional economy, the influence and role of regional economic policies on regional economic development will be even greater. Of course, regional economic policies themselves will also affect and form new regional advantages. Location advantage is on the one hand, how to find and tap the advantages of this region is on the other hand, and the potential of talents is also a factor that can not be ignored in regional economic development.
(2) The western region should have faster economic development.
The eastern region is the earliest region where China started its reform and opening up. It has formed a multi-level, all-round and wide-ranging opening-up pattern, and its economic development has always maintained a high speed. Remarkable progress has been made in the adjustment of industrial structure, technological structure and enterprise organizational structure, and the framework of socialist market economy has basically taken shape. It is necessary to maintain the development momentum of the eastern region without weakening its development vitality.
(1) Further intensify reform and play an exemplary role in system reform and mechanism innovation. Since the reform and opening up, the ownership structure in the eastern region has undergone great changes. Generally speaking, the proportion of state-owned economy has shrunk, and the non-state-owned economy has developed rapidly, which has significantly increased its contribution to economic growth. For example, 1995, foreign-funded enterprises in Tianjin and Shanghai account for 30% and 27.5% of the total industrial output value of towns and above in the city, and 4 1.3% and 24.5% of the total industrial output value in Fujian and Guangdong provinces are created by Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan-funded enterprises respectively. The development of non-state-owned economy not only shows the diversification of economic subjects in the eastern region, but also shows that it is at the forefront in the process of system transition and marketization. The report of the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that it is an important task of economic system reform to continue to adjust and improve the ownership structure and further liberate and develop the productive forces. The eastern region should adhere to the principle of "three benefits", seek truth from facts, emancipate the mind, continue to promote the adjustment of ownership structure, and liberate and develop productive forces to the maximum extent. The state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development. As far as the whole country is concerned, it is different in some places and industries.
(2) Further opening to the outside world and participating in the international division of labor and economic cycle at a higher and deeper level. The opening up of the eastern region should be based on the new situation and inject new content. First, on the basis of maintaining the export advantage of labor-intensive products, vigorously expand the export of high-tech mechanical and electrical products, realize the upgrading of export product structure, and increase the substitution of technical factors for labor factors in the development of export-oriented economy; Second, the strategic focus of introducing foreign capital will shift to introducing more multinational companies to improve the international competitiveness of enterprises and promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure; Third, while doing a good job of "bringing in", we should seize the opportunity of "going abroad" to invest and set up factories overseas, promote the export of equipment, technology and labor services, and play a greater role in participating in the international division of labor and international economic cycle in the Asia-Pacific region; Fourth, continue to play the role of "window" and "radiation" of special economic zones and coastal open cities, especially to further accelerate the development and opening up of Pudong New Area in Shanghai and the construction of Suzhou Industrial Park, and encourage these areas to continue to take the lead in institutional innovation, industrial upgrading and opening up, so as to play a demonstration, radiation and driving role for the whole country.
(3) Further adjust and optimize the economic structure and continue to play a leading role in economic development. After nearly 20 years of rapid development, the total economic output of the eastern region has reached a considerable scale, but structural problems have become more and more prominent. To maintain sustained and high-speed economic growth, we must vigorously adjust and optimize the economic structure to support economic development with a more reasonable economic structure that adapts to the law of industrial evolution. It is necessary to fundamentally change the current situation of low product structure level, low overall technical equipment level, high product energy and material consumption, backward product performance and lack of market competitiveness, put accelerating scientific and technological progress in the key position of economic restructuring, speed up the development of industries and products with high scientific and technological content, high added value and strong support for economic growth, strive to improve the international competitiveness of industries, and make use of international and domestic markets and resources to develop an export-oriented economy, and promote the optimization of economic structure and the improvement of national economic quality. At present, in particular, we should vigorously develop emerging industries and high-tech industries represented by electronic information industry, promote the informationization of the national economy, and promote the technological progress of traditional industries; Relying on national key construction projects, promote the combination of manufacturing and using departments, science and technology and production units, vigorously promote the localization of equipment industry and promote industrial upgrading. It is necessary to encourage the development of the tertiary industry, open up new fields of employment, and solve problems such as the increase of laid-off workers in structural adjustment. Special attention should be paid to the development of tertiary industry sectors such as finance, insurance, intermediary services and information consultation that serve production.
(4) to further accelerate the process of industrialization and modernization, where conditions permit, we should take the lead in basically realizing modernization. In the economic development in the past 20 years, the growth rate of the eastern region has been ahead of that of the central and western regions, and the goal of quadrupling the economy has been achieved ahead of schedule. Especially in the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta, as well as in some areas around Bohai Bay, economic development is in a leading position in the eastern region. For example, 1995, Shanghai's per capita GDP has reached 3,000 US dollars, and some areas in the Pearl River Delta and Bohai Rim are also close to this level. By 2000, it is expected to reach 5000 dollars, which is basically close to the average level of moderately developed countries at that time. In the process of accelerating industrialization and modernization, the eastern region should especially focus on solving the urbanization problem. The process of urbanization in China lags behind industrialization, which is only about 30% at present, which is not only lower than the level of 80-90% in developed countries, but also lower than the level of 40% in developing countries. With the rapid development of township enterprises in the east, the common development mode of "lighting every village, smoking everywhere" is not suitable for the basic national conditions of China with a large population and little arable land resources. The eastern region should actively explore the urbanization road suitable for China's national conditions, overcome the tendency of separation of urbanization and industrialization, adapt urbanization and industrialization, and speed up the modernization process.
The central and western regions should speed up reform, opening up and development.
Since the reform and opening up, the development of the central and western regions has accelerated, but compared with the eastern region, it is still backward on the whole. The widening gap between the central and western regions and the eastern region has aroused widespread concern in all aspects. The key and core content of narrowing the regional development gap is to accelerate the development of the central and western regions on the premise of maintaining the development momentum of the eastern region. The central and western regions should speed up reform, opening up and development, enhance self-development and competitiveness, and realize economic take-off. At the same time, the state should increase its support for the central and western regions, and the eastern region should actively support and help the development of the central and western regions, and strive to achieve the goal of * * * common development and * * * common prosperity in all regions.
(1) Accelerate reform, opening up and development, give full play to the advantages of resources and develop advantageous industries. On the basis of deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises and invigorating the whole state-owned economy, the key to accelerating the reform process in the central and western regions is to vigorously encourage and support the rapid development of various non-state-owned economies and various forms of joint-stock cooperative economies such as township enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises, urban collective economy, individual economy and private economy, cultivate new economic entities that are suitable for the development level of productive forces, give full play to their advantages of flexible operating mechanism, strong market competition awareness and strong competitiveness, and activate and develop regional economies. Accelerating the pace of opening up is an important way to change the backward situation in the central and western regions. The central and western regions should make full use of the open policy of "along the river" and "along the border" and inland capital cities, adopt various flexible measures, and use foreign capital and technology to develop local energy, minerals, tourism resources and processing industries. The state should further guide the transfer of foreign capital to the central and western regions.
The central and western regions are rich in energy, minerals and land resources and have great development potential. 70% of China's proven coal reserves, 80% of bauxite and phosphorite, 60% of pyrite, the real resource replacement area of the national petroleum industry, the main natural gas fields on land, and most of the wasteland and natural grasslands suitable for agriculture are concentrated in the central and western regions. According to the potential value of 45 major minerals, industrial reserve in the central and western regions accounts for about 3/4 of the country. The central and western regions should give full play to their resource advantages and intensify their development. The development of resources should not be extensive and primitive, but should be grafted with advanced technology to improve the utilization efficiency of resources and the added value of resource products. At present, the main factor restricting the development of resources is the lack of funds, so we should take the road of attracting various funds for joint development through multiple channels. It is necessary to adopt the mode of exchanging resources for technology and resources for funds, so as to achieve the purpose of learning from each other's strengths and changing resource advantages into economic advantages.
The key to speeding up the development of the central and western regions is to choose a breakthrough. As far as provinces are concerned, the comprehensive development level of central and western provinces is often not as good as that of eastern provinces, but they still have advantages in some fields and departments. In addition to outstanding resource advantages, it also occupies an important position in the electromechanical industry, such as power generation and transmission equipment, mining equipment, oil drilling equipment, chemical equipment, transportation machinery and equipment. The key is to choose two or three advantageous industries according to local advantages, promote the optimal allocation of resources and make them gather in advantageous industries. These industries should really occupy the market, have certain competitiveness and become the source of capital accumulation; Or it can promote the upgrading of local industrial structure, improve the overall technical level and quality of the industry, and promote the adjustment of industrial structure and product structure with advantageous industries.
(2) The state should increase its support for the central and western regions and give support in investment and policies. Compared with the eastern region, the central and western regions are weak in comprehensive economic strength and poor in investment environment, and urgently need state support and support, and with the enhancement of comprehensive national strength, they continue to increase their support. It is necessary to support the development of industries and products encouraged by the state in the central and western regions, and increase the proportion of investment in the national budget and policy investment in the central and western regions; The layout of major national construction projects adopts the policy of "equal priority" to the central and western regions; Relying on the resource advantages of the central and western regions, priority will be given to key construction projects such as water conservancy, transportation, energy and raw materials that can promote local economic development. According to the goal of financial system reform, we will gradually implement a standardized financial transfer payment system, expand the amount of transfer payment from the central government to the central and western regions on the basis of striving to improve the "two ratios", and take further measures to encourage foreign investment to transfer to the central and western regions and encourage foreign investment in agriculture, infrastructure and basic industrial projects in the central and western regions; When using medium and long-term preferential loans from foreign governments and international financial organizations, increase the proportion of use in the central and western regions; When arranging free aid projects from international organizations and other countries, priority should be given to the needs of backward areas in the central and western regions. In view of the special difficulties and problems in some areas in the central and western regions, the state should also study and formulate some special support policies and measures.
(3) Encourage the eastern region to support the central and western regions, and further develop various forms of association and cooperation between the eastern region and the central and western regions. After nearly 20 years of sustained high-speed economic development, the ability of self-accumulation and self-development in the eastern region has been greatly enhanced. Especially in the early days of reform and opening up, the central government implemented various preferential policies for coastal open areas, benefiting the eastern region, which has the ability and obligation to support the development and construction of the central and western regions. The eastern region can transfer some labor-intensive industries and primary product processing to suitable areas in the central and western regions, and the central and western regions should actively create conditions and provide supporting services. Under the principle of * * * common development and * * common prosperity, the eastern region and the central and western regions should actively develop various forms of joint and cooperation linked by economic interests, such as technology transfer, personnel training, compensation trade, joint venture and cooperative development, etc. For the cooperation between the eastern and western alliances, preferential treatment will be given in terms of investment projects, risk guarantees, capacity arrangements, etc.
Make efforts in various aspects to promote the coordinated development of regional economy
In the Ninth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of 20 10 Long-term Goals, the central government regards "adhering to the coordinated development of regional economy and gradually narrowing the regional development gap" as one of the basic guiding principles for national economic and social development. Promoting regional economic development requires the joint efforts of the state, local governments and all sectors of society. One of the most important things is that all regions and regions should formulate development strategies in line with regional conditions according to actual conditions.
(1) proceed from reality and develop the economy with characteristics. China has a vast territory, and there are great differences in resource conditions and economic and social development levels in different regions, so it should not and cannot develop the economy according to the same model. Emerging industrial zones and old industrial bases, central cities and vast provinces, coastal provinces and inland provinces, resource provinces and processing provinces, developed regions and underdeveloped regions. We should establish advantageous industries and industrial development direction through market competition according to our own conditions and comparative advantages. As far as the whole country is concerned, a relatively complete national economic system should be established, but each region should not pursue its own system, but should constantly develop marketable products on the basis of superior resources, reduce production costs, open up markets, continuously increase market share, and promote the development of related industries through advantageous industries, promote the continuous optimization of regional economic structure, and form a unique regional economy.
(2) While developing new industrial zones, speed up the transformation of old industrial bases. In the industrialization period, the rise of emerging industries is often accompanied by the formation of some emerging industrial zones and the decline of traditional industries and old industrial zones, which makes the structural contradictions of old industrial bases particularly prominent. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the transformation and structural adjustment of old industrial bases while cultivating new economic growth points and encouraging the development of new industrial zones. The old industrial base is an area where state-owned enterprises are concentrated. Only by speeding up structural adjustment and optimization, reorganizing state-owned assets, speeding up equipment renewal, technological transformation and diverting surplus personnel can we get rid of the predicament. In a certain sense, accelerating the transformation and revitalization of the old industrial base is of overall significance to the structural adjustment of the national economy.
(3) Give play to the role of a central city and further guide the formation of trans-regional economic regions and key industrial belts. There are 640 cities in China, including 32 mega-cities, with a population of 1 10,000, and the gross national product and industrial output value account for nearly one third of the cities in China. It is necessary to intensify the adjustment of the economic structure of central cities, promote central cities to develop distinctive and advantageous secondary industries according to their own advantages and characteristics, transfer some industries that are not suitable for the functions of central cities, and develop various forms of tertiary industries.
Relying on central cities, we will cultivate and develop various markets, and promote the development of regional markets and the formation of a unified national market. Develop economic zones and urban systems with central cities as the core, make them the main carriers of China's advanced industries and high-tech industries, and become the main carriers of large enterprise groups with international competitiveness, give full play to the role of central cities, especially big cities, and further guide the formation of cross-regional economic regions and key industrial belts.