1 ? Garden city planning in Singapore

First, in terms of urban ecological construction, the concept of building a garden city was put forward as early as 1965. In the 1960s, environmental improvement began, and trees were planted to build gardens. Every township was required to have a park of 10 hectare, and there should be a park of10.5 hectare within 500 meters of residential areas. In the 1970s, road greening was emphasized, and a green belt of 1.5m was required on both sides of each road. In the 1980s, through the implementation of the long-term ecological conservation strategic plan, 5% of the land was set as a nature reserve, requiring every thousand people to enjoy 0.8 hectares of green space. In the 1990s, a corridor system connecting parks was built, and green infrastructure was built.

Second, in the development of public transportation, the problem of citizens' travel is solved by building a nationwide subway, light rail system and land bus network system. Improve the efficiency of taxis through the GPS automatic transfer system, restrict vehicles other than buses from entering the urban area during peak hours through the electronic non-stop toll collection system, and implement the annual car purchase restriction policy to prevent the rapid growth of vehicles.

Thirdly, in terms of urban housing, Singapore has built more than1.20,000 apartments and shops by implementing the Home Ownership Scheme, which has solved the housing and employment problems of urban population, not only achieved social justice, but also promoted urban construction. Fourth, in terms of green buildings, since 2008, Singapore has required all new buildings to meet the minimum standards of green buildings, and new public buildings with air-conditioned areas exceeding 5,000 square meters have reached the platinum level of green symbols. By 2020, existing public buildings with air-conditioning area exceeding 1 1,000 square meters should meet the standard of green sign exceeding gold. When the government sells land, it requires the project to reach a higher level of green mark rating (platinum and super gold).

2? Stockholm, Sweden?

Stockholm used to be an industrial city, with dirty air and serious water pollution. It was even impossible to swim in the lake, but through a series of efforts, it has become a world-famous eco-city. In 2007, it was rated as a livable city in the world by the European Economist Intelligence Unit, and was awarded the title of "Green Capital of Europe" by the European Council in 20 10. Stockholm is outstanding in the fields of energy, transportation and resource recycling.

1. In terms of energy, since the 1950s, the city has gradually replaced coal-fired and oil-fired boilers with electric heating systems to provide heat for commercial and residential buildings, and residents in some areas have adopted seawater refrigeration systems to adjust the room temperature.

The building code stipulates that the maximum primary energy consumption of all new buildings is 100 kWh/m2, and vigorously promotes the energy-saving transformation of existing public buildings. Urban energy utilization requires that 60% of electricity consumption and 20% of primary energy consumption come from renewable energy. In this way, 12% of households independently buy renewable energy to generate electricity, and the biogas generated in the sewage treatment process can be used for residents to cook.

Second, in terms of transportation, Stockholm has achieved green transportation through a series of innovative measures. First of all, build an ecological residential area with mixed functions in the city center to reduce travel demand and reduce the use of private cars; The second is to increase pedestrian and bicycle lanes, build rail transit, and increase commuter bus traffic by transforming streets, so that the length of pedestrian and bicycle lanes per square kilometer of land in the city will reach 4 kilometers, and the per capita bicycle lane will reach 1 meter; Third, collect tolls of up to 6 euros per day in downtown areas prone to traffic congestion, and increase the proportion of carpooling and non-motor vehicle travel; Fourth, vigorously encourage vehicles to use renewable energy. At present, 75% of public transportation uses electricity, biofuels and biogas generated by renewable energy, 65,438+0,000% of buses use renewable energy, and 9% of private cars use ethanol, biogas, hybrid vehicles or ultra-low emission vehicles. Under the combined effect of these policies, 93% residents in this city walk, ride bicycles or take public transport to and from work.

Third, in terms of land use, Stockholm has issued a policy to encourage the use of existing land for development. For example, from 200 1 to 2007, about 1/3 of new houses were developed in brown land. Stockholm has a barrier-free park system. The city's park green space accounts for 36% of the urban area, about 85% of the residents live within 200 meters of the park green space, and 90% live within 300 meters.

The construction of cities such as Washington, USA and Paris, France are typical cases.