Keywords: food safety; Supervision mode
The endless food safety incidents have touched the nerves of countless people. Food safety has become the focus of successive "two sessions", but it has not achieved obvious results. It is true that food safety supervision is a complex systematic project, which can not be separated from the cooperation and cooperation of many factors such as public participation consciousness, enterprise integrity, self-discipline and so on. The lack of these supporting forces is the cause of the food safety crisis. However, the major defect of the current food safety supervision system is the fundamental crux.
1 Current situation and problems of food safety supervision in China
1. 1 Potential food safety problems faced by China.
(1) Source pollution. The pollution problem of food raw materials is serious in the process of planting and breeding. The current situation of planting and breeding in China is mainly farmers, which is widely dispersed and difficult to supervise. It is difficult to effectively curb the illegal use of illegal pesticides and toxic and harmful additives, resulting in serious pesticide residues in agricultural products exceeding the standard. On the one hand, food poisoning incidents caused by pesticides and veterinary drugs occur from time to time, such as eating fruits and vegetables sprayed with organophosphorus pesticides and clenbuterol food poisoning; At the same time, it also laid a safety hazard for the food processed with these agricultural raw materials. In addition, environmental pollution is also a pollution factor that cannot be ignored.
(2) Pollution during processing and storage. Due to the short development time of China's food industry, the existing basic equipment for food processing is backward, and most enterprises are small in scale, still using traditional or manual workshops for production. The mechanization and standardization of food production and processing are low, and the health awareness of employees is poor, which makes food polluted by many harmful substances during processing and storage, which is the main factor causing food poisoning. Especially in crowded dining places, such as student canteens, construction sites and other collective dining places, if the processing conditions and infrastructure are simple and lack of necessary sanitary facilities, it is easy to cause collective food poisoning.
(3) The phenomenon of making and selling fake goods is rampant. At present, China is in the stage of economic transformation. Driven by interests, some lawless elements adulterate and abuse food additives, and even process food with non-food raw materials and toxic and harmful substances. Major food safety cases in recent years, such as infant poisoning caused by inferior milk powder in Fuyang, soaking Jinhua ham with dichlorvos during processing, and adding Sudan Red 1 in Chili sauce, all belong to this category.
1.2 Current food safety supervision system in China
China's food safety supervision involves many law enforcement subjects such as food and drug supervision, health, agriculture and animal husbandry, commerce, industry and commerce, quality supervision and inspection, customs and environment. At present, China's food safety supervision adopts the principle of "one supervision link and one department supervision" and adopts the mode of "subsection supervision as the main part, supplemented by variety supervision". That is, the agricultural sector (including forestry, animal husbandry, aquaculture and food industry, etc. Responsible for the supervision of the production of primary agricultural products; The quality supervision department is responsible for the supervision of food production and processing; The industrial and commercial department is responsible for food circulation supervision; The health department is responsible for the supervision of consumption links such as restaurants and canteens; The customs department is responsible for the supervision of food import and export; The commercial department is responsible for the supervision of the food supply industry; The food and drug supervision department shall be responsible for the comprehensive supervision, organization and coordination of food safety and the organization and investigation of major accidents. This "subsection supervision" model has initially formed the chain of food safety supervision in China and formed the basic pattern of food safety supervision in China at this stage.
1.3 defects in China's food safety supervision system
The defects highlighted by the fragmented supervision system are very obvious. The confusion of regulatory agencies has made the food safety regulatory system full of loopholes and greatly reduced its effectiveness. Under such a regulatory pattern, food safety incidents occur frequently, which can predict the results that the regulatory authorities are unable to cope with.
(1) The division of responsibilities is not clear. There are many ways to enforce the law, with overlapping regulatory functions and departmental constraints. The overlapping of rights and responsibilities and the emergence of a vacuum of responsibility are inevitable, and the phenomenon of wrangling and shirking is common. It is impossible to achieve a clear division of labor and mutual coordination, and it is difficult to form a joint force in food safety supervision.
(2) Lack of unified leadership and difficulties in communication and coordination. Because there is no unified leadership and planning, all departments enforce the law in their own way, and the laws and regulations, departmental rules and monitoring standards on which food safety is regulated are different and lack authority. In addition, poor communication and coordination can not optimize the allocation of resources, resulting in huge waste and unable to exert the overall maximum effect.
(3) Lack of effective accountability system. Because the law has not formed an effective accountability system for dereliction of duty, the current food safety supervision is generally characterized by "lax enforcement" and "failure to investigate violations". 2. Exploration and assumption of new scientific supervision mode.
According to a study by the American Academy of Sciences, an effective food safety supervision system should include the following contents:
It should be based on science, emphasizing risk analysis and prevention, so as to concentrate resources and devote themselves to the risks with the greatest potential impact; Based on a clear, reasonable and scientific (risk-based) national food legal system; Carry out comprehensive supervision and monitoring activities as the basis of risk analysis; At the central level, there is an authoritative voice in charge of food safety, and it has the power and resources to implement the central policy (based on science) in all central actions related to food safety; Give full play to the responsibilities and important roles of local governments, trade associations and consumers in the food safety system; There are sufficient funds to realize its functions.
China's food safety supervision must start from the existing practical problems, break through the shackles of the old system and establish a brand-new scientific supervision model on the basis of learning from the existing research results.
2. 1 Incorporate law enforcement functions and establish an authoritative, unified and efficient food safety supervision system.
Give the whole chain supervision function of food safety to the food and drug supervision and management department, and uniformly exercise the comprehensive supervision function of food safety. The State Food and Drug Administration of the United States, authorized by law, is subordinate to the State Council, directly under the State Council, and is responsible for the vertical management of national food safety. Direct legal supervision over the whole process of food planting, production and processing, market circulation and catering consumption. Its main responsibilities are: to formulate and revise food safety supervision laws and regulations and supervise their implementation; Drafting, revising and promulgating food legal standards; To formulate and revise the standards of food planting (breeding quality), production quality, management quality and food hygiene quality and supervise the implementation; Issuing licenses for food production enterprises, business enterprises and catering industry according to law; To supervise, identify and sample the food quality and hygiene quality of food planting (breeding), production and processing, marketing and catering industry, and issue the national food safety and quality bulletin; Investigate and deal with acts and persons responsible for manufacturing and selling fake and shoddy food according to law, and supervise the food market; Review food advertisements, be responsible for the administrative protection of food, and guide the business work of national food inspection and testing institutions. After the formation of the vertical supervision mechanism of food safety supervision, it can effectively avoid all kinds of disadvantages in the past, such as multi-policy, multi-law enforcement, mutual restraint between law enforcement departments, overlapping functions and powers, low work efficiency, serious waste of resources, and ineffective crackdown on suspected food safety violations, and truly form an authoritative, unified and efficient food safety supervision work pattern. Establish an administrative law enforcement system for food safety supervision with efficient operation, coordinated operation, standardized behavior, smooth government orders and supervision in place.
2.2 Establish a food safety monitoring operation mechanism with scientific planning, rational allocation and unified management.
First, we must control the source. Give full play to the ability and advantages of testing institutions, carry out inspection and testing of vegetables, bean products, meat and other products in primary agricultural products, food processing and production, breeding and farmers' markets, and make timely announcements through the media.
Second, we should make a typical demonstration. Seriously organize and carry out the activities of establishing food safety integrity enterprises, and announce the food safety integrity commitments of participating enterprises to the public through the media. Please supervise. Enterprises that reflect well on society will be promoted as typical demonstrations. Conduct integrity assessment of participating enterprises and establish integrity contact files. For enterprises with good reputation, all functional departments should reduce the number of inspections, expose enterprises with poor reputation, and cancel their integrity qualifications.
Third, we must strictly assess the management system. "Enterprise is the first person responsible for food safety". Strengthen the management of food safety quality assessment in enterprises, urge enterprises to strengthen the construction of food quality inspection departments, equip necessary quality inspection technicians and testing equipment, strengthen food safety training, and improve the quality and safety management system.
Fourth, we should advocate the standardized management of enterprises. While strengthening food safety supervision, all functional departments advocate, encourage and support qualified enterprises to promote the establishment of good manufacturing practices (GMP), good hygiene practices (GHP) and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) systems.
Fifth, we should increase the publicity of food safety knowledge. Consumers themselves are the last line of defense to ensure food safety. Strengthening the propaganda of food safety knowledge, popularizing the basic knowledge of food safety and raising consumers' awareness of food safety are the last barriers to improve the food safety supervision mechanism. Through the consumer's post supervision, the food that does not meet the safety standards will be withdrawn from the market.
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