First, the natural disasters in Quanzhou in the Ming Dynasty and their characteristics
1, floods and droughts have a wide range and serious harm.
There are frequent floods in Quanzhou, such as Ding Si in August of the tenth year of Wanli (1582), and the Chief Secretary of Fujian played: "It was rainy in April, and floods damaged the Acropolis of Yanping Prefecture. There are no waiting officials, Tianhe, Jinjiang, Nan' an and other places with private houses, people and animals drift, and survivors cannot live. " [2] In the eighteenth year of Chenghua, in July, Wu Jia, "There was heavy rain and flooding in August from Yongchun County to Dingyou, and silt, bridges, rotten officials and private houses, especially the houses in Binxi, were flooded and people drowned". [3] In the twenty-first year of Chenghua, there was a big flood in the whole region. According to historical records, "In the five counties of Jinjiang, Tongan, Yongchun, Dehua and Hui 'an, Tianlu and Hejia suffered many losses. " [4]。 In the thirty-first year of Wanli (1603), in August, Dinghai, "There was heavy rain in Quanzhou Prefecture and other places, the sea water soared, and hurricanes suddenly occurred. More than 10,000 people were flooded, and there were no houses, things and livestock." [5] More than 10,000 people were devastated, which is also very rare in the flood records of past dynasties. In the 43rd year of Wanli (16 15), Li Lingyun, the secretariat of Fujian province, was ordered to "investigate the floods in Xing, Quan and Zhang last August and explain the facts. Please keep the original tax of 52,000 yuan or all or half of it for reduction or exemption. " [6] It can be seen that a large number of floods occurred during the Wanli period. Therefore, in the Ming Dynasty, there were some influential gods in Quanzhou and its subordinate counties. Another example is drought. In the sixteenth year of Chenghua (1480), in August, the autumn grain in Fuzhou, Xinghua, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in Fujian was exempted from service. There was 1065438+ five years of Zheng De (15 10). In August, Yiyou "exempted Fujian silver class for one year, and the defenders took the local drought as an invitation, so they had a life." [7] At the end of the Ming Dynasty, there were few records of drought.
2. There were frequent hurricanes along the coast of Quanzhou in the sixth year of Hongzhi (1403). On July 3rd, there was a heavy rain in Quanzhou. "From Maozi to Shenyang Shashi, the west tower gourd of Kaiyuan Temple overturned, and there were countless trees. Nine times out of ten, rotten officials and private houses, merchant ships and civilian ships are invincible. " [8] In the thirty-first year of Wanli (1603), a steep hurricane occurred in Tongan County, and seawater flooded. "There are rotten houses in Jishan and Jiahe, and people are drowned." At the end of the fifth day of the first month, a hurricane blew, and the sea overflowed the bank, rising by more than one foot at a time, flooding thousands of houses in Zhangpu, Changtai, Haicheng and Longxi, killing countless people and animals. Even a large number of ships crossed the seawall and drifted to Shi Mei Town, crushing people's houses. The counties around Quanzhou prefecture suffered heavy losses. [9] In the forty-six years of Wanli (16 18), Xinwei Fang Congzhe reported Quanzhou Typhoon in March: "Yesterday, the weather was fine, and suddenly I heard the sound in the air like stormy waves, and then the wind suddenly blew, and the yellow dust covered the sky, and the sun was dark and the sky was difficult to distinguish; Just when I was about to faint, suddenly the current in the east was like fire, and the red light shone on the ground, and so did the west. Rainy and foggy, such as soil. " [10] Many houses were destroyed, causing a large number of casualties. In the forty-sixth year of Wanli (16 18), Geng Zi visited Fujian in May, and Cui Er spoke. On March 2 1 day, there was a rainstorm and hail weather in Changtai and Tongan counties of Fujian, which was as big as a fist and hurt the city walls, houses, fields, trees and livestock, causing more than 220 deaths. Please detain 22,000 yuan of foreign currency to help this place. [1 1] This was the most severely damaged rainstorm and hail disaster in southern Fujian in the Ming Dynasty. It can be seen that the typhoon disaster in southern Fujian was raging in the Ming Dynasty.
3. Earthquake-prone areas
Both Minnan and Taiwan Province Strait are located in geological fault zones, and earthquakes often occur. For example, in April and May of the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu (1394) and in December of the twenty-ninth year (1396), there were successive earthquakes in Quanzhou. In February of the sixteenth year of Chenghua, Chen Bing said, "There was an earthquake in Quanzhou, Fujian Province, with thunder rumbling and houses shaking." In November of the tenth year of Xuande (1435), a strong earthquake occurred in Zhangzhou prefecture: "There were nine earthquakes day and night, birds and animals were easy to fly away, mountains were destroyed, rocks were cracked, ground fissures were flooded, and many public and private houses were destroyed, which lasted for more than a hundred days." Earthquakes with similar destructive power have also occurred in Longyan, Zhangping, Changtai and Nanjing. On the night of Gengjia in June of the fifteenth year of Zheng De, "earthquakes occurred in Fuzhou and Quanzhou, Fujian". In the 43rd year of Jiajing (1564), "earthquakes occurred in Fuzhou, Xinghua and Quanzhou in Fujian on the same day" in the first month. April 22nd Wanli Ren Xu "Quanzhou Earthquake". In the 30th year of Wanli (1602), an earthquake occurred in South Australia in the first month of Xinhai. Covering the border between Fujian and Guangdong. "In the thirty-second year of Wanli (1604), there were more than ten earthquakes in Quanzhou on the eighth and ninth day of June." Rocks and seas moved, and several ground fissures appeared, especially in counties and cities. The Zhenguo Tower in Kaiyuan Temple dropped sharply, damaging the handrails. Many houses in the city collapsed and capsized. "[12] This is a very serious earthquake disaster in the local area. In June of the 30th year of Wanli, two earthquakes occurred simultaneously in Xinghua and Quanzhou, Fujian. Xinhai was "an earthquake in Fuzhou, Xinghua and Quanzhou, Fujian on the same day". [13] Quanzhou entered the period of seismic activity during the Wanli period. Because of the unprecedented damage caused by the earthquake, and the sudden attack, it has a great impact on the people in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. In addition to fear, Minnan villagers have also shaped many related gods. Worship spirit.
4. The plague lasted for forty-one years in Wanli (16 13), and there was a plague in Quanzhou, where ten people died and seven people died. Shops, temples, corpses, all families have no survivors. The city gate is closed and no one dares to go out. " In addition, a large-scale rodent infestation occurred in Dehua. "Rats in the field harm crops and there are thousands of acres of land; Eat seedlings in spring and grains in winter. There are rat paths on the banks of the river, and the grass is barren. The following year, Gu Gui, many people starved to death. " [14] Daoguang's Fujian Tongzhi (Volume 52) contains more than 774,600 people who died in the seventeenth year of Yongle. The plague has caused great destruction to society and population. People talk about the color change of the plague, which has also had a far-reaching impact on local folk beliefs. The worship of the god of plague prevailed in Quanzhou, and Huang, a scholar in Quanzhou in the Ming Dynasty, called the god of plague "the god of plague of five parties" to show his magical power and supervise the five parties. Xie's "Five Miscellanies", Volume 6, and "Human Department" 2 are also recorded. He said: "The most hateful folk customs, coupled with epidemic diseases, invite evil spirits to serve the court with incense, and pay homage to the ceremony day and night, ignoring all medicines. I didn't know that this pathogen was caused by stagnation, so I threw it into the tongshengsan to open the door, so that Yang Can was vented and it was not contagious. And I want to close the door, cigarettes, candles and wormwood are flourishing, and ten people are sick and nine people die. Fortunately, he got well, which made the witch do something. When water is delivered by paper boat, every night when the boat goes out, the residents close their doors and avoid it. I walk in the countryside at night, and I ignore it when I meet it; Friends sing and dance when they are drunk, but they are also innocent. " It can be seen that the plague has caused great panic to Quanzhou people, and we have to place our hopes on exorcism ceremonies such as "going out to sea".
Second, natural disasters occurred more frequently and suffered more seriously in Quantai area in Qing Dynasty.
During this period, Quanzhou, including the government of Taiwan Province, entered the stage of abnormal weather and frequent disasters. The main types of disasters are the same as those in Ming dynasty, but the frequency and damage degree of floods are obviously higher than those in previous dynasties.
1, flood has become the most harmful disaster in Taiwan.
In the early years of Shunzhi, large-scale floods also occurred in Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. It's so tragic that I can't even watch it. In the third year of Kangxi (1664), on June 26th, "Quanzhou is stormy, and a rising tide lifts all boats. From Chen Chen to Shenshui, the city was completely submerged and many people were drowned. " [15] In the 19th year of Kangxi (1680), Xinghua was seriously affected, with a barrel of rice 180 yuan. Mingluntang applies porridge, which is signed by the west and south factories; The women in the south factory are young, and the men in the west factory are strong. There were more than 3,000 people at first, and then more than 8,000 people, some of whom died and gave birth to children. The governor sent eight hundred and twenty taels of silver to the city, one tael of grain and one stone, deducted five measures of rice, and distributed them to Chinese households for shopping. "[16] In the fifth year of Qianlong (1740), he toured Taiwan Province Province on July 12th, playing Yang, a neo-Confucian. On June 22nd and 23rd, there were fifty-seven rooms and seven barracks." Two days of wind and rain handed over, and houses inside and outside Taiwan Province and County were blown down. " In Zhuluo County, from 22nd to 25th, the typhoon continued to crop, causing damage to government houses, military and civilian houses inside and outside the county. Its salt water port, stupid port, mountains and rivers suddenly fell, streams flooded and more than 200 houses were flooded.