Tisch
Analysis of Nuclear Power Development in China
As a kind of clean energy, nuclear power is of great strategic significance to meet China's electricity demand, optimize energy structure, reduce environmental pollution and promote the sustainable development of economic energy. Firstly, the present situation of nuclear power development in China is expounded, and the problems existing in the process of nuclear power development in China are put forward. Then, combined with the actual situation in China, the strategic measures for the development of nuclear power are put forward.
Keywords: China; Nuclear power; Strategic measures
China Library ClassificationNo.: F 12 Document IdentificationNo.: A DocumentNo.:1673-291X * * 201* * 07-0200-02.
introduce
For a long time, China's coal-based energy structure has not only failed to adapt to the rapid economic development, but also caused serious social energy and environmental problems. With the development of energy, coal can be used by human beings for 200 to 220 years [1], and it is self-evident that China is facing a severe situation of coal depletion; With the development of the environment, burning various fossil fuels will release a lot of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, as well as a lot of smoke and dust, which will cause extremely serious damage to the environment. Therefore, it is necessary for China to actively improve the energy utilization structure and realize the diversification of energy supply. At present, due to the difference between dry season and rainy season, hydropower and electricity are not stable enough; However, solar energy and wind energy cannot occupy a large share in the total installed capacity in the short term. Therefore, nuclear energy is the only energy source that can realize industrial application and replace fossil fuels on a large scale [2]. Therefore, starting from the necessity of developing nuclear power in China, combined with the present situation and existing problems of China's nuclear power industry, this paper puts forward strategic measures for developing nuclear power in China.
I. Development Status of Nuclear Power in China
By the end of 2008, China * * had 1 1 nuclear power units put into commercial operation, and the installed nuclear power capacity reached 965,438+10,000 kilowatts, accounting for1.1%of the national installed power capacity [3]. China has formed three major nuclear power bases in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Jiangsu. Among them, Qinshan Phase II is a nuclear power unit independently designed, purchased, constructed and operated in China. Of the 55 large-scale key devices, 47 have been localized, which indicates that China has the ability to independently build nuclear power plants [4]. At the same time, China has entered the ranks of nuclear power plant exporters. Pakistani Chashma Nuclear Power Station is the first nuclear power station independently designed and manufactured in China according to international safety standards. China has also trained a group of professionals in nuclear power research, design, construction and implementation, and has a relatively complete nuclear power talent team.
Through the efforts of various departments, China nuclear power has formed a large-scale and batch development pattern [5]. The second generation of improved PWR nuclear power technology route-CPR1000 has been applied in nuclear power plant projects. On the basis of accumulating the second-generation technology reserves and implementation experience, China has also actively absorbed the third-generation nuclear power technology with higher safety and economy. The improvement of power plant manufacturing capacity, the introduction of advanced technology and the accumulation of achievements and experience in nuclear power construction have laid the foundation for the further development of nuclear power in China. It is estimated that by 2020, the total installed capacity of China will be about 950 million kilowatts. Considering the constraints of coal resources, transportation capacity and environmental capacity, by 2020, the proportion of coal-fired power plants in China's total installed capacity will drop from the current 70% to 6 1%, the proportion of nuclear power in the national installed capacity will reach 4%, the operation scale of nuclear power will reach 40 million kilowatts, and the annual power generation will reach.
Second, the problems in the development of nuclear power in China
Over the past 30 years, China's nuclear power development has reduced coal production and transportation by more than 654.38 billion tons, which has played an indelible role in national economic development and environmental protection. However, there are still various problems such as unclear organizational model, backward standard system and insufficient technological innovation.
1. The lack of long-term and overall planning for nuclear power development directly leads to the low standardization system of nuclear power in China. The development of nuclear power industry involves the country's long-term energy strategy. For China, which is in the process of industrialization, nuclear power plays a more important role in the development of national economy. At present, China has imported nuclear power from many countries, and the reactor types, technologies and standards are various, so it is difficult to ensure the sustainable development of China's nuclear power industry.
2. The economy of nuclear power development is low. The average completed price ratio of nuclear power plants is 1.742 USD/kw, coal-fired power plants are $889 USD/kw, and nuclear power and coal-fired power plants are 1.94[3]. In addition, compared with coal-fired power, the on-grid electricity price of nuclear power is also higher, which will inevitably weaken the competitiveness of nuclear power in the electricity market.
3. The procedures of nuclear power autonomy and localization need to be improved. Due to the late start of nuclear power in China, the key core technologies have not yet made a substantial breakthrough, and the autonomy of engineering design and manufacturing of millions of large-capacity nuclear power units has not yet been fully realized. Moreover, in the past 30 years, there has not been a unified and feasible strategic goal, development plan and corresponding industrial policy for nuclear energy, and a variety of reactor types and multinational introduction have been formed on the built projects, which is objectively not conducive to the localization of nuclear power.
4. Lack of nuclear power talents and technological innovation. There is a shortage of nuclear power talents in China. The number of talents is insufficient, the proportion of professional structure of talents is unbalanced, the nuclear power talents are lost and aging, and the training ability of Chinese universities is limited. In terms of technology, the research and development capability of core technologies with independent property rights and international leading level obviously lags behind that of foreign nuclear power developed countries. Although some progress has been made in the localization of nuclear power plants, key nuclear power plants and key components of nuclear power plants still cannot be manufactured in China.
5. Lack of natural uranium and poor management of radioactive waste. The proven uranium resources in China are insufficient and the natural production capacity is low. In addition, with the development of nuclear power, how to deal with radioactive waste also needs to be properly solved.
Three. Strategic Measures for the Development of Nuclear Power in China
1. Improve the overall and long-term planning of the nuclear power industry. China should formulate a medium-and long-term plan for the development of nuclear power in China as soon as possible, strive to unify reactor types and standards, and incorporate nuclear power construction into the overall power planning. At the same time, we can learn from American small business owners, French big business owners, Japanese suppliers, Korean integration and other types of nuclear power industry organizations, and find a development model of nuclear power industry suitable for China's national conditions, so as to ensure a more reasonable layout of nuclear power construction and sustainable development of nuclear power in China.
2. Improve the economy of nuclear power and increase capital investment in nuclear power. Compared with the economy of coal-fired power, nuclear power has the characteristics of higher construction cost than investment; Compared with the domestic electricity price, it has no advantage. Therefore, realizing the standardization and batch production of nuclear power, controlling the engineering cost of nuclear power plants, improving the load rate of nuclear power plants, reflecting environmental protection discounts in electricity prices, and making nuclear power plants compete with coal-fired power in areas with developed economy, energy shortage and tight traffic are the fundamental ways out for the development of nuclear power in China. In addition, the lack of funds is one of the main factors restricting the development of nuclear power in China. Therefore, China must increase its investment in nuclear power development to ensure the sustainable development of nuclear power in China.
3. Accelerate the process of localization and autonomy of nuclear power. To improve the level of nuclear power autonomy and localization in China, we must adhere to the combination of advanced technology introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation. Introduce million-level pressurized water reactors, always pay attention to the most advanced technology in the world, and start the third and fourth generation nuclear power technologies on the basis of the perfection and maturity of the second generation nuclear power technology. Continuously improve the localization level of nuclear power, promote the optimization and upgrading of China's nuclear power industry, and thus ensure the sustainable development of the nuclear industry.
4. Cultivate nuclear power talents and strengthen nuclear power technology innovation. In order to realize the rapid development of China's nuclear power industry at an early date, we must pay close attention to training a group of high-level nuclear power technicians and improve the talent incentive policy. At the same time, pay attention to the on-the-job training of employees, and strive to build a nuclear power talent team that understands technology and is good at management. In terms of technological innovation: first, we should improve the safety and economy of the unit; Second, improve nuclear waste treatment technology, prevent nuclear proliferation, and strive to realize the recycling of nuclear fuel; Third, develop new reactor types, adhere to the three-step policy of thermal reactor-fast reactor-fusion reactor, and strive to make new reactor types develop steadily on the basis of ensuring the safety and economy of new reactor types, gradually form the main force of nuclear power in China, and accelerate the process of nuclear power autonomy and localization.
5. Ensure the sustainable supply of natural uranium and properly handle radioactive waste. Adequate natural uranium is the premise of the sustainable development of nuclear power, so we must actively find out the natural uranium reserves in China to ensure the sustainable supply of natural uranium. At the same time, strengthen technological innovation, prevent radioactive waste from leaking, and even realize waste reuse.
label
After long-term development, nuclear energy has begun to take shape in China. As alternative energy sources to solve energy shortage and reduce environmental pollution, nuclear power, thermal power and hydropower have become the three pillars of China electric power. However, the problems in the development of nuclear power need to be solved urgently. Therefore, we should fully absorb and summarize the development experience and shortcomings of nuclear power industry in the past 30 years, make overall plans for nuclear power development, speed up the process of independent localization, train nuclear power talents, strengthen technological innovation, improve nuclear power economy, and ensure the healthy and sustainable development of China's nuclear power industry.
References:
[1] Jing Jiqiang, Luan Hongwei. The development course of nuclear power in the world and the road of nuclear power development in China [J]. Northeast Electric Power Technology, 2008, * * * 2 * *.
[2] Yang,, Ye Jianhua,,. Present situation and development of nuclear power industry in China [J]. Shanghai Electric Power, 2007, * * * 6 * *.
Shuliang Zou. Economic analysis of nuclear power in China [J]. Journal of South China University: Social Science Edition, 2009, * * * 2 * *.
Qian enlan. China nuclear power development research [J]. China Electric Power, 2005, * * * 4 * *.
[5] Qian Qi. China nuclear power development strategy research [J]. Power grid and clean energy, 20 10, * * * 1 * *.
[6] Du Guogong, Du. Strategic thinking on the development of nuclear power industry in China [J]. Shandong Economy, 2009, ***3***. [Editor An You]
extreme
Material management of nuclear power engineering
Nuclear power engineering materials account for about 55% of the total investment, with high value, and the purchase price of materials for several units is as high as10 billion yuan; *** 1*** has a great variety and a huge number, resulting in massive material transaction records; * * * 2 * * The classification of safety and quality assurance levels is complex, with strict process control, high traceability requirements and strict standards and specifications; ***3*** The management cycle is more than 5 years; * * * 4 * * The storage and maintenance requirements are strict, and the control requirements such as constant temperature and humidity and cleanliness are high. Due to the particularity of nuclear power materials, material management is an important part of nuclear power project management. It plays an important role in logistics support for on-site construction progress. As nuclear power engineering materials, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the decentralized management of nuclear power engineering materials and puts forward some suggestions.
Keywords: nuclear power storage material management
First, the management mode of nuclear power engineering materials
At present, the on-site storage management mode of nuclear power engineering materials is mainly divided into two categories: one is decentralized management, that is, storage management is managed by installation contractors on each island; This management mode was widely used in the past nuclear power construction. After the completion of the project, many items suffered serious losses, especially consumable materials and spare parts. Because the general contractor can't do a good job in monitoring and managing the subsequent installation units, the installation units have serious waste and loss in the use process, which exceeds the previous budget amount, increases the cost of engineering materials, and re-purchases also increase the procurement cycle, which affects the project progress. It is impossible to check the arrival and departure dynamics of items in time, and it is also impossible to closely link with the on-site construction progress. The second is centralized management, that is, the general contractor undertakes all warehouse business. This management method avoids the phenomenon that the installation unit wastes and loses materials at will, and at the same time brings the problems of poor unified management and increased cost. Due to the variety of warehouse personnel, each person requires different skills and educational level, which is not convenient for unified management and increases management costs. This management mode avoids the phenomenon that the installation unit wastes and loses materials at will. This management mode also has some shortcomings. The general contractor cannot effectively supervise the project. Nuclear power is constantly exploring the management mode of nuclear power engineering projects, and constantly improving and innovating the management mode in practical work. Hainan Nuclear Power has pioneered and innovated in the management of engineering materials, effectively avoided the shortcomings of the first two management methods, rationally utilized people and machines, and adopted the general contracting and subcontracting management mode for the first time. The specific warehousing operation is operated by the contractor or a professional logistics company. The general contractor only needs to set up a small item management team to manage and supervise the daily work of the contractor, coordinate the material departments of various installation contractors, and ensure the smooth progress of the items provided by Party A. ..
Second, some suggestions on the control and management of engineering materials
The management of the whole project materials includes planning, design, procurement and warehouse construction.
Design, procurement and planning issues. In the actual construction process, the release progress of construction drawings is often difficult to meet the needs of procurement progress, and it is impossible to provide a list of drawings and materials as the basis for procurement in time. In this case, the procurement work is based on the equipment and materials procurement list of the historical reference power station. However, due to the design changes and site changes of different projects, procurement omissions, material shortage or residual waste are caused to some extent. The supply plan is prepared according to the three-level procurement schedule and procurement contract, the project is rough, and the installation demand plan is prepared according to the four-level plan. The matching degree of the two schemes in details is not high. On the one hand, engineering materials arrive in advance, and the warehouse is overstocked, resulting in insufficient storage capacity. Some items are still two or three years away from the specific installation time, which not only occupies the inventory, but also affects the equipment quality due to the hot and humid weather in Hainan, and at the same time increases the task of later item maintenance, resulting in increased costs.
How to solve the problem of mismatch between arrival and installation progress? According to the analysis of the materials used in the installation progress of other nuclear power plants, combined with the on-site construction progress, the one-year rolling arrival plan of items is formulated and sent to suppliers, and the arrival arrangements are made in advance to control the arrival of items in advance. According to the second-level construction schedule, the installation unit shall prepare the third-level and fourth-level construction schedule, and on the basis of the fourth-level schedule, combined with the actual construction, prepare a three-month rolling installation demand plan. According to the installation demand plan of the construction and installation unit, verify whether the required items have arrived, contact the supplier in time, solve the arrival problem in advance and meet the needs of the construction site.
A, the construction of the warehouse:
Warehouse planning and construction. The layout in the nuclear power general plan, the layout of the warehouse and the scientific arrangement between the on-site workshops prevent the warehouse from being far away from the on-site construction, and increase the cost of cranes, trucks, forklifts and manual secondary handling. At the same time, it also increases the security risk. General contracting should establish a standardized system for warehouse design and construction. According to the storage grade, category and size of nuclear power materials, warehouses with different storage grades are established to meet the storage requirements of materials. The warehouse is equipped with vehicles, forklifts and other machines, fire-fighting facilities, ventilation and moisturizing facilities, security facilities such as cameras and security posts, and power supply facilities such as lighting and power supply. Conduct safety inspection on warehouse facilities every day and make relevant inspection records. Secondly, all kinds of warehouse operation activities should have relevant procedures and management rules and regulations, so that there are rules to follow and evidence to follow, which is also the management policy of the nuclear power industry.
Second, the arrival of the unpacking inspection defects:
Before the deadline, according to the statistics of defects in unpacking inspection, there were 2000 defects in unpacking inspection, and more than 1 100 were closed, and the nuclear power project was close to the last one. These unclosed defect inspection reports cannot be assembled and handed over as required, although most of these defects are minor problems. The focus of the later work is to close the inspection defects. In order to reduce the problems of unpacking inspection, I personally suggest starting from the source: * *1* * When unpacking, which major equipment and suppliers are opposite, requiring factory personnel to participate in unpacking inspection, and minor problems or doubts can be solved during unpacking inspection. * * * 2 * * For some minor problems found in the inspection, such as rust in a small area and parts falling off, such as factory personnel not participating in unpacking at the scene, these problems can be handled by the warehouse contractor during unpacking, thus reducing unpacking inspection. * * * 3 * * If the personnel involved in unpacking inspection find scratches on the gasket and pipe joint, etc. When unpacking inspection, for example, the arrival meters of wire ropes, cables and steel pipes are slightly shorter, the QC personnel of the installation unit can draw the following conclusions when unpacking inspection, which will not affect the on-site installation and use.
Third, the material management system SAP
Due to the variety and huge quantity of nuclear power materials, a large number of transaction records will be generated in daily activities such as arrival, unpacking, warehousing and inquiry, which need to be managed by system software. Modern material management software SAP can help us meet the needs of daily work management, realize resource sharing and ensure the accuracy of information. The consumption statistics of engineering materials and the settlement of later expenses provide reliable information.
Fourth, the requirements of material storage level
Field storage and maintenance. The warehouse is roughly divided into three floors. The first level is a constant temperature and humidity warehouse, the temperature is controlled at 16℃ ~ 25℃, the humidity is less than or equal to 60%, and it is anti-static, anti-strong magnetic field and clean. The second floor is a general indoor or thermal storage, and the third floor is a general open-air warehouse. During storage, preventive and corrective maintenance should be carried out on the stored materials according to the frequency and content required by the specification, such as anticorrosion, oiling, gas or liquid protection, electrification, heat preservation, drying and rotation. If the quality is abnormal, corrective maintenance should be carried out, and serious quality problems should be dealt with according to Non-conformance Report. All maintenance work must be recorded for verification.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) abstract
With the increase of energy demand and the decrease of non-renewable energy, nuclear energy has become one of the key projects in some countries' energy plans, especially in China, which has entered a stage of rapid development. The transformation of material management from single mode to diversified, modern and scientific management has reduced the management cost and provided a strong guarantee for nuclear power construction.
References:
[1] Ren Yongjuan, Xue Runze. Warehousing management in the construction stage of nuclear power plant [J]. Urban Economic Analysis of China, 20 1 1.
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