A psychological paper on procrastination-psychological thinking on procrastination.
Absrtact: Procrastination is everywhere and affects us in many ways. By introducing the concept of procrastination, this paper analyzes the causes of procrastination from two aspects: internal and external causes, and puts forward the intervention of negative procrastination and its enlightenment to education.
Keywords: procrastination; Motivation; Self-efficacy; insert
Procrastination is everywhere, and everyone will delay to some extent, such as delaying repayment in life, sharpening the knife at school and relaxing before work. Mild procrastination is acceptable, and severe procrastination will have a serious impact on life and even cause physical diseases, so procrastination needs to attract widespread attention.
First, the concept of delay.
Delaying English? Procrastination? This word comes from Latin? Proerastinare？ Motives expressed by prefix words? Dear? And express tomorrow's? Castinus? These two words are combined. Because there are many definitions of procrastination, researchers try to form a comprehensive definition from many aspects involved in procrastination. What is Pang Guowei's definition of procrastination? Deliberately postponing or delaying the learning tasks that must be completed? . Steel sorted out procrastination, defined as? Deliberately delaying the start or completion of a planned action, even if it is foreseen that the action will get worse because of the delay? . This definition includes the following characteristics: (1) a voluntary behavior; (2) It is evasive to postpone the planned action; (3) an irrational behavior, knowing that it will cause negative consequences, will still choose to delay. In a word, procrastination is a complex psychological and behavioral problem, which includes both objective procrastination, irrational cognition and negative emotional experience.
Second, the reasons for the delay analysis
Procrastination is not innate for many reasons. There are external and internal factors, the external factors are mainly the nature of tasks and family education. Internal factors are mainly personality traits, cognition, motivation and so on. , from the internal and external factors analysis is as follows:
1. External cause. (1) Task nature. Procrastination does not mean that procrastinators have nothing to do. They choose a simple and rewarding task among many tasks and postpone other tasks, even though they know that procrastination will bring negative consequences. These are closely related to the nature of the task. The first is task aversion. People always seek happiness, avoid pain and tend to postpone tasks they don't like. The second is the time limit for rewards and punishments. The timing of rewards and punishments also affects behavior choice, and procrastinators are more willing to choose tasks with less value but timely rewards. (2) Family education. Family is the first environment for human contact, and the influence of family education on children is self-evident. Ma Xinyi's research found that procrastination is positively related to the severity of parents. In other words, compared with warm and understanding families, strict and indifferent families are more likely to give birth to children with high procrastination.
2. Internal factors. (1) Personality characteristics. According to relevant research, there is a significant negative correlation between the sense of responsibility and procrastination of fifth-grade students. The psychological mechanism lies in: ① People with conscience need more time to complete tasks; The sense of responsibility enhances the individual's persistence in tasks; People with conscience will avoid distant goals. . (2) Self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is an individual's speculation and judgment on whether he has the ability to achieve the expected results. Previous studies have pointed out that self-efficacy can better predict procrastination. (3) Self-esteem level. There is a negative correlation between self-esteem and procrastination. When the task is more difficult than the ability, out of self-esteem and fear of failure, individuals will make excuses for themselves, and procrastination will become self-protection, so that procrastinators will blame the reasons when the task fails. Not enough time? Instead of. Ability is not good? . (4) Motivational autonomy. Self-determination affects individual participation in activities. Most activities are not entirely driven by self-determined motives. With the strengthening of behavior and internalization of external motivation, external control behavior is transformed into internal control behavior. For example, children study hard because their parents want to be praised; When children grow up and realize the significance of learning, they will consciously learn and learning will become an internalization. With the improvement of grades, independent decision makers will gain more sense of value; But it has little effect on non-independent decision makers. They just finished what they should do and didn't realize their growth. People with high motivation and self-determination will enjoy the results more actively and solve problems more firmly when they encounter difficulties; Non-self-determination people will have more negative emotions and then delay. Intrinsic motivation is the most important factor affecting procrastination. (5) organization and planning. Procrastinators lack organizational planning, and generally do not decide what to do first and then what to do according to the priority of tasks, but choose easy and pleasant things to do first, which will delay important tasks; Vulnerable to external interference, they often use other things as an excuse to cover up their behavior obstacles.
Third, the intervention of procrastination
In the past, the intervention on procrastination focused more on behavior habits, but procrastination is not only a matter of habits and abilities, but also related to personality and motivation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen other aspects of intervention and adopt multi-angle intervention methods on the basis of behavioral intervention. For example, organize the training of time management and behavior habits, improve the ability of time management, and use cognitive-behavioral therapy to correct it. Perfectionism, such as unreasonable beliefs, can improve self-efficacy and self-esteem, enhance emotional adjustment ability, and make them believe that they have enough ability to complete tasks, thus reducing procrastination.
Fourth, the enlightenment to education.
Previous studies have shown that procrastination is negatively correlated with academic performance, and procrastination will have a negative impact on academic performance, so corresponding intervention measures need to be taken to correct it.
Effective intervention on students' procrastination should start from the following aspects: first, strengthen the cultivation of students' self-management ability; The second is to help students change unreasonable ideas and guide them to face the problems in learning rationally; Third, give appropriate adaptive education in the new semester, so that students can successfully complete the role transformation; Fourth, pay attention to the role of words and deeds.
References:
Ernest Klein. English comprehensive etymological dictionary [M]. New york: Elsevier, 197 1.
[2] Pang Weiguo. A summary of academic procrastination of college students [J]. Psychological Science, 20 10/0,33 (1):147-150.
[3] Ma Xinyi. A study on the relationship between procrastination and parental rearing patterns of college students [J]. China Journal of Clinical Psychology, 201,19 (5): 675-676.
About the author: Tian Yuan (1986―), female, from Hebi, Henan, teaching assistant, research direction; Basic psychology.
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