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China's scientific system is a basic system for selecting officials by examination in the history of China. He originated in Han, stood in Sui, stood in Tang, became in Song, flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and abandoned in the late Qing Dynasty, and experienced Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to historical records, it was officially abolished from the first year of the Great cause of Sui Dynasty (605) to the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1.905), which lasted 1.300 years.
The emergence of Chinese imperial examination system is a historical necessity and a great progress. Always adhere to the principle of "free registration, open examination, equal competition and merit-based employment". It is a direct and powerful substitute and negation for the ancient official selection system in China, especially for the inspection system in Han Dynasty and the nine-product system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and provides a platform for the majority of small and medium-sized landlords and ordinary people to enter the official position through the imperial examination. Therefore, the imperial examination system is the most groundbreaking equality system in the history of China and even the world.
In the long imperial examination of 1300 years, there were more than 700 champions, nearly 1 10000 Jinshi, with millions of people (even more Jinshi). After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, almost every intellectual had an indissoluble bond and close relationship with the imperial examination, and only a few had never participated in the examination. In the history of China, most famous ministers, celebrities, politicians, thinkers, writers, artists, scientists, diplomats and military strategists who are good at maintaining public order and making outstanding contributions come from top scholars, literati and juren.
/kloc-the imperial examination system in 0/300 years occupied almost three-fifths of China's feudal society of more than two thousand years and nearly one-third of China's civilization history of five thousand years. It has a long history and great influence, which is well known to women and children. It has played a great role in the reunification of the motherland, social stability, unity and integration of all ethnic groups, the spread and construction of Chinese civilization, especially the promotion and development of Confucian culture and ancient education. China's imperial examination system spread from the East to the West after the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and Vietnam, Japan, South Korea and North Korea all followed China's example for a long time in their own countries. The political system of selecting officials in France, the United States, Britain and other countries is also directly influenced by the Chinese imperial examination system. Western modern civil servant selection system, China modern education system and cadre selection system are the inheritance and development of Chinese imperial examination system. Therefore, Dr. Sun Yat-sen fully affirmed that China's imperial examination system "is the oldest and best system used by all countries in the world to select real talents" (five-power constitution). Westerners call China's imperial examination system "the fifth great invention of China" (five-power constitution). Westerners call China's imperial examination system "the fifth invention of China". This is undoubtedly a great contribution to the Chinese nation and all mankind.
In the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination in China was based on stereotyped writing, that is, "stereotyped writing as an official". It gradually became a rigid model, especially in the late Qing Dynasty, which seriously bound intellectuals and exposed various drawbacks. Therefore, Wu wrote The Scholars, an immortal masterpiece satirizing the imperial examination. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, when the feudal social system was about to perish, the reform of the Wu garrison had already taken place, and "abolishing the imperial examination and establishing a school" became a historical necessity. 1905, the Qing government issued an imperial edict to stop the imperial examination. Since then, the imperial examination system of 1300 has come to an end.
Strictly speaking, China's imperial examination system should be divided into two systems: Wen and Wu. Wushu is a subject specially designed for selecting military attache. Wu Tong was established in the second year of Chang 'an of Wu Zetian in Tang Dynasty (702) and abolished in the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (190 1), which lasted 1200 years. The examination procedure and composition are basically the same, but the content and time are different. In the history of imperial examinations in China, since the Tang Dynasty, there have been two subjects, civil servants and military commanders, which go hand in hand in different ways. However, China's imperial examination system has always attached importance to liberal arts, which has always occupied a dominant position in the imperial examination. Because of the limited function, little influence and lack of information of Wushu, this exhibition is not the focus.
In recent years, people have been talking about the number of top scholars in ancient China. 1992 Biography of Top Scholars published by Chongqing Publishing House and 1993 Record of Top Scholars published by Shenyang Publishing House only list the names of 596 top scholars. 1July 30, 994, the reading newspaper said that from the fifth year of Tang Wude (622) to the thirtieth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1904), there were 599 people with the title champion. 1995 The Record of China's Top Scholars in Past Dynasties, published by Shanghai Culture Publishing House, contains 602 top scholars in past dynasties. I don't want to comment on their right and wrong gains and losses. I just want to talk about it again based on my research for more than ten years.
China Library Classification Number: K207 Document Identification Number: Part A Number:1008-1763 (2001) 03-0024-03.
First, how many champions should there be?
Some people may say: how many times you take the exam, there will be the number one scholar. Although it can be said in general, it is not that simple when you look closely. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, some students failed in the test and some scored in the test, but no champion was produced. In the yuan dynasty, there were two champions in a list; In the Jin Dynasty, a list had one champion, two champions and three champions. So we do specific analysis and statistics by dynasty.
In the Sui Dynasty, although the imperial examination was the first method to select scholars, there were also Jinshi subjects, but there were few candidates every time. In the historical records that I can see, there is no record of ranking, so it doesn't count.
In the Tang Dynasty, according to books such as Wen Tong Kao, Selected Exams and Zhongju Kao, * * * held a total of 265 imperial examinations, one of which was invalidated due to the leakage of examination questions. Did the remaining 264 times produce champions every time?
If we want to make this problem clear, we must first determine who can be the top scholar. The author thinks that the champion should be the first champion appointed by the imperial court to preside over the official examination, use the same set of examination questions, start the examination in the same place, and then unify the grading and ranking, and be recognized by the highest authorities.
According to this standard, the fifth year of Wu Chang (845) and the second year of Zhao Zonggan Ning (895) were both ranked twice, and the first ranking was denied by the highest authorities. Their "number one scholar" was eliminated when they were re-ranked (see the year when they took the Deng Ke exam), so naturally they can no longer be called number one scholars. There are also 12 Jinshi examinations that did not produce the top scholar.
In the second year of Su Zongde (757), Ding Youke was divided due to the Anshi rebellion and traffic jams, and each faction did its own thing. After the exam, there was no unified ranking (see Deng Kekao in that year). Although all four places have a first place, it cannot be said that all four first places are champions, and there is no reason to say which one is the champion, so there is no champion in this subject.
During the Dai Dynasty, from the first year of Yongtai (765) to the tenth year of Dali (775), it was difficult and regrettable in the aftermath of the Anshi Rebellion. The examinations of Jinshi and other subjects are not held uniformly, and there is no unified ranking. Instead, they were held in Shangdu (Chang 'an) and Du Dong (Luoyang) respectively. Each faction made its own contribution and gave its own questions and rankings. Each year, the two places have a first place (see the year of Kao Ji and the volume of Tang Yanyan). Similarly, we can't say that 1 1 has two champions in each subject, nor can we say which one is the first champion. Therefore, the subject 1 1 did not produce the champion. On this issue, even the "comprehensive examination of literature" and "filing examination" are unclear, which leads to many people making mistakes now. Excluding this 12 times, the Tang Dynasty produced 252 top scholars.
Five Dynasties: In the Five Dynasties of the Central Plains, according to "Wen Tong Kao, Selected Kao" and "Record Kao", * * * opened the Jinshi branch 47 times, resulting in 47 top scholars; According to the Spring and Autumn Ten Kingdoms, Ma Nan Tang Shu, Lu Nan Tang Shu, Jiangnan Legacy, etc. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, Jinshi 19 times was held, and 19 champions were produced. According to the spring and autumn annals of ten countries, the author estimates that there are 55 top scholars in Wu, Houshu and Nanhan (2); That is to say, the number one scholar 12 1 was produced in this issue.
In the Song Dynasty, according to the literature general examination, selected examination, Song history, continuing education as a mirror, and the long version of continuing education as a mirror, * * * opened the Jinshi 1 16 times, and added the examination twice, resulting in 1 18 champion.
In Liao Dynasty, according to Liao History, Chronicle of Liao History and Zi Zhi Tong Jian, * * * opened 57 Jinshi courses and produced 57 top scholars.
Xixia, according to the Xixia Historical Draft, etc. There are also scholars, the number of which has not been recorded, so it is impossible to speculate. At present, we only know the name of 1 champion.
In the Jin Dynasty, according to the records of Jin Shu, Jin Shu Chronicle, Zhongzhou Ji and Gui, we found that its tribute was quite special, and it was a literati's move. Sometimes it was divided into two branches, Ci Fu and Jing Yi, each of which produced a champion; Sometimes it is divided into three branches: Ci Fu, Jing Yi and Ce Lun, and each branch also produces a champion; There are still three schools in the later period, but it is clearly stipulated that the first meaning is regarded as the second word; In view of the fact that there has never been a complete record, and no one has conducted a systematic study, the author once wrote the article "A Textual Research on Jin Dynasty", and verified that there were 43 scholars in this dynasty, resulting in 74 champions (including 43 Ci Fu, 65,438+03, and 65,438 Strategy+08).
On this issue, there is also a country within a country-pseudo-Qi. According to the records of "The Compilation of Daikin National Records" and "Records of Jianyan Years", the imperial examination was also held, and two champions were produced.
In the Yuan Dynasty, according to the History of the Yuan Dynasty, the History of Continuing Education as a Mirror and so on. , the imperial examination started and stopped, * * * passed 16 times, each time divided into "North-South List", 1 champion, with a total of 32 champions.
In the Ming Dynasty, according to Ming History, Ming History and Nomination Index of Scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was basically three years 1 time, but twice a year, it was called "spring and summer list", and it was * * * 89 times, resulting in 89 top scholars.
According to the records of Send to the Garden and Send to the Place, Record of Pingkou, Shu Bi and History of Peasant War in the Late Ming Dynasty, the "Daxi" regime established by Zhang in Sichuan in the late Ming Dynasty held six imperial examinations, two of which ended in massacres, and only four were successful, resulting in four champions.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Draft of Qing History, Biography of Qing History and Index of Inscriptions of Scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties were published, and * * * opened 1 12 times for scholars, two of which were divided into "Full List" and "Han List" as in the Yuan Dynasty, and each list had a champion, so the total number of champions was/kloc-
According to Notes on Meng Chun Temple in Jiangnan, Notes on Smelling Nose, Collection of Thieves' Feelings, A Brief History of Jia Gui in Jinling, etc. The imperial examinations in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom are rich and colorful, including male subjects and female subjects. Natural test, oriental test, northern test, wing test, etc. * * * Pass 2 1 time, once divided into male and female subjects, and produced 22 champions.
To sum up, in the history of our country, * * * produced about 886 top scholars.
Second, the number of top scholars who can test their names in past dynasties.
At present, the main basis for people to study the top scholars in the Tang Dynasty is the general examination of documents and the record examination, which is more detailed. The name of the Tang Dynasty 139 champion and the surname of 1 champion were obtained through the examination. The information is quite informative, and most of the textual research is valid, but some places are debatable. For example, it may not be appropriate to list Sun as the first scholar in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the number one scholar was far less favored and valued than after the mid-Song Dynasty. Whether you are admitted to an ordinary scholar or ranked first, you are only qualified to be an official. Generally speaking, he can't be employed by officials immediately. The starting point for officials is also very low. According to "Selected Records of the New Tang Dynasty", the general Jinshi should start from the bottom of the Nine Grades, and the first class, including the champion, is only awarded from the Nine Grades. Sun served as an official in Sui Dynasty for many years. Shortly after the establishment of Tang Dynasty, he wrote a letter to worship the official (Volume 1 of Record Examination). By the time he reached Wude for five years, he was already in charge of the history of admonition. This is the seven products. Why did he re-take the Jinshi exam and strive for the qualification of being an official, starting from scratch? The author believes that it is a failure to regard Liesun as the top scholar.
In the 12 year when there was no champion, Ji Kao also "tested" six champions. At the time of withdrawal, Xiao Li in the first year of Yongtai, Qi Ying in the fourth year of Dali (actually the first in the eastern capital), Li Bo in the fifth year (actually the first in the capital) and Wang Mang in the sixth year (actually the first in the capital) were all removed. In addition, Jia Zhi was born in the Ming Dynasty, not the top scholar. At the same time, the author thinks that 18 people should be added: Yuan Shaoliang, Jia Jiyang, Cui Mingyun, Cheng, Yan Kangcheng, Kong Minxing, Kong Zhen, Zhao, Jia Ben, Li Chao, Zhao Meng, Kong Zheng, Li Xun, Li Shu and Li Liang. That is to say, there were *** 15 1 scholar (including 1 person whose surname was only known) in the Tang Dynasty.
The general examination and record examination of the documents of the Five Dynasties only pay attention to the Five Dynasties in the Central Plains. Among them, only 1 1 was marked as the top scholar: Cui Miao, Ti Chen, Cui Guangbiao, Wang Guipu, Renying Huang, Guo Yun, Lu Hua, Kouxiang, wang pu, wang pu and Hu Zai. The author thinks that Liu Tan should be supplemented in Kao Lu, Bi Shi in Puyang, Ai Ying, Yuhu, New Books in the South and Collection of Guang Zhuo Yi should be supplemented with *** 18 people.
According to the Spring and Autumn Period and Ten Kingdoms, Lu's Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, Ma 'nan Tang Dynasty and Remains of Jiangnan, we can find 10 top scholars in Southern Tang Dynasty: Wang Kezhen, Wu Qiao, Yang Sui, Lu Ying, Yao Duan, Zhang Que, Wang Chonggu; According to the Records of the Ten Kingdoms in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Book of Southern Han Dynasty, there were two top scholars in Southern Han Dynasty: He Jian; According to the records in the Spring and Autumn Period of Ten Kingdoms, the Records of Jianyang County in the Republic of China and the Records of Shuangliu County in the Republic of China, there are two top scholars in Houshu: Heshang.
There were 32 top scholars with famous surnames in the Five Dynasties.
In the Song Dynasty, according to the above books, we can know the name of the 1 18 champion.
Liao dynasty, according to the above books, we can know that 55 of them are famous names. According to the authors of Shanxi Tongzhi and Zhongzhou Ji, the border road has been added, but it is still short of 1 person.
Xixia, only known at present 1 person: Li Zunxu.
In the Jin Dynasty, the author wrote in the third issue of Journal of Sichuan University 1997, and got 6 1 champion (of which 1 one only knew his surname).
The names of the two Yuan in the pseudo-Qi Dynasty are both in the above-mentioned books, namely Luo Yin and Shao.
Thirty-two scholars in the Yuan Dynasty were the top scholars, and all of them were famous in Yuan history.
There were 89 champions in the Ming Dynasty and 1 14 champions in the Qing Dynasty, all of which were listed in the Index of Inscriptions of Scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Only two of the four top scholars produced by the Daxi regime are known: one is Chen Jue based on the history of peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty; Another version in the above-mentioned book is different, and the author thinks that it was accepted by Zhang Dayi when he sent it to the garden, and the documentary evidence was flat.
The top champions of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 17 are Cheng Wenxiang, Fu Shanxiang (female), Zhu Shijie, Wu Rongkuan, Qiao, Yang, Liu, Ye Chunyuan, Liu Shengpei, Fan Puyuan, Shen Lunyuan, Wu Zhenkun, Lu Peiying and Shouzhang Xu.
In short, there are 67 1 champions with known names, 3 with known surnames and 674 with * * *.
Third, the number of top scholars with biographical data in past dynasties.
Among the champions whose names or surnames are known, the proportion of dynasties in which some biographical materials can be found more or less is different, except the identity of the champion and the year of winning the championship.
The Qing Dynasty was closest to us and attached great importance to the champion, so we can find its biographical data of 1 14 champion, but the details are different. The top scholar in Qing Dynasty wrote biographies for them one by one in Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio.
The Ming dynasty is not far from us, and it pays special attention to the champion, so the information of the champion is also very rich. Among the 89 top scholars, except Han Yinglong and Yang, all the others have their life stories handed down from generation to generation. The author wrote a biography for them, which was included in the book Biography of Top Scholars in Ming Dynasty.
Yuan Dynasty and Liao Dynasty paid little attention to the number one scholar, and all the ruling people were ethnic minorities. Once they perish, the Han people often destroy their materials out of national hatred. Therefore, there are few biographies of the top scholars in these two dynasties, only 22 in Liao and only 13 in Yuan. The Jin Dynasty attached great importance to the number one scholar, although ethnic minorities were also in power, but the biographical data of 37 number one scholars were circulated. Li Zunxu of Xixia became emperor, so he naturally had information. Biographies of the top scholars in these dynasties are all in the book Strange Tales of the Top Scholars in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties.
In the early Song Dynasty, there were five generations of lingering winds, so the number one scholar was not high and there was no special preferential treatment. So there is little information about the champion in the early stage. After paying attention to the champion in the middle term, his life information was basically circulated, and many anecdotes about the champion were very rich. There are five people in this dynasty who have no biographical data, and four of them are early champions. The author's "Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Biography of the Song Champion" contains the biography of the champion of this dynasty.
Neither the Tang Dynasty nor the Five Dynasties paid much attention to the champion. In addition, due to the long history, there is little information about the number one scholar. There were 92 in the Tang Dynasty and only 17 in the Five Dynasties. Biographies of the top scholars in these two periods are included in the upcoming two books, The Tales of the Top Scholars in Tang Dynasty and The Tales of the Top Scholars in Five Dynasties.
Two in Daxi, 1 has some information, 1 basically has no information; Of the 17 top scholars handed down from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, only 10 has some fragmentary data preserved to this day. Two pseudo-homogeneous ones have no data.
To sum up, there are more or less ***507 winners in previous dynasties.
There are three special cases among the top scholars in the past dynasties:
Emperor No.1 1: Xixia Li Zunxu;
A veritable 1: Zheng Hao in the Tang Dynasty;
There are 1 real female champions: Fu Shanxiang of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.