James v easterly.

Among them, james v of scotland easterly is the surname of both parties involved, usually written in italics.

Sometimes you will see a sad case name, such as white v white. The same surname generally means that the plaintiff and the defendant are husband and wife or relatives.

If there is more than one person on both sides, usually only the&of the first person is written, followed by and others (sometimes abbreviated as "&; Ors”).

This part is the most recognizable part of the case. Usually, when discussing a case, a group of people don't deliberately read this long list, but only use the names of both parties, and sometimes even only use the name of one of them as a abbreviation, which is called "xxx case".

Sometimes you will find that the name of one of the parties is only expressed by the initial letter, which means that some special circumstances have occurred and his name cannot be made public (for example, the party is underage).

In criminal cases, the acronym with special meaning is R, which can stand for Rex (male monarch at that time) or Regina (female monarch at that time), and is usually pronounced as Crown. This abbreviation does not represent the Queen herself, but the Crown Prosecutor acting in her name.

The v in the case name is not pronounced as v or versus. In civil cases, it is usually pronounced with or, and in criminal cases it is pronounced with. I met a difficult professor and interrupted his speech halfway, just to correct his pronunciation of V, and the scene was a bit embarrassing at that time. ...

James v of scotland easterly BC

The middle part of the reference basically serves as a serial number.

[1990] represents the year, sometimes in parentheses.

2 is the file number (volume number), sometimes you can't write it.

AC is the abbreviation of these report series names, and each abbreviation represents a specific series. AC represents the appeal case here. This series of reports is the most accurate, because it needs to be approved by the judge before publication, and it can be trusted when reading it.

75 1 represents the page number of this case report. Just record the location of the start page. As for how long this report is, you have to turn it over yourself.

I suspect that in the underdeveloped past, these numbers and abbreviations could quickly locate the location of a case report, which was a very efficient system at that time. But today, when all documents are digitized, as long as you make good use of search engines, you can find a report in an instant, and these numbers become chicken ribs.

(By the way, I usually use Bailii (British and Irish Institute of Legal Information) to search case reports, and the effect is good and sufficient. We always use it. But if you are looking for articles or books, Westlaw and Lexis are more efficient. )

James v easterly.

HL in brackets is the abbreviation of the House of Lords, indicating that the trial of this case is held here. However, since 2009, the British House of Lords no longer has judicial functions and is exercised by the Supreme Court.

Watts v morrow [1991]1wlr1421(CA) quoted in my previous column is abbreviated as ca in brackets, which stands for the court of appeal, that is, the court of appeal. This is a court lower than the Supreme Court. I may introduce the level of English courts in detail in a future column.

Quoting the last bracket is sometimes omitted, but for a case from the lower court to the Supreme Court, this bracket is a warm and intimate existence and the gospel of pragmatists. Because every time the same case goes to a different place, there will be new reports. ...

It should be noted that the verdict of the high court will be published online before the official report, and there will be two different years in the citation.

(UKSC stands for the British Supreme Court, which is very concise and easy to understand. )

Cases in the European Union are generally divided into two categories: the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the General Court (GC).

Case C ---- Case on behalf of ECJ

Case T- case representing GC

After Britain left the EU, I don't know how seniors and professors who specialize in EU law feel. ...

Finally, regarding the citation of academic papers, we recommend websites that cite laws. When I wrote this article, I kept this website open to prevent myself from remembering or forgetting anything. The two pictures used in this paper are also from case law.