Dissertation is a necessary condition for students to obtain different degrees, but the writing of dissertation must pass the opening report. If the opening report fails, then you are not allowed to write a dissertation. Obviously, the opening report is very important for the dissertation. What I have brought here are reading notes for my dissertation research, which I hope will be helpful to you.
Abstract: Reading notes are the starting point of dissertation research. This paper expands the connotation of "reading, writing, writing, writing" and gives a broad definition of "recording the results of the book you read with a pen and a pen". This paper analyzes the relationship between "reading, remembering, thinking and fruit (thesis)" in the process of dissertation research. Summarize three main forms of reading notes: taking notes, commenting and learning. The main contents of reading notes are summarized as follows: the source and location of materials, the items marked in the literature, the comments on the contents of the literature, the comments on interest issues, the discussion of related issues, and the clues of related notes. This paper has certain guiding significance for students who have just entered the stage of thesis research.
Keywords: dissertation reading notes, abstract notes, annotation notes, and experience notes.
Some graduate students, who were cadres in their units before going to school, achieved fruitful results at school, so you are lucky that you have many choices to be the topics of your dissertation; Other graduate students follow their tutors to do projects. Congratulations, you are also happy. Because, with the theme, its goal and time limit are clear, and you can concentrate on a topic.
If you don't have a topic that can be used as a thesis, and the tutor only gives a very large scope, it seems that you can only rely on yourself. Some students have tried their best, but they can't find a place to start. These students ask me the same question year after year in distress: "Where should I start writing?" And I can only tirelessly answer the same answer year after year: start with reading notes!
Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, has a famous poem: "Reading breaks thousands of volumes, and writing is like a god!" Starting from scratch, reading a lot is one of the basic ways to find the topic of a paper. And "a lot" generally means: (1) its amount far exceeds the natural memory ability of the human brain; (2) The time required to read "thousands of books" is also difficult to support. Therefore, in order to efficiently remember and master the "books" we read, we need to pay attention to methods.
There are many ways to read, but the most common, basic and efficient way is to make "reading notes". It is for students to study their dissertations and find the basis of academic problems through "topic writing", and then through the analysis and cooperation of special research logs, you may usually find the topic of your dissertations.
Although these students are unhappy, God is fair, and your efforts will not be in vain. Because, in the ability to find problems and abstract problems, you have been fully trained, which the first two types of students did not get during their graduate studies.
1 The concept of reading notes
1. 1 Definition of reading notes
Reading notes, as the name implies, are the results of recording the main contents of the "book" you read, reading experience, discussing problems and so on.
"Reading" here is reading in a broad sense, which refers to all the action processes that can be felt and experienced, and is a process of information acquisition.
The "book" here is a book in a broad sense, which should be all information carriers, including both traditional information carriers and modern information carriers, as well as concrete things in the real world, that is, everything that can be "read". For reading notes with the main purpose of writing dissertations, the main carriers are: monographs, textbooks, books or their chapters, papers (collections) in magazines, retrieval systems, reference books, official documents, personal diaries, networks, audio-visual materials, and even objects and things in the real world.
The "pen" here is a pen in a broad sense, which refers to all available recording means.
The "record" here is a record in a broad sense, which refers to all recorded processes.
It is worth mentioning that the observation of objects or events is also a kind of "reading", an important link in scientific research and one of the sources of scientific originality. It is a more important "reading" for a dissertation.
Stukeley recorded in "Memoirs of Sir isaac newton's Life", "After lunch, the weather was very warm. We went into the garden and had tea and chatted in the shade of apple trees. Just Newton and me. He told me that he had experienced such a scene before. At that time, he also sat under the apple tree, lost in deep thought. Previously, he had a vague understanding of gravity. At this time, an apple fell to the ground and interrupted his thoughts. " What did this apple do? Stuckley went on to write: "Newton began to explore why apples always fall vertically to the ground." Why don't apples fall sideways or fly into the sky? ... obviously, this is because the gravity of the earth is pulling apples. Newton discovered the law of gravity. "
1.2 Significance of reading notes
The development of everything has a process from small to large. Xunzi's exhortation to learn said: "If you don't accumulate steps, you can't travel thousands of miles, and if you don't accumulate small streams, you can't become rivers and seas." "If you accumulate soil, you will become mountains, and the wind and rain will be glorious; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. " The progress of mankind begins with the accumulation of knowledge. Similarly, a person's progress is also a process of accumulation. A dissertation, not a short essay, usually can't be accomplished overnight, but accumulated bit by bit.
People call doing a series of things that can't produce cumulative effect "a bear breaks a stick", which is the best metaphor for those who have read a lot and done a lot, but just can't by going up one flight of stairs. The root cause is that they can't accumulate. How do people who do dissertations accomplish efficient accumulation? Tell you: reading notes is the most effective way to accumulate knowledge.
First of all, it can help memory. The more knowledge, the better. The richness of knowledge is formed by accumulation. Read it and forget it. Knowledge cannot be enriched. Even if you read thousands of books, you can't find God when you write it. It must be remembered that reading notes is one of the best ways to help memory. As the saying goes, "A good memory is worse than a bad writing" [1 ~ 2]. It means that taking notes can help you remember.
Secondly, writing reading notes is also a good way to accumulate knowledge. The ancients said, "No pen and ink, no reading". In other words, you must take notes when reading in order to accumulate knowledge. Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan [3] in the Northern Song Dynasty is a work of reading notes.
Finally, taking reading notes can also help to improve reading ability, analytical ability, comprehensive induction ability and writing expression ability, which is a comprehensive training with both hands and brains, reading and writing.
From the above three points, we should pay attention to writing reading notes.
1.3 the goal of reading notes
The direct purpose of reading notes is accumulation, and the ultimate purpose of accumulation is to bear "fruit", that is, the final dissertation. Reading is the foundation, remembering is the means, thinking is the key, and fruit is the purpose. See figure 1. Reading and memory is a learning process, thinking is a research process, its carrier is a special research journal, thinking and fruit are a thinking process, and fruit is the final paper of paper research and writing. ? The overall goal of reading notes is to lay a foundation for the follow-up research work, and its specific goals mainly include: recording the clues of information carriers so as to find and consult them at any time; Record the content of interest for easy reference, rereading and appreciation; Record your experience, so as to record your learning experience, problems, associations, etc. Accumulate information for study.
2 main forms of reading notes
According to the main purpose of writing reading notes, it can be divided into three types: taking notes based on memory content, commenting based on gaining experience and lessons, and learning based on solving problems.
2. 1 Notes
Notes are a form of notes that accurately copy sentences and paragraphs related to one's study, work or research according to the original text during reading. After extracting the original text, the source should be indicated, including the title, author, publishing unit, publishing time, page number, etc. For reference and verification. Annotation can be divided into: (1) index annotation, which only records the title and source of the article, also known as directory annotation; (2) Original notes, that is, copying wonderful sentences and paragraphs related to one's own study and research in books and periodicals, are used as the original materials for future application, and the outline, abbreviated form and cut-and-paste form referred to in some occasions also belong to this category; (3) Abstract notes, based on understanding the original text, briefly record the opinions and conclusions in the book in their own language according to the order of the original text, also called (content) abstract. This method generally requires a preliminary summary of the original text [4].
2.2 Commentary Notes
Comment notes are a form of reading notes to comment on one's own gains and losses after reading, or to take notes on difficulties and write one's own views on the content of reading materials.
Comment notes can be divided into: (1) doubtful notes, which mainly record the difficult problems encountered in reading, take notes while reading, and then ask questions separately later to achieve the purpose of understanding; (2) Fill in the blanks and supplement the reading notes of the original text, which is to supplement the places where the original book or article is dissatisfied after reading. It should be noted that the supplement to the original text is not dispensable, but should be developed or exerted around the central idea; (3) suggestive, that is, after reading the original text or article, supplement what you are dissatisfied with; (4) Explain and annotate the difficulties; (5) Summary, that is, after reading the book, comment on its gains and losses.
2.3 Experience Notes
Experiential notes are a kind of notes to write your knowledge, feelings, experiences, feelings and gains after reading. Empirical notes can be divided into: (1) direct notes, which are written in combination with the main points of notes and experience when reading. Because this method is simple and practical, it is most used in practice; (2) Imitation, in order to apply what you have learned, you can imitate others' methods of solving problems and solve your own research problems. This method needs to accumulate some experience and solve a series of practical or academic problems. (3) Abstract notes are notes that, after reading several books or articles, seize the center to comment on one's own views and opinions and put forward one's own opinions on the same issue. This way requires a lot of "reading" accumulation; (4) Innovation, the feeling after reading. Write out the content that inspires and educates you the most, and study the feelings, experiences, feelings and gains of the actual content with yourself, which is also called casual feeling and feeling after reading. This is the highest stage of reading notes and the starting point of academic innovation.
The above three types of reading notes, no matter which type is adopted, are all for the service of study, work, scientific research and writing. When taking notes, you can start with an abstract style, and then you will "read" more. After comparison, you can write an explanation style. As for the experience style, it goes further and belongs to the category of scientific research.
3 The main content of reading notes
Because reading notes are mainly for yourself, you don't need any fixed format and content, as long as you can understand and see what you want. The content of the record also depends on your own interests and needs. Based on years of experience and lessons, it is suggested to record the following contents.
Source and location of data. After all, reading notes are not the full text, but the research work itself is a reciprocating process, often after the emergence of new materials, while the original reading notes are incomplete and need to be retrieved. This is very important. We have too many lessons and very good information. Finally, I only remember the painful experience I saw but I can't find it anymore. For example, when I was involved in compiling the Encyclopedia of Military Logistics in China, I found a message that I didn't pay much attention to at first. But in later research, he found that this became the key argument of an entry, and the rule of an encyclopedia is to write a fair point of view, not his own, and it can hardly be the content of an entry without reference. So he had to change the logical structure of the entry, which took a lot of effort and failed to get a satisfactory result. Most of the materials should come from libraries and reference rooms, but a considerable part of them are government confidential documents, and some of them are in the hands of individuals. So remember the call number, official document number and personal name of these materials. If you meet the requirements, you can copy the full text.
Document markup project. The specific content of the items marked in the references when the results are published depends on the relevant regulations of the media to be published. For example, the content to be recorded can be determined according to GB77 14-87 "Rules for the Description of References after Articles" or according to the specific requirements of the media to be published. Because different media may have different requirements for literature labeling, when the publication media of the results are uncertain, redundant strategies should be adopted as far as possible to eliminate the helpless and painful repetitive work in the follow-up.
Notes on the contents of documents. Content selection: (1) superficial content, which can be abstract, table of contents, etc. For future reference; (2) the content of interest, the part of the content that interests you, so that you can read it intensively in the future; (3) the specific content, the content related to the research project, so as to be used for comparative analysis in the future. Mode selection: (1) from the original text; (2) Annotation of meaning.
Comments on interests. What you read is usually the essence of the article, and you usually have your own unique experience. The record of these experiences is of great significance for your own cultivation and the expression of these experiences for the formation of writing skills.
Discussion on related issues. (1) Enlightenment and help to specific research contents; (2) Problems existing in the article; (3) Revision opinions and suggestions; (4) The association generated by this article and so on. The discussion of related issues is the cornerstone of research and innovation.
Related notes and clues. (1) Content index related to this note; (2) Review of relevant contents, etc.
4 conclusion
Reading notes are the results of recording the main contents of the book you read, reading experience and discussing problems with a pen. Reading notes are the starting point of dissertation research, which can promote memory, accumulate knowledge and improve reading ability, analytical ability and comprehensive induction ability. According to the purpose of writing, the main forms of reading notes are: taking notes, commenting and learning. The main contents of reading notes include six parts: the source and location of materials, the items marked in documents, the comments on the contents of documents, the comments on interest issues, the discussion of related issues and the clues of related notes.
refer to
[1] golden age. A good memory is better than a bad writing ―― Introducing a reading method for secretaries [J]. Friends of the Secretary, 2008, 10: 15- 17.
[2] Liu Zhihua. A good memory is not as good as a bad writing [J]. Art of Education, April 2002:10-11.
[3] (Song) Shen Kuo, Book. Meng Xi's written speech [M]. Zhao Derong, translated. China Pictorial Publishing House, 20 1 1.
[4] He Shanfeng, Ai Zhu. Three ways to read notes [J]. Literature education, 20 10, 10: 12 1.
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