An argumentative essay is an article that shows opinions and clarifies truth. It takes argumentation as its main expression. The general test sites for argumentative writing are: (1) the accumulation and application of language; (2) Looking for arguments and finding out the difference between arguments and topics; (3) identification, understanding and demonstration methods; (4) discuss the structure clearly; (5) Grasp the meaning, levels and paragraphs; (6) Understand the skills of argumentation and selection; (7) Analyze and try to find out the meanings and expressive functions of key words and sentences; (8) Experience the accuracy and rigor of discussion language; (9) Understand the central sentence, supporting sentence and their relationship; (10) Understand the author's viewpoint and writing intention according to his life experience; (1 1) Find or supplement arguments; (12) The difference between argumentation and refutation, etc.

Skills refer to Tianjin.

To read an argumentative essay, we must first understand its characteristics. Argumentative writing has three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. Only by grasping these characteristics of discussion can we know where to start and how to "read" when reading.

First, grasp the argument.

When reading an argumentative essay, the most important thing is to find out the central argument of the article. In most articles, the title only puts forward a topic, and the central argument is implied in the discussion of the article. In some articles, the title is the central argument. Then as the title of the argument, it is generally a sentence or phrase that expresses judgment and affirmation. Some articles put forward a central argument at the beginning. There are also articles that put forward central arguments in the middle or at the end of the article. .

Second, clarify the argument.

Reading argumentative essays, after mastering the arguments, we should also find out which arguments are used to prove the arguments in Chu Wen. Argumentation is generally divided into factual argument and rational argument. Factual arguments include examples, historical facts, statistical data, etc. Facts must be reliable and representative. Rational argumentation includes the correct exposition of revolutionary instructors and the principles, laws and formulas of natural science. In addition, famous sayings, proverbs, aphorisms, etc. , correctly reflects the laws of nature and human life experience, also belongs to the rational argument.

Third, clarify the ways and means of argumentation.

Only by clarifying the argumentation method can we better grasp and understand the central argument. To understand the argumentation method, we must first understand the commonly used argumentation methods. Commonly used argumentation methods include: example argumentation, reason argumentation, contrast argumentation, metaphor argumentation, etc. Secondly, it is necessary to clarify two ways of argumentation, namely, argumentation and refutation. Argumentative writing is to directly clarify one's views and opinions on things or problems; Refutation is to establish one's correct view by opposing wrong or reactionary views. When refuting the thesis, the argument methods used are "attacking the shield with a spear of a child" and reducing to absurdity.

Fourth, make clear the structure of argumentative paper.

When reading an argumentative essay, we must understand its structure. The structure of the paper is generally divided into three parts: asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems, namely introduction, theory and conclusion. The common structural forms of argumentative writing are: juxtaposition, and the relationship between paragraphs is parallel juxtaposition; Step by step, the relationship between the parts is step by step, that is, step by step; The total score formula, the level of demonstration is the relationship between the general theory and the sub-theory, or the total score before the sub-theory, or the total score after the sub-theory. The general structure of the rebuttal paper is: put forward the wrong argument, analyze the nature and harm of the wrong argument, and get the correct view.

Understand the linguistic features of argumentative writing.

Because argumentative writing is the style closest to real life, its language is often distinctive, or criticizes the shortcomings of the times, or analyzes things to the point, or mercilessly satirizes the bad social atmosphere. In addition to strict logic, choosing words and making sentences is also quite troublesome, so you should understand it carefully when reading.

When reading a narrative, we should make clear the relevant knowledge points and grasp its stylistic features.

First, the concept of narrative: narrative is an article with narrative and description as the main forms of expression and people, narrative, scenery and things as the main contents. In middle school, for the convenience of teaching, news, communications, biographies, memoirs, fables, fairy tales, novels, etc. Often classified as narrative teaching.

Second, the classification of narrative: from the content and way of writing, it can be divided into two categories: simple narrative and complex narrative. According to the different writing objects, it can be divided into four categories: 1. Write people's narrative; 2. Narrative narration; 3. Narrative writing of scenery (prose); 4. the narrative of the matter.

Third, the elements of narrative: narrative has six elements-time, place, people, the cause, process and result of events.

Fourth, the narrative order: there are three commonly used-direct narrative, flashback, and interpolation.

5. Narrative clues: Generally, there are the following types-human line, material line, emotional line, event line, time line and ground line.

Sixth, the narrator: generally speaking, the first person or the third person is used, and sometimes the second person is used.

Seven, narrative center and details: overall perception, accurately grasp the center of the article. Analyze the relationship between materials and center, and understand the detailed arrangement of materials.

Eight, narrative expression: there are five common-narrative, descriptive, explanatory, argumentative, lyrical. Complex narratives are often composed of several expressions.

Thinking and skills to solve problems:

Do narrative reading questions, you can start from the following aspects:

One, benefit from the law class, benefit after class:

In the three years of junior high school, we learned a lot of beautiful narratives in textbooks. Mr. Ye Shengtao said: "Wen is just an example." We should learn the general methods of narrative reading from these examples, and then apply these methods to the reading of extracurricular paragraphs.

Narrative is the most commonly used style in our life and study. Therefore, we must master the reading and writing methods of narrative. The information revealed by the examination questions in recent years shows that reading more books and thinking more will be beneficial to study and examination.

For example, from 1999, the State Education Commission advocated reading more books and reading good books. The National Chinese Curriculum Standard published on 200 1 lists the recommended books for middle school students' extracurricular reading. It can be seen that broadening your horizons and enriching your reading life are beneficial to you in many ways.

Second, the specific steps are as follows:

1. Perceive the content of the article as a whole and define the center.

2. See the relationship between the parts of the article, get a general idea of the article, clarify the structure of the article, and divide the level of the article.

3. Feel the thoughts and feelings expressed in the language of the article.

4. Understand the meaning of words and sentences in the context, and understand the meaning and function of words in a specific language environment.

5. Find out the most deeply felt sentences or paragraphs in the text, grasp the center of a paragraph, find out the key sentences and understand the deep meaning of these sentences.

6. Appreciate the beautiful and incisive sentences in the article, initially appreciate the images and descriptions in literary works, and appreciate the vivid images of the language.

7. When reading prose, we should understand the thoughts and feelings contained in the people or things written by the author, understand the characteristics of material selection and composition of the article, and understand the characteristics of prose that "the form is scattered and the spirit is scattered".

8. When reading a novel, we should grasp the personality characteristics of the characters, analyze the description of their appearance, language, movements and psychological activities, understand the plot of the story, understand the role of environmental description and understand the author's writing intention.

Browse, read, read,

1 Get a rough idea first.

Read carefully with questions.

Reading more books can better grasp the thoughts and feelings of books.

It is best to take notes, analyze the description of characters' appearance, language, movements and psychological activities, understand the story, understand the role of environmental description and understand the author's writing intention.

Explanatory writing is a kind of style that introduces and explains things and things with explanation as the main expression. Explanatory writing generally has three characteristics: first, content science. That is, it can accurately reflect the reality and regularity of objective things and give readers a scientific understanding. Second, the order of the structure. In order to make readers have a clear understanding, there must be a certain order and order when explaining its characteristics. The common order of interpretation is chronological order (procedural order is also a kind of chronological order), spatial order and logical order. Third, the accuracy of language. Descriptive language should be accurate and give readers a scientific understanding.

Third, learn to read and analyze explanatory texts.

(1) Perceive the content of the article as a whole, grasp the object of explanation and distinguish things.

The object of explanation is the theme of the article, which is mainly divided into two aspects: first, concrete things, including their state, nature, function and characteristics. The second is abstract things, including the essence of things, the internal relations between things or things. Reading expository articles should first accurately grasp the object of explanation, so as to correctly distinguish between cause expository articles and things expository articles. Most of the topics discussed are explanatory objects, such as the 2006 senior high school entrance examination in Shenyang-self-sufficient human bioenergy power generation, the senior high school entrance examination in Xiamen-the ecological black boy in the sea garden, the senior high school entrance examination in Shanxi (experimental area)-the Qiaojia Courtyard-a bright pearl in the history of northern residential buildings, and the senior high school entrance examination in Xinjiang-the environmental guardian in the forest. Most explanatory articles use a central period at the beginning to clarify the object of explanation. Sometimes, the topic does not reflect the object of explanation. You have to read the material carefully, line up paragraph by paragraph, sort it out, trace it back to the source and find out the object of explanation. In particular, we should pay attention to trying to figure out key sentences, such as the central sentence of each paragraph, the turning sentence, the repeated sentence in the article, etc., so as to find the explanation object. It is very important for the reading and understanding of the whole article to accurately grasp the object of exposition, whether it is the elaboration of things or matters.

(2) Analyze the content of the article and grasp the characteristics of the explanatory object.

It is not enough for an explanatory article to merely clarify the object of explanation. To further understand the content of the expository, we must also focus on the characteristics of the explanatory object, which is the key to analyze the expository. Only by accurately grasping the characteristics of the explanatory object can we deeply understand the explanatory object and understand the structural level and central content of the article. To grasp the characteristics of the object of explanation, we should not only stay on the appearance of things, but also understand the inner essence of things. Specifically, we can start from the following two aspects:

1? Let's start with the topic analysis. Some titles not only point out the object of the article, but also point out its characteristics, such as the immortality of the dead sea; Some titles use declarative sentences to guide readers to grasp the characteristics of the object of explanation, such as "seeing the weather from the clouds"; Some headlines use vivid metaphors and anthropomorphic methods to illustrate the characteristics of things, such as Streptococcus suis committing crimes on the earth again.

2? Let's start with material analysis. That is, analyze the characteristics of the things introduced by the author paragraph by paragraph, and then summarize them. The author has clearly pointed out the essential characteristics of some things in the article, so we should find out these key sentences when reading. Some explanatory texts have no obvious key sentences, so you should carefully ponder and refine them when reading.

(3) Clear the structure of the article, divided into paragraphs and levels.

The structure of explanatory text (focusing on paragraphs and levels) is relatively clear, and it is usually divided into three parts: the first part leads to the explanatory object, the middle part makes a detailed explanation, and the last part makes a summary explanation. Common structural forms are: total score, subtotal, continuous and progressive.

(4) Analyze the order and find out the key words that indicate the order.

The common order of interpretation is: chronological order (program order is a kind of chronological order), spatial order and logical order. There are three ways to analyze and interpret this sequence:

1? Recognize the object of interpretation and analyze the order of interpretation.

2? Master language symbols and "read" the order of instructions.

3? Prioritize and summarize.

(5) Analyze the explanation method of the article and its function.

1? Analytical interpretation method

In order to clearly explain the characteristics of things, appropriate interpretation methods must be adopted. Common explanation methods include: example, classification, analogy, comparison, enumeration of figures, definition, explanation and enumeration of charts.

2? Analyze and explain the function of this method.

After mastering several common interpretation methods, we should also learn to analyze the function of each interpretation method in this paper:

(1) Example: That is, citing physical objects to illustrate things. Its function is to explain things visually.

(2) Classification: This is a method of explaining objects one by one according to their categories (shape, nature, cause, function, etc.). Its function is to make the explanation clear and avoid overlapping.

(3) Metaphor: that is, using the rhetorical method of metaphor to explain things vividly. Its function is to vividly explain the characteristics of things and enhance the interest of articles.

(4) Contrast method: that is, a method of selecting specific or familiar things that have some external or internal connection with the things to be explained and comparing them with the things to be explained, or comparing them with numbers to highlight the characteristics of the things to be explained. Its function is to emphasize the characteristics of the explained object more.

(5) Number of columns: an interpretation method that shows the characteristics of interpretation by enumerating numbers. Its function is to explain the characteristics of the object more accurately and convince the readers.

(6) Definition: that is, a comprehensive and detailed explanation of the essential attributes of the things to be explained in concise words. It reveals the essential attribute that distinguishes this thing from other things with basically fixed sentence patterns. The function is to make readers have an exact understanding of the concept and make the description object more rigorous.

(7) Interpretation: It can introduce or explain things or their characteristics in a popular way. Its function is to let people know more clearly what is explained.

(8) Drawing charts: This is a way to illustrate things and things with intuitive charts. Its function is to make readers understand the explained content at a glance.

(6) Understanding the accuracy of explanatory language.

Accuracy, diversity and flexibility are not contradictory. The language of expository writing is famous for its simplicity and vividness. Due to the different language styles of the interpreter and the author, there are various interpretation languages, but accuracy is the premise of interpretation language. In order to understand the accuracy of language interpretation, it is important to understand how words and sentences explain the characteristics of things. In order to understand its function and appreciate its beauty. We can start from the following three points:

1? Experience the accuracy of the head word in the context.

2? Pay attention to the accuracy of decorative words.

3? Pay attention to the special role of related words in ideographic accuracy.

(7) Accurately grasp the key words in the explanatory text and analyze their functions in the text.

Whether we can grasp the key words in the reading material is directly related to the understanding and analysis of the whole material. Grasping key words can be considered from three aspects: grasping the central sentence, analyzing the turning sentence and identifying the referred component.

1? There are three forms of central sentences: the first surround, the middle lead and the last link, with the first surround being the majority. Analyzing the central sentence helps to grasp the main content of the article (paragraph).

2? Turning sentences play a connecting role in the structure of the article and are also a sign of contextual cohesion. Analyzing turning sentences is helpful to grasp the level and focus of the article.

3? The analysis of referential elements is often investigated in the senior high school entrance examination questions, and the analysis should be comprehensively considered from two aspects: semantics and grammatical structure.

(eight) innovative consciousness, answer open questions.