The vocabulary of Japanese gardens is different from that of China gardens. Japanese gardens use their own garden vocabulary, for example, building Shan Ye ribs, swimming in the pool, leaving the island halfway, flying stones as stepping stones, stone lanterns and five-element towers, building walls, hanging the waist in the teahouse, squatting and washing dishes, hiding dust holes in the snow, and eight sea stones like the 933 stone statue. If you don't understand these words with the same Chinese characters but different meanings, it will be difficult to understand the essence of Japanese gardens. There are many sketches in Japanese gardens, including stone, wood and iron, but stone is the most. Stone lantern, hand washing bowl, five-wheel tower, dust hole, etc. They are all stone products. Torii in front of the shrine, equivalent to China's archway, is made of wood; Bird alarm, water scoop, curtain, etc. Is made of bamboo; Individual lanterns are made of iron. These sketches have become characteristic objects in Japanese gardens. When other countries imitate Japanese gardens, they first imitate these garden sketches. 1. Stone lanterns Stone lanterns were not originally invented by the Japanese. Today's stone lanterns are different from the previous ones. Stone lanterns have many aliases, such as Lantern House, Lantern, Night Lamp Furnace, Lantern Lu, Stone Lamp, Lamp niche, Night Lamp, Lamp Ming, Stone Lamp Furnace, Stone Lamp House, Stone niche lamp, etc. According to different materials, it can be divided into stone lanterns, wooden lanterns and metal lanterns. As a lamp, stone lanterns are often mixed with lanterns. The name of the stone lantern used today first appeared in the written records of Toyoko Shrine in Kyoto in the ninth year of Edo (1603- 1867), so it is not a name that has been used since ancient times. Later, in the 13th year of Evergreen (1608), there were records of stone lanterns in Yuzuo Temple. In the 18th year of Evergreen (16 13), the name of Deng Shi Tower appeared in Yuzuo Temple. Stone lanterns used today refer to lanterns made of stone, which are used for lighting and viewing. Lanterns can be divided into sacrificial lanterns and palace lanterns according to their uses. The former is earlier and is generally used as a lamp in front of the Buddha, while the latter is used as a tea ceremony etiquette and garden sketch in gardens. The earliest prototype of stone lanterns is the lanterns when worshipping Buddha in China, that is, the form of worshipping lanterns. This form was introduced to Japan through Korea, and its example is the offering of lights in front of the Buddha in the Phoenix Temple in Byodoin Temple. It means "vertical light". In front of the stone Buddha in the ruins of Zi Long Temple in Taiyuan City, Shaanxi Province, China, there is a tall lantern before the Tang Dynasty, which is the oldest example in China. There are many stone lanterns at Silla site in North Korea. You can find Buddhist temples, pumice temples, Hojuji temples and Huayan temples in Gyeongju, south of Gyeongju. Different from the stone lanterns in Japan now, they are thicker in structure. After Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 13th year of Qin Ming (552), the technology of stone lanterns was also introduced to Japan. It is generally believed that lanterns were introduced into Japan during the Nara period (7 1 1-794). At that time, stone lanterns were mostly made of tuff, so they were soft and have been passed down to this day. The earliest lantern visible in Japan is the metal lantern in front of the Buddha statue in Toda Temple in Nara. The earliest stone lamp was Dangma Temple in Nara era. In the late Nara, the foundation of stone lanterns remained in the pentecostal tower of Xiaofu Temple and the front middle of Zhongjintang. This shows that the earliest lanterns were used as pre-Buddha lanterns, limited to indoor lighting. In Heian period (794- 1 192), stone lanterns were placed in the garden as one of the elements of the pure land garden in front of the Buddha. For example, there are such examples in front of the Amitabha Temple in Byodoin Temple, Liu Jing Temple of Three Pagodas and Amiyang Hall. In the later period of Heian, lanterns dedicated to Buddhism also entered the shrine, such as the stone lanterns of Wako Shrine in Chuntian Dashe. This shows that stone lanterns have entered the park in peacetime, but their Buddhist significance is more prosperous. Later it was borrowed by the shrine. During the Kamakura period (1 192- 1333), stone lanterns in local temples and shrines in Feng Jingen became very common. In addition, the ancient indoor lanterns were also moved to the outdoor garden as the lighting and ornament of the garden. Many newly-built temples and shrines also use these ancient lanterns to show their long history. This shows that in the Kamakura era, stone lanterns were not only popular in temples and shrines, but also began to change from sacrificial lanterns to garden lanterns. During the Muromachi period (1393- 1573), a large number of lanterns originally dedicated to the Buddha statues in temples were moved to the front of the shrine buildings. However, the popularity of stone lanterns from monasteries to shrines was eventually abolished by monasteries and shrines, because stone lanterns easily caused building fires. The combination of architecture and stone lanterns has come to an end, but the combination of gardens and stone lanterns has developed greatly. The practice of changing indoor lighting into outdoor garden lighting has not only stood the test of practice, but also been gradually recognized by the public. Especially, when the tea ceremony was founded at the end of Nakamura-machi, it was discovered by tea people and used as lighting during the winding road at night, thus becoming an essential sketch in the tea garden. As a result, lanterns abandoned by shrines and Buddhist temples stood in the tea hall in an imposing manner. During Taoshan period (1573- 1603), tea ceremony prevailed and tea farms developed further. Not only a large number of tea ceremony masters have emerged, but also a large number of tea houses have emerged. Mori Norikyū (1522-1591) and Gutian Weaving Department (1544- 16 15) are famous for making tea farms. According to the step-by-step renovation of tea ceremony and tea garden masters in past dynasties, the decorative significance of stone lanterns is as important as its practical significance. Most of the six craftsmen in the tea ceremony designed their favorite stone lanterns, such as Mori no Rikyū, Wobu, Shaoou and Zhuguang. The edo period (1603- 1867) was the period when the stone lanterns were deformed the most and the fastest. Various shapes appeared one after another. It is not only widely used in tea farms, but also widely cited in other forms of gardens. Especially in the small garden, it is a symbolic representative. According to the source, there are three forms of stone lamps. One kind comes from ancient temple fairs, such as Spring Festival Lantern, Bedouin Temple Lantern, Taiqin Lantern, Prajna Temple Lantern, Damma Temple Lantern, Liu Chuang Temple Lantern, Yuanxing Temple Lantern, Deng Ming Temple Lantern, Ming Dow Temple Lantern, Westinghouse Temple Lantern, Inch Song Temple Lantern, Kajuji Temple Lantern, Sun Moon Temple Lantern, Lotus Temple Lantern, etc. Secondly, there are triangle lights, water fireflies, three lights, dancing lights, teak lights, square lights, wild goose lights, hut lights, pine lights, treasure lights, sleeve lights, square lights without a foundation, piano column lights, world teahouse lights, shadow lights, round chandeliers (made of metal) and so on. Third, according to the author's preferences, such as Pearl Lantern, Shao Ou Lantern, Li Xiu Lantern, Jiayuan Lantern, Heavy Source Lantern, Brocade Lantern, Yuanzhou Lantern, etc. There are also Korean lanterns, Yoshino lanterns, Edo lanterns, natural rock lanterns, Tianguan lanterns, Gengshen lanterns, snow lanterns and so on. The structure of the stone lamp is from bottom to top: base, lamp post, middle seat, fire bag, lamp top and ball. Among them, both ends of the lamp post and the lower part of the sphere are carved with lotus flowers. The cross sections of the middle seat, the fire bag and the lamp top are often made into polygons with the same number of sides, and each side of the fire bag is a window for putting lights. Second, hand washing bowls and squatting hand washing bowls are essential supplies for tea farms. The tall one is called a washing bowl, and the short one is called a squat. At the tea party, tea drinkers must wash their hands and rinse their mouths before entering the tea room and passing through the tea field, so as to purify their bodies and minds. The order of washing hands is from the owner, according to the level. On the other hand, hand washing bowls are also used to wash hands after defecation. In the tea hall before Horizo (1579- 1642, the gardener of Edo era), there was a coffin of Zhuguang Murata (the founder of Muromachi tea ceremony, whose date of birth and death is unknown), Mori Riya (1522-1). He combined the style of the academy with the style of the tea court and established a new tea court model based on squatting to show the difference from the previous dynasty. Dr. Shoushui's group developed through Mori Noriky and Gutian Weaving Department (1544- 16 15, a warrior and gardener in Taoshan era) and reached maturity in Yuanzhou, Wakayama. In the edo period, it was also used in front of the academy or teahouse in Chiquan Garden, and it was more widely used in the tea-court-style pavilion. The tall washing bowl is nearly one meter high, and the small one is only 20-30 cm high. This low hand washing bowl is called squat distance. Usually, the washing bowl in the garden is made of a huge stone with different shapes. Therefore, there are various names, such as chrysanthemum, Yi Shi wellhead combination, coin engraved with "Buquan", printed pagoda, salt altar, Yi Shi rock, bridge pile, Japanese cypress, diamond, square column star, Nanbo Temple, plum blossom, Upright, silver tower, four-faced Buddha carving and bamboo cave. As a washing bowl stone group, it is not only a washing bowl, but also a Shi Jing number. Generally speaking, it is centered on a stone-based hand-washing bowl, surrounded by several associated stones, which are used for fetching water, washing hands and standing. It has also gone through a long process from enclosing stones to a single hand-washing bowl, and then from a single hand-washing bowl to a group of squatting stones. This also reflects the development of tea plantation from flying stone standard to crouching tiger standard. The earliest hand washing bowls were just surrounded by natural pebbles to symbolize the spring water in the mountains. Later, tea drinkers got inspiration from stone products according to the remaining components of the stone tower and created the washing bowl. The earliest existing hand-washing bowl is a stone hand-washing bowl beside the pool in front of Liuli Temple in the 4th year of Yongren (1296). In the era of Mori no Rikyū, a master of tea ceremony, he founded a group of hand washing stones. There are not only hand washing bowls, but also a set of escort stones. At that time, the accompanying stones were only Shi Tian and Shi Qian. A little more complicated is the stone in front as a stepping stone, the soup bucket stone on the left and the hand candle stone on the right. In the era of Gutian Weaving Department, a stone was added at the back, with a stepping stone in front, a barrel stone (also called heart stone) on the left and a hand candle stone (now called foot stone) on the right. In the era of Kwangyuan, Shi Tian was gone, but the soup bucket stone, the hand candle stone and the stepping stone were all the same. Besides the stepping stone, there were Buddha stone and control stone. No matter what combination, there is a pile of pebbles between the stepping stone and the washbasin called hydrophobic stone. At present, the washing function of the washing bowl stone group in many gardens has been lost, and it is more decorative. According to its relationship with other garden elements, there are many ways and titles to wash hands or squat down. Squatting on the other side of the companion stone is called Xiang Bo; Squatting in the middle of the companion stone is called a middle bowl; Squatting in the center of the water flow is called a flowing bowl; In the current, a circle of pebbles forms the shape of a washing bowl, but there is actually no washing bowl called a fake flow bowl. Squatting in the middle of the water, you have to cross a stone bridge to wash your hands. This is called a bridge bowl, such as the garden of Gao Tai Temple in Kyoto. Squatting in the middle of the water, there is a stone bowl on its side to cross the water. Squatting on the bank of the water with accompanying stones on the bank is called a pool bowl. When the water level in the pool is deep, make the washing bowl into a high cylindrical shape to wash your hands, which is called the bridge pile bowl. If you wash your hands or squat in a low-lying position, you must step down. This is the so-called distribution bowl. If you wash your hands under a cliff, it is called a cliff bowl.