Cultural characteristics of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Cultural characteristics
Outstanding characteristics of culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
(1) Outstanding achievements in science and technology. For example, Zu Chongzhi's calculation of pi, Li Daoyuan's notes on water classics, etc.
The ideological circle is extremely active. With the systematization of Taoism, the fierce struggle between Buddhism and anti-Buddhism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism began to merge, and literature, painting and grotto art were branded with Buddhism.
(3) Reflect the characteristics of national integration. Representative cultures and achievements reflect national characteristics and different national styles.
(4) under the brand of separatist regime. During this period, China society was in a state of separatism, and different regional cultures had their own characteristics and obvious differences, especially the cultural differences between the north and the south, and the styles of folk songs between the north and the south were quite different.
Cultural achievements
There are two systems in China's ancient novels, namely, the classical Chinese novel system and the vernacular novel system. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, only classical Chinese novels. At this time, novels can be collectively called note novels, which are short in length and describe anecdotes, anecdotes or their words in classical Chinese. It has begun to take shape in the narrative of the story and the characterization of the characters. The number of works is also considerable. But as far as the author's subjective intention is concerned, it is only written as a real thing, and there is no artistic fiction. They are not mature forms of China's novels. The mature form of China's classical novels is the legend of Tang Dynasty, and the mature form of vernacular novels is the story of Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Selected literary works of the Southern and Northern Dynasties
Starting from the Wei and Jin Dynasties and going through the Southern and Northern Dynasties, including the early Tang Dynasty, it is the first paragraph of China's medieval literature. Looking at the literature of this period in an all-round way is marked by the prosperity of May 4th new poetry. The Five Ancient Dynasties reached its climax in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the Seven Ancient Dynasties and the Five Seven Words reached their peak in the early Tang Dynasty. Great changes have taken place in literature during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The consciousness of literature and the individualization of literary creation are the most remarkable changes, which have triggered a series of other changes and developments. During this period, the court played a central role and formed a literary group centered on the court. The convergence within the group makes literature present a group style at this time and another style at another time, which makes the stages of literature development quite obvious.
There are some outstanding writers in the literary group, such as Cao Zhi, Ruan Ji and Yu Xin, but Tao Yuanming, who has the highest achievement, does not belong to any group. He stood above others with a detached face. The inheritance and evolution of the literature of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the literature of the Han Dynasty is most obvious in the five-character ancient poems and ci fu. In the process of learning Han Yuefu, the literati pushed the five-character poem to the peak; The development of lyrical small fu and the form of husband and wife made Han Fu develop under the new conditions. The symbol of literary consciousness ranges from personal evaluation to literary evaluation, from stylistic analysis to the establishment of literary theory system of anthology editing. Compared with literary creation, literary theory and criticism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were extremely prosperous. Papers, (Western Jin Dynasty) Lu Ji's, (Liang) Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, (Liang) Zhong Rong's Poems and other works, as well as (Liang) Xiao Tong's Selected Works, (Chen) Xu Ling's New Poems on Yutai, have formed literary theories.
Tao Yuanming
From the literary theories and literary criticism works in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, we can see a new literary trend of thought, which is to distinguish literature from scholarship, and then explore the characteristics of literature, the classification of literature itself, the law of literary creation and the value of literature. In the Han dynasty, Confucian poetry was the main theme, emphasizing the relationship between poetry and political education. Poetry was regarded as? Being a woman, being filial, caring, educating, changing customs? (preface to poetry). As for the characteristics and laws of poetry itself, it has not attracted due attention. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, poetics got rid of the shackles of Confucian classics, and the direction of the whole literary trend of thought was to get rid of the need of political education emphasized by Confucianism and find the significance of independent existence of literature. At this time, some brand-new concepts and theories are put forward, such as style, verve, image, the relationship between words and meaning, and the relationship between form and spirit. , formed the aesthetic thought of emphasizing image, style and charm. Poetry seeks meaning, pleasure seeks meaning, and painting seeks interest outside the image. This conscious aesthetic pursuit of communication among various literary forms marks the arrival of a new literary era. The literary creation of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was carried out under the influence of this new literary trend of thought, which also provided a practical basis for this literary trend of thought. A remarkable feature of literary creation in this period is that the demand for serving political education has weakened, and literature has become a personal behavior, expressing personal life experiences and emotions. It is a very representative change from the big fu in Han Dynasty to the small lyric fu in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Five-character ancient poems flourished in the late Han Dynasty, and the literati's personal lyric work Nineteen Ancient Poems was regarded as a standard by later generations. Since then, Cao Zhi, RoyceWong, Liu Zhen, Ruan Ji, Lu Ji, Zuo Si, Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun, Bao Zhao, Xie Tiao and Yu Xin have all embarked on the road of personal lyricism, and their creations are also personal behaviors. Some of these political lyric poems express grievances in political life and have no purpose of political education. As for Liang Chengong's poems, although they were written by court literati, they were only used for court entertainment. The direction of the poet's efforts lies in the formal beauty of poetry, that is, language skills such as temperament, duality and practicality, as well as the perfection of meter. It is under this trend that China's ancient poems have been perfected, and new poems have been formed, which has prepared for the emergence of modern poems in all aspects. It is on this basis that Tang poetry reached its peak.
Infiltration of three major religions
Although the development of China culture in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties became more and more complicated, Confucianism did not stop, on the contrary, it made great progress. After the fierce impact of metaphysics and Buddhism and Taoism, Confucius' position and theory faded away from the mysterious elements and theological cloak added by the God-making movement in the Han Dynasty and began to show more vitality. As far as the academic trend of thought and metaphysical trend of thought in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are concerned, they all reflect the desire of some intellectuals to reform, develop and supplement Confucianism at that time to some extent. They are not satisfied with the solidification, dogmatism and theology of Confucianism, so they put forward philosophical concepts such as existence, practice and origin to demonstrate the rationality of Confucian famous religion. Although they advocate metaphysics, in fact, they constantly infiltrate the Confucian spirit in their metaphysical talk, advocating that Confucius is higher than Laozi and Zhuangzi, and that the famous teachings are natural. Although there was a dispute between Confucianism and Buddhism in this period, because of the combination of Confucianism and political power, Confucianism was always in an orthodox position, and Buddhism and Taoism had to agree with the patriarchal ethics of Confucianism, and gradually formed the trend of three religions merging with Confucianism as the core.
Southern and northern dynasties thought
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a new situation appeared in the ideological and cultural field, which was different from that in the Jin Dynasty. Metaphysics is silent, and Buddhism and Taoism continue to develop. Buddhism has translated a large number of scriptures, which have been widely circulated and penetrated into all levels of politics, economy, society, folk customs and culture. Confucianism is facing severe challenges. Due to the rapid expansion of Buddhism, the relationship between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and its historical pattern have undergone new changes. The focus of Confucian scholars' ideological and cultural criticism turned from metaphysics of Laozi and Zhuangzi to Buddhism, and a large number of anti-Buddhist thinkers emerged.
History of Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties
On the occasion of Han and Wei dynasties
Cao Cao rose in the north, and his thoughts and political measures were based on the rule of law and morality, which influenced the whole era. In the ideological theory, the study of criminal names, which embodies the combination of Tao and law, once occupied a dominant position.
Cao Cao.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the combination of Taoism and law gradually disintegrated, and the metaphysical trend of thought with Taoism as the skeleton began to sublate the concept of name and law in the early Wei and Jin Dynasties, and instead criticized the scholars of Confucianism and law. In this way, Wei Chu's metaphysics formed and developed on the basis of the combination of Tao and Tao has been further strengthened.
In the late Western Jin Dynasty, metaphysical thoughts developed to extremes. At this point, the freedom advocated by metaphysics destroyed and disintegrated the feudal regime both in theory and in behavior, which caused dissatisfaction within metaphysics and Confucian scholars, thus setting off a critical trend of thought against Taoism and metaphysics.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the popularity of Buddhism, especially the development of Prajna paramita, largely depended on the ideas, languages and methods of Taoism and metaphysics, so there was a trend that metaphysics and Buddhism merged. Therefore, Confucian scholars in this period not only continued to criticize Taoism and metaphysics, but also criticized Buddhism with Confucianism's entry into the WTO and humanistic tradition. They stood in the position of defending the famous Confucian religion, cleared up the influence of Buddhism from the aspects of economy, politics, thought, culture and ethics, and tried to restore the orthodox position of Confucianism, but they all lacked sufficient theoretical system and creativity.
Three Kingdoms
The Three Kingdoms, including Wei, Shu and Wu, were founded by Cao Pi, Liu Bei and Sun Quan respectively.
The era of Cao Wei began in 220 AD. Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and made Luoyang its capital, which was called Wei or in history.
Cao Wei. Covering the entire Yellow River Basin, Huaihe River Basin, Jiangbei in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and most areas in Gansu, Shaanxi and Liaoning. He died in 265 AD, after 46 years of five emperors.
Shu Han was a country founded by Liu Bei. In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu or Shu in history. The ruling area includes all of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou and a part of Shaanxi. It was destroyed by Cao Wei in 263 AD, which lasted for 43 years.
Sun Wu is a country founded by Sun Quan. In 222 AD, Sun Quan was called the King of Wu, and in 229, he became emperor, with the title of Wu State and Jianye as its capital, which was called Sun Wu or in history. The ruling areas are the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong and Guangxi. In 280 AD, it was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, which lasted for 59 years.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms Period of Jin Dynasty
Western Jin Dynasty and Eastern Jin Dynasty
The Jin Dynasty was divided into the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 265 AD, Dai Wei proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Jin and Luoyang as its capital, which was called the Western Jin in history. In 280 AD, Wu was destroyed and the whole country was unified. After the division since Qin and Han Dynasties, it was reunited. The ruling territory extends to the sea in the east and south, to Qingji in the west, to Vietnam in the south, to the desert in the north and to Liaodong in the east.
However, shortly after the death of Emperor Wu of Jin, the "Eight Kings Rebellion" broke out among the royal families, and the nomadic people who moved into the fortress since Cao Wei also took the opportunity to rise up and claim the title of emperor, and the whole country fell into a situation of division and melee.
In 3 17 AD, Si Marui, the imperial clan of the Jin Dynasty, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty in the south, occupied the present Yangtze River, Pearl River and Huaihe River basins, and made its capital in Jiankang, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. In 420 AD, Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty changed his name to Song and died in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. * * * lasted for eleven emperors. 104. The Jin Dynasty lasted fifteen emperors, 156.
Southern Dynasties
The Southern Dynasties were divided into four generations: Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. The Song Dynasty was established after Emperor Wu of Song seized power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 420 AD. The name of the country is Song, and Jiankang is its capital. Because the royal family surnamed Liu, it was called in history.
When it was strong, it ruled the south of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River basin and the Pearl River basin, which was the largest area in the Southern Dynasties. Later, Henan and Huaibei were gradually seized by the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 479 AD, it was usurped by Xiao Daocheng who lived for eight emperors for 60 years.
In 479 AD, the State of Qi was building its capital, with the title Qi and Jiankang. In the Northern Dynasties, in order to distinguish it from the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was called Nanqi in history, so it was called Nanqi because the royal family surnamed Xiao.
The ruling areas are the provinces in the Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin. When the East is at a loss, the country will be in chaos. In 502 AD, it was usurped by Xiao Yan and lasted for seven emperors and 24 years.
Liang, built in 502 AD, is called Liang, the capital of Jiankang, and the royal family is Xiao, so it is called Liang. At that time, Liang Wudi's national strength was quite strong, and its ruling area included all the places in the Yangtze River Basin and the Pearl River Basin. Huaibei and Hanzhong were also once acquired. It was occupied by Chen Baxian in 557 AD and lasted for 56 years.
Chen, in 557 AD, Dai Liang proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Chen and Jiankang as the capital. The provinces whose ruling areas include the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Basin are the smallest in the Southern Dynasties. It was destroyed by the Sui Dynasty in 589, which lasted for 33 years.
Northern Dynasties
The Northern Dynasties are mainly Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties.
Emperor xiaowen
The Northern Wei Dynasty was founded by the Tuoba Department of Xianbei nationality. Its predecessor was a surrogate country in the Sixteen Kingdoms period. After the Battle of Feishui, Tuoba GUI rebuilt Daiguo, and later renamed it Wei, which was called Northern Wei in history, or Tuoba GUI and Wei Yuan.
In 398 AD, Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) was established as its capital, and in 399 AD, it was renamed emperor, gradually annexing Xia, Beiyan and Beiliang among the sixteen countries.
In 439 AD, the north was unified, and the ruling area reached the Mongolian Plateau in the north, Dongjiang in the west and Liaoxi in the northeast. Nanda extends the Huaihe River and Qinling Mountains as the boundary, and confronts Liu Song in the south.
The Northern Wei Dynasty was quite powerful. In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen TaBaHong moved to Luoyang and carried out a series of sinicization movements. However, due to various factors, the confrontation between the two camps of sinicization and anti-sinicization led to the "Six Towns Rebellion" and the disintegration of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
In 534 AD, the Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty, ruled by the Yellow River. After the Eastern Wei Dynasty, it was replaced by the Northern Qi Dynasty, and the Western Wei Dynasty was replaced by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. From Tuoba GUI's establishment of Wei Dynasty to the demise of the Western Wei Dynasty in 557 AD, * * * lasted 17 emperor, 17 1 year, which was the longest neutral country in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
In the Eastern Wei Dynasty, in 534 AD, Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty was frightened by the powerful general Gao Huan and fled to Guanzhong.
Gao Huan established Yuan as Emperor Xiaojing and moved his capital to Ye (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province), which is known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history.
The ruling area includes the area east of Luoyang, that is, the territory of the former Northern Wei Dynasty. It was replaced by Gao Yang (son of Gao Huan) in 550 AD, and the Eastern Wei Dynasty lasted for 17 years.
During the Western Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty entered Xiguan in 534 AD and was greeted by General Yu Wentai. In 535 AD, Yu Wentai poisoned Emperor Xiaowu and established Yuanbao as Wei Wendi, with its capital in Chang 'an, known as the Western Wei Dynasty in history. The ruling area includes the area west of Luoyang, the territory of the former Northern Wei Dynasty, Yizhou, Xiangyang and other places. In 557 AD, it was replaced by Yu Wenjue (the third son of Yu Wentai), and the Western Wei Dynasty lasted for 24 years.
In the Northern Qi Dynasty, in 550 AD, Gao Yang, the son of Gao Huan, a general of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, seized the Eastern Wei regime and proclaimed himself emperor. His country name is Qi and his capital is yeyu. In order to distinguish it from Xiao Qi in the Southern Dynasties, it was called Beiqi in history, and it was also called Gaoqi because of the high surname of the royal family. The ruling area is equivalent to the territory of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. In 577 ad
Destroyed by the Northern Zhou Dynasty, it lasted for eight emperors and twenty-eight years.
In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, in 557 AD, the son of Yu Wentai, a general of the Western Wei Dynasty, seized the Western Wei regime and proclaimed himself emperor. People's Republic of China (PRC)'s founding date is in Chang 'an, known as the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Because the royal family is Yuwen, it is also called Yuwen Zhou.
In 577 AD, the Northern Qi Dynasty perished, and the northern part of China was unified. Jiangbei and Huainan continued to be captured, and the ruling area extended to the north bank of the Yangtze River. It was replaced by Sui Dynasty in 58 1 year, which lasted for 5 emperors and 25 years.
In 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi, the minister of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, was proclaimed emperor by Zen Buddhism, and his title was Da Sui. In 583 AD, Daxing (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) established its capital, and in 589 AD, Nanchen was destroyed, ending the division between the North and the South and unifying the whole country. It is 9300 li long from east to west and 148 15 li long from north to south. The prosperity of the dynasties is extremely exhausted here.
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