Marx's theory on the formation process of average profit has important enlightenment to the development of socialist market economy in China: there must be an adequate and fair competitive environment; As the main body of market economy, enterprises should have the right to operate independently; Capital and other factors of production can flow reasonably between different departments; It is necessary to establish a mechanism in which prices are mainly formed by the market, and so on.
Marx's theory of average profit and production price has important enlightenment to the development of socialist market economy in China. To develop the socialist market economy, we must have an adequate and fair competitive environment, so that capital and other factors of production can flow reasonably among departments and optimize the allocation of resources. As the main body of the market, enterprises should have the right to operate independently.
Only by truly becoming the main body of the market and being sensitive to market signals can we change the scale and direction of investment according to market supply and demand; It is necessary to establish a mechanism in which prices are mainly formed by the market, not to distort price signals, and to give full play to the role of the price mechanism in regulating economic operation; In order to realize the rational flow and optimal allocation of resources, while avoiding economic fluctuations, we are required to give full play to the role of the market mechanism and strengthen the macro-control of the country.
Any form of land rent is the economic embodiment of land private rights. However, under different social and economic conditions, the nature and characteristics of land rent are also different. The difference between capitalist land rent and feudal land rent lies in: first, feudal land rent is based on feudal land ownership, which is related to super-economic coercion, that is, the personal attachment of farmers to landlords; Capitalist land rent is based on capitalist private ownership of land, and the relationship between the two parties is a pure economic contract. Second, feudal land rent includes all surplus labor or surplus products of farmers in quantity, and even some necessary products; Capitalist land rent is only the surplus value created by agricultural workers that exceeds the average profit, that is, the transformation form of excess profit in agriculture.
Thirdly, feudal land rent embodies the relationship between feudal landlords and feudal farmers; Capitalist land rent not only reflects the relationship between agricultural capitalists and landlords who exploit agricultural hired workers, but also reflects the relationship between agricultural capitalists and landlords who divide the surplus value created by agricultural workers.
First, profit, average profit, commercial profit, interest and land rent are all forms of transformation of surplus value, reflecting the relationship between capitalist groups and landowners and the surplus value created by dividing workers, and the relationship between capitalist groups and landowners and the working class, as well as the relationship between exploiting groups. Second, profit, average profit, commercial profit, interest and land rent are all superficial forms to cover up the real source of surplus value. Surplus value is the product of variable capital, which reflects the exploitation of workers by capitalists. Profit is the product of all prepaid capital, thus covering up the essence of surplus value created by the labor force purchased by variable capital and the exploitative relationship between capitalists and workers. However, the amount of profit and surplus value is still equal. When profits are converted into average profits, the average profits and surplus values obtained by capitalists in various departments are inconsistent in quantity. It seems that the amount of profit is determined by the amount of capital invested, not by the amount of labor invested, resulting in the illusion that profit is entirely generated by capital. Therefore, the formation of average profit further conceals the real source of surplus value and the relationship between capitalist exploitation. Commercial profits seem to show that the profits obtained by commercial capitalists are generated in the circulation field, and it seems that the circulation field has also created surplus value, thus further covering up the real source of surplus value. Interest is the product of capital ownership and the natural fruit of capital itself, which conceals that interest also comes from the surplus value created by the working class and is the essence of the special transformation form of surplus value. Land rent seems to be the income obtained by the landowner completely from the land, thus covering up the real source of land rent and the exploitative relationship between the landowner and agricultural workers. In fact, land rent also comes from the surplus labor of agricultural workers, which is the transformation form of excess profits created by agricultural workers. Without the labor of agricultural workers, even the best land cannot "produce" rent.
Surplus value rate, annual surplus value rate and profit rate are not only different in quantity, but also reflect different relationships. Surplus value rate is the ratio of surplus value to prepaid variable capital, which reflects the degree of exploitation of workers by capitalists. Annual surplus value rate is the ratio of annual surplus value to prepaid variable capital, which reflects the appreciation of prepaid variable capital in a year. Profit rate is the ratio of surplus value to total prepaid capital, which reflects the appreciation of all prepaid capital.
First, in capitalist society, the organic composition of capital determines the proportion of variable capital in total capital. The organic composition of capital is different, the amount of labor used by the same amount of capital is different, and the amount of surplus value is also different, which ultimately affects the profit rate. Other things being equal, the higher the organic composition of capital, the lower the profit rate; Conversely, the higher the profit rate.
Second, the improvement of the organic composition of capital will reduce the profit rate, and the reason why capitalists strive to improve the organic composition of capital lies in: first, capitalists pursue excess profits, and second, the mandatory role of competition law. It can be seen that the efforts of capitalists to improve the organic composition of capital are ultimately determined by the basic economic law of capitalism, that is, the law of surplus value.