Children rely on hearing to identify the occurrence characteristics of things around them. With the deletion and addition in the Spring and Autumn Period, especially in the process of restraining words and touching music, preschool children's listening has grown endlessly. The comprador is much better than the small monitor. Children have no tactile response since birth, and the unconditional reflexes, such as sucking reflex, defensive reflex and grasping reflex, can be said to be tactile manifestations. When you are alive, your baby will cry if you don't get wet. Its secondary feature is the concrete generality of thinking. In other words, children's thinking mainly depends on the concrete commonness or representation of things and the association of concrete commonness. For example, children go to the hospital and see doctors treating patients. When he came back, he found a rope and made a plastic tube as a stethoscope. He began to be a doctor and treated his friends. There were many imitations of adults like that in that spring and autumn period. For another example, tell stories to friends with a set of general associations, such as a bear's treat and a kitten's learning to catch mice. At that time, children's thinking activities could not be separated from the shackles of action, and there was no larger scope of activities. Children may plan their own steps from the beginning and foresee the consequences. During that period, another feature of children's thinking activities was that in the early days, they still retained the elements of unconscious thinking; Later, I gradually formed a preliminary general logical thinking ability for simple things. For example, the induction, synthesis and generalization of logarithm, the establishment of vocabulary concepts, etc. Preschool psychology, a branch of psychology, is a science that studies the growth law of children from birth to preschool, that is, children aged 0-6 and 7. The law of psychological growth refers to the relationship and characteristics of this quantity outside the process of psychological growth. The law of preschool children's psychological growth mainly includes the following four aspects: 1. To study the occurrence and development trend of various psychological processes of preschool children. Preschool children are not born with various psychological processes of human beings, and there is no inevitable order and growth goal for the growth of various psychological processes, and those orders and growth goals are unsightly, disciplined and independent of human will. One of the main contents of preschool psychology's research is to understand the irregular occurrence and development trend of various psychological processes of preschool children. 2. Studying the psychological characteristics of preschool children in the Spring and Autumn Period is to discuss the occurrence and development trend of various psychological processes of preschool children from the perspective of escape, while studying the psychological characteristics of preschool children in the Spring and Autumn Period is viewed from a horizontal perspective. Every spring and autumn stage of preschool children's psychological growth will show its own unique, typical and irregular characteristics, which are not available in other spring and autumn stages. 3. The individual differences in children's psychological growth are different from those in front of the window, but the performance of individual differences is also undisciplined. We should not only study the manifestations and laws of individual differences in children's psychological growth, but also study how those differences are formed. 4. Explore the basic theoretical issues of children's psychological growth. If we discuss the dynamic results of preschool children's psychological growth, the influencing factors and the law of how various factors interact. The above four aspects are actually the specific research contents of preschool psychology. First, the basic criteria for psychological research of preschool children (1) The inappropriateness criteria must be followed by all scientific research institutes, especially when studying psychology. Because the research objects are all "people" and they are all unsightly, the materials will be unsightly and will not reflect the true colors of people's psychology. Therefore, in psychological research, it is emphasized to be based on a large number of realistic materials. (2) Growth criteria Growth criteria refers to the need to study the psychology of preschool children from a growth perspective, expecting both the psychological characteristics that have already formed and the new characteristics that have just sprouted and their growth trends. (3) Educational norms It is a professional ethics that researchers must follow to implement educational norms outside the psychological research of preschool children. Research work has no more or less influence on preschool children's psychology branch, and the research process itself is often an educational process, so researchers must be responsible for children's physical and mental growth. From the conception of the research plan, the time of placement to the behavior of the researcher, we should consider the possible psychological impact on the baby. For example, no psychologists have found some children from orphanages to study the role of heredity and situation in children's psychological growth, leaving them in an isolated and relatively isolated state. This research has seriously affected the growth of those children. Although his research topic is very important and his research materials are unparalleled in the world, he was severely reprimanded for seriously damaging children's physical and mental health. Second, the specific style of preschool children's psychological research (1) inspective observation is a way to ask and interview preschool children's expressions outside their daily life, going to the theater, studying and working, including their words, expressions and behaviors, and analyze the laws and characteristics of children's psychological growth according to the inspection results. Epiphany is the most basic method to study preschool children. Because the psychological activities of preschool children are not prominent, we can understand their psychological activities by looking at their external behaviors. At the same time, the observation of this place is in a natural form. Under the premise of life, the subjects' psychological activities and performances are more natural, and researchers can obtain the materials of preschool children's psychological activities more truly. Log method or serial transmission method is a lasting and comprehensive inspection method. Insight does not require necessary skill practice. When studying preschool children's psychology with epiphany, we should place our hopes on: 1. Before inspection, the inspector should make preparations. Before the inspection, the inspector must be prepared, that is, according to the inevitable theoretical knowledge and research topics, determine the inspection tasks and record requirements. Before the inspection, we should understand the objectives, make a good inspection plan, and consider what style to use to record the facts. 2. When making the inspection plan, try to connect the child with the natural form. When making the inspection plan, we should fully consider the influence of inspectors on the children under inspection. To connect children with the natural form as much as possible, it is best not to let children realize that they are the object of investigation. According to the inconsistency between inspection objectives and tasks, we can take non-office inspection or participatory inspection. Looking out is to let children not know that they are being observed. For example, you can view and record through a special observation window or one-way glass with relevant instruments and equipment. Participatory observation means that observers join children's activities in a certain capacity and cooperate with children to observe children. That kind of examination can make children feel natural, but avoid making them realize that their returns are expected. 3. Seeing the facts requires careful, accurate and objective observation. Seeing the facts is not only recording the behavior itself, but also recording the consequences of the behavior. Because preschool children's psychological activities are mainly manifested in their footsteps, their self-awareness is relatively calm, and their verbal expression ability is not strong, they need to be recorded in detail in order to analyze them according to unsightly materials. It is particularly important to hope that because preschool children's speech expression is different from that of adults, it is necessary to avoid recording facts in adult words and change the true colors of children's words. In order to make the record accurate and agile, appropriate auxiliary paragraphs, such as audio recording and video recording, can be adopted. You can also rely on the table you once imagined to record the facts. For example, if we want to study the behavior of older children's gangs, we can imagine the following table (table 1-2- 1): table1-kloc-0/the behavior of older children's gangs is observed, and the names and genders of older children are pointed at the objects. 4. Long-term, systematic and frequent observation. In addition, because it is difficult to evaluate the behavior of preschool children, two observers usually need to leave the evaluation at the same time. The biggest advantage of epiphany is that, because researchers are in a natural form, their psychological activities and performances are natural and true, which is harmless for researchers to obtain reliable materials. However, it is precisely because of the emphasis on children's daily natural form that they can't control the stimulus variables and put the viewer in a passive position, that is, the viewer may not get the materials he needs. (2) Experimental method is a method to change or control the activities of preschool children according to the research objectives, thus causing irregular changes in their psychological activities, thus revealing the relationship between psychological activities before a certain period. There are no two commonly used testing methods for preschool children's psychology: examination room testing and natural testing. 1. Examination room test method is a style of psychological research with special instruments and equipment in a specially equipped examination room. Examination room test is widely used to study the situation of babies in the first few months after birth. In order to study some psychological imagination of infants, psychologists have conceived special disassembly, such as the "visual cliff" conceived for studying the depth perception of infants. The most important advantage of the examination room test method is that it can strictly control the premise of the test, and it is possible to detect some situations that are not difficult to observe through specific instruments and obtain worthless scientific data, such as mastering microelectrode technology to study Shen Sheng's ability to distinguish speech and other sound stimuli. However, the premise of the examination room itself often leads to the unnatural psychological form of preschool children, and it is difficult to study more pure psychological phenomena. 2. Natural testing method Natural testing method is a method to arouse and study children's psychological changes without goals and plans, except for children's daily life, going to the theater, studying and working. For example, in addition to general teaching activities, senior children who are not suitable for spring and autumn classes are also required to tell the same pictures to analyze the basic characteristics of senior children's observation in each spring and autumn period and find out the growth trend of senior children's observation ability from the outside. The whole situation of the experiment in the natural examination room is natural. If this subject can often be associated with general forms, then the effect obtained from experiments is more effective than that obtained from experiments. But the difference of their insights is that researchers can control some premises and avoid the passive position of researchers. Therefore, it has the advantages of insight and experiment. On the contrary, natural experiments, like observation places, have become a secondary way to study the psychology of preschool children. The disadvantage of natural testing method is that it emphasizes that experiments are carried out under the premise of natural activities, which inevitably presents various elements that are not difficult to control. In addition, generally speaking, the premise constraints outside the natural test method are not as harsh as the examination room test method. (3) Examination method Examination method is a way to experience children's psychological growth according to the necessary examination items and scales. The examination is mainly used to find individual differences in children's psychological growth, and it can also be used to understand the differences that are not suitable for spring and autumn. Preschool children's psychological examination generally adopts individual examination, one by one, instead of group examination. Examiners must be trained and be good at letting babies work together outside the exam, so as to show their true psychological level. The advantage of the examination method is conciseness, which can roughly understand the growth of children in a relatively short period of time. But there are no serious mistakes and fallacies in the examination methods. For example, the test results are often only the efficacy of the subjects in completing the task, but not the process of realizing the efficacy, that is to say, the test method can not reflect the process or style of children's thinking; It is difficult to apply the examination questions to all kinds of children who are not adapted to life at the same time. In addition, because the psychological activities of older children are not constant, the efficacy of any exam can hardly be used as the final evaluation basis. In this way, the examination method is more negotiable. Examination method, like other methods of children's psychological research, can only be used as one of the methods to understand children's psychology and should be used in conjunction with other methods. (4) Inquiry and interview method Inquiry and interview method is a way to experience the psychology of preschool children through parents, teachers or other people who are familiar with the children under investigation. Inquiries and interviews can be conducted in person or in writing, that is, in the form of questionnaires. Face-to-face inquiries and interviews can be conducted by individuals or symposiums can be held. Personal worship is harmless to in-depth understanding of the situation, and forums are harmless to collective taste quotient research and mutual filling. Parents of preschool children generally adopt the method of individual worship, while teachers in nurseries and kindergartens may adopt the method of individual worship or discussion. Face-to-face inquiry and visit must be without substantive preparation, and an outline of inquiry and visit should be drawn up in advance. It should also take longer to ask visitors questions than to ask them questions. The mistake and fallacy of face-to-face inquiry and visit lies in wasting time. In addition, the statements of people who are still being questioned are often inaccurate, which may be due to inappropriate memories or the influence of personal prejudice and position. The advantage of written inquiry and interview, that is, questionnaire method, is that it can obtain a lot of materials in a short time, which is convenient for statistics and difficult to draw conclusions. However, compiling the questionnaire is not a difficult task. Even the best questionnaire is difficult to simplify, and its questions may be misinterpreted by the respondents. In addition, it is always difficult to fully reflect the psychological purity of children from some questionnaire questions. Therefore, the statistical conclusions drawn from this cannot be overestimated. (5) heart-to-heart talk and product analysis. Conversation is a way to study the psychological activities of the oldest children by talking to them. The form of conversation can be self-centered or non-self-centered, but the content should focus on the researcher's goal. The speaker should not have enough theoretical preparation, clear goals and skilled conversation skills. Finished product analysis is to understand children's psychology by analyzing their finished products (such as handicrafts and painters). Because the eldest son often uses words and eyes to help or fill the thoughts that the product can't express in the process of creative activities. If we analyze products without the process of creating products, it is difficult to fully understand their psychological activities. The analysis of the eldest son's products is best carried out through contact observation and experiment. When studying preschool children's psychology, analytical style is often adopted. When analyzing and using various styles according to incompatible research objectives and topics and specific premise of research.