Writing techniques belong to artistic expression techniques (that is, artistic techniques and expression techniques, including expression techniques (skills)), which are commonly used: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification, suspense, care, association, imagination, combination of suppression, combination of point and surface, combination of static and dynamic, combination of narration and discussion, blending of scenes, comparison and contrast, bedding, expressing meaning with objects and describing details. Expression is common narration, description, lyricism, discussion and explanation. (In fact, it also belongs to artistic expression).

Common interpretation methods

There are 12 common interpretation methods, such as giving examples, classifying, listing data, making comparisons, drawing charts, defining, explaining, analogizing, imitating appearances, quoting data and making assumptions. We should choose the best method according to the characteristics of the explanatory object and the purpose of writing. The following are explained separately.

Description: it is a skill to describe people or scenery in vivid language.

There are 63 categories and 78 subcategories of known rhetorical devices.

There are metaphors: simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as compound metaphor), metonymy (also known as inverse metaphor), anti-metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy), metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), metaphor, embellishment metaphor and quotation metaphor;

There are sketch, analogy (also called contrast), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, padding (also called contrast), setting off (also called contrast, setting off), inversion, inversion, reduplication, truthfulness (also called thimble and couplet), contrast, antithesis (also called duality, team warfare and parallelism)

There are overlapping intricacies, compound deviation, * * use, combination, call, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, demotion, metonymy, rhetorical questions, ambiguity, parallelism, antithesis, imitation (also divided into imitation, imitation), list, connection and exaggeration.

Modern literature reading? Main points of inductive content

The main points of inductive content are common test sites for reading social science articles and literary works, but the score rate is often not high.

The so-called "gist" is considered as "the main content of words or articles" in Modern Chinese Dictionary. The main point of the article refers to the main content of the article, or the essence of the article. The main points of the article can refer to the full text or part of the article. There are already college entrance examination questions. As far as the main points of the full text are concerned, the typical and difficult one is 1996 question 27: "Briefly describe the development and changes of music creation from Bach to Mozart to Beethoven according to the context. (no more than 60 words) ". The problem of 2 1 in 2000 is also a bit difficult. "In this essay (Great Wall), what is the author's evaluation of the Great Wall in history? ② How to treat the reality of the Great Wall? " This is also a summary of the main points of the full text.

First, the way to summarize the main points of the content

1. Find the relevant general statements.

In a specific article, general statement and specific narrative description or elaboration are interdependent and interactive. So it is most important to find a general sentence to summarize the main points of the content. The last question 2 1 in 2000 is a summary of the main points of the full text. The main body of the full text is divided into two parts, the first part and the Great Wall in history, in which there are three sentences: ① "So I say, you are a sad history, the Great Wall!" 2 "So I said, you are a symbol of national closure, the Great Wall!" 3 "So I said, you are a symbol of cultural stupidity, the Great Wall!" Based on this, the author's evaluation of the Great Wall in history can be summarized as follows: ① a sad history; (2) the symbol of national closure; ③ A sign of cultural stupidity. The second part of the article is about the Great Wall of reality, which contains a general sentence "Their arrival makes you look very open and confident". Accordingly, the small question of "how to treat the reality of the Great Wall" can be summarized as "openness and self-confidence".

Generally speaking, this method can also be used to summarize the main points of the local content of the article.

2. Analyze the level of related words

In order to avoid missing the main points of the content, we should make a rough hierarchical analysis of related words.

According to guildford's theory, after 10 years of experiments, with the participation of hundreds of teachers, Williams summed up 18 creative thinking teaching strategy. Williams believes that traditional teaching emphasizes teachers' teaching practice and takes teaching materials or teaching contents as the center, while modern teaching pays special attention to students' center, both of which ignore the inseparable relationship among teachers, teaching materials and students; Only by integrating these three aspects can we give full play to the maximum teaching benefit and promote the development of students' thinking and emotion. He once imagined a teaching model, which could stimulate students' cognitive, emotional and ability development through teachers' teaching methods in different disciplines. Williams' research. Because of its integrity, flexibility and clarity, it is easily accepted by teachers and has received remarkable benefits in their teaching practice.

Why do Williams' research results have the characteristics of "integrity, flexibility and clarity", which are easily accepted by teachers and have received remarkable benefits in their teaching practice? The answer is no more than 60 words.

This topic requires summarizing the main points of the article. How to answer this question? First of all, we should analyze the level of this text. The first sentence of this passage is a general statement, which is a layer. The following "Williams thinks" and "he once imagined" each lead to a level, and the last sentence is the conclusion. The first sentence includes two main points: ① Based on guildford's theory; ② Hundreds of teachers participated, 10 years of practical experience. The middle two layers include two main points: ① correctly handle the relationship among teachers, textbooks and students; ② Explore the teaching modes of different subjects. These four points are the reasons why Williams' research results are "complete, flexible and clear" and easily accepted by teachers, and have received remarkable benefits in practice. This kind of induction is naturally correct. If you don't analyze and summarize the hierarchy in this way, there will be a problem of incomplete points.

3. Extract the essence and summarize it independently

Although some articles have strong generalization power, they are inconsistent with the induction angle required by the test questions; There are still some literary works without corresponding summary statements. In this case, we are required to determine the scope, extract the essence and summarize independently in our own language according to the requirements. 1996 this is the case with question 27.

The article selected that year was The Mystery of Beethoven by Bernard Shaw, an Irish writer. The full text consists of four paragraphs. The first paragraph introduces the characteristics of Bach and Mozart's music creation, the second and third paragraphs introduce the characteristics of Beethoven's music creation in detail, and the last paragraph explains the influence of Beethoven's music creation on later generations. The first sentence of the article says, "The function of music is not only to create pleasant musical forms, but also to express feelings." Throughout the text, the so-called "development and change in music creation" is the development and change in dealing with the relationship between "timbre" and "lyricism". The first paragraph says that appreciating Bach's overture is "like watching a beautiful Persian carpet, but the fun is limited to this". It can be seen that Bach only emphasizes "music". What about Mozart? Its music not only expresses feelings, but also is a masterpiece of music design, which shows that it is both expressive and musical. Regarding Beethoven's music creation, the article said that he used old music conservatively, but in order to express his feelings, "these music were violently dispersed." It can be seen that his music creation is an emotional breakthrough music style. In this way, the answer to this question will be: Bach-only pay attention to music; Mozart not only attached importance to music, but also expressed his feelings. Beethoven-emotional breakthrough music. This answer just sums up the "development and change of music creation" from Bach to Mozart to Beethoven from a stable angle, which is also in line with the meaning of the text and therefore correct. Generally speaking, it is often difficult for candidates to extract the main points themselves and summarize the questions independently.

Second, summarize the main points that should be paid attention to.

The premise of summarizing the main points of the content is to have an accurate understanding of the content of the article and a clear judgment on the writing ideas of the article. On this basis, we should also pay attention to two points:

1. Try to summarize it in the original words.

This is in terms of independent induction. As far as possible, organizing answers with important words in the original text can prevent inaccurate induction.

2. Prevent leakage points

If the main points are omitted, the answer will be incomplete. The way to prevent it is to analyze the related words hierarchically.

Please refer to the following test analysis for these two points.

Third, the analysis of typical test questions

1. What attitudes do adults' comments generally reflect in this article? Please summarize in your own words (the summary of each attitude is limited to 4-6 words)

A tiger was found near the village, and the children struggled with the tiger with strong spirit and died as a result, so there was such a series of opinions from adults:

-immediately mobilize the whole village to fight tigers.

-in the absence of careful arrangements for killing tigers, advise children not to leave the village for the time being to avoid being victimized.

-there are advised Yin, they don't listen, dead deserved it.

Let's forget it ourselves so as not to encourage children to take risks.

Tigers are in the mountains. If you don't mess with it, how can it mess with you?

-Yes! Tigers are innocent, and disasters are caused by people named tigers.

Tigers are becoming more and more fierce. Call whoever wants to. I'm not going anyway.

The development of the discussion is endless, and some of them are bizarre and unimaginable. Of course, this place is limited to people-kind people. As for the idea of who the ghost is "wanting to be a tiger", there is no need to speculate on how much I wish there were no ghosts in the world, but I am really worried that people are so kind, and if there are ghosts, how easy it is to be fooled!

This is the 23rd question of the college entrance examination in the spring of 2000. The "arguments" mentioned in the test questions are seven kinds of arguments marked with dashes. Judging from the content of each sentence, the first two sentences are generally an attitude, that is, to fight or mobilize the whole village to fight tigers; Three or four sentences belong to the attitude of preserving our sanity; The phrase "the tiger is in the mountains" does not distinguish right from wrong; The last two sentences are right or wrong. Because the requirements of the test questions are "in general", it is not necessary to summarize them one by one; When summing up, you should grasp the main sentence, that is, the sentence that clearly expresses a certain attitude, otherwise you will miss the main point.

2. Literally, what "childhood brand" did the local people lay? (No more than 28 words)

Xiu Yuan's life journey is bumpy, starting from childhood. The world that people first see is the homeland where I was born and raised. He began to feel love from his mother's hug, his father's eyes and the teasing of his relatives. Every mountain, water, grass and tree in the countryside is inseparable from the flesh and blood of childhood. And it may be rooted in this land for generations, with a family history of joys and sorrows. While listening to grandma's story, I planted it carefully. Neighborhood folks meet each other in the streets and lanes, by the well on the bridge and at the corner of the ridge fence, laughing and knowing each other with their eyes closed, breathing the same air, imbued with the same wind and habits, and are inextricably linked with each other. A person has to go through a lot of groping before he can set the tone, tone and orientation for his life. His future is full of unknowns, but the brand of his childhood, like a cocoon, tightly wraps himself, and like a tattoo, sticks to his body all his life.

This is the national volume 19 in 2003. Judging from this passage, the last sentence is a summary sentence, and the "brand of childhood" is in the first few sentences of this paragraph. The first two sentences are leading sentences, and the following two sentences should be branded. The four sentences in the middle have different meanings. The first layer is about the love of "father", "mother" and "relatives"; The second floor is about the landscape and vegetation of my hometown; The third layer is about "family history of joys and sorrows"; "Neighborhood homesickness" mentioned on the fourth floor. Correspondingly, the answers to this question are: ① the love of parents and relatives; ② Landscape vegetation in hometown; ③ Family history of joys and sorrows; ④ Neighborhood homesickness. If you don't analyze this passage hierarchically like many candidates and don't rely on the words in it, you won't get good grades on the easier questions.