Experience in writing academic papers 1. The basic elements of papers published as sci-tech journals should include: title, author's signature, abstract, keywords, classification number, introduction, text, conclusion and references. Introduction, text, conclusion, thanks (if necessary) and references are the main parts. The front of it is the front part. If necessary, an appendix can be added at the back.
1. 1 title and hierarchical title
1. 1. 1 title
The title is a logical combination of appropriate and concise words, which can reflect the specific content of the article. A good title will often add a lot of color to an article and play a variety of roles, such as revealing the main content of the article and stimulating readers' interest in reading. Therefore, in writing, it is advisable to use concise combination words within 20 words. English titles should have the same meaning as Chinese titles, generally no more than 10 entity words. Frequently asked questions in the title are as follows:
1) big topic, less content, small topic, more content. This is mainly because the relationship between the text and the topic is not well grasped. For the former, either re-give the topic according to the content, or enrich the content according to the topic; For the latter, we should grasp skimming or not writing that has little to do with the topic.
2) Set subtitles at will. In general, it is best not to set a subtitle, and only add a subtitle when the main title can't fully express what you want to express. At the same time, we should pay attention to avoid the subtitle being larger than the main title.
3) Use synonyms and synonyms. Such as "xx analysis and research" and "xx research and discussion". "Analysis, research and discussion" are synonyms, so just keep one of them in the title.
4) Improve the level of articles. Some articles are only general discussion and analysis, not research, but the author often likes to use the word "research" as the title, which inappropriately raises the level of the article, so the word "research" should be deleted.
1. 1.2 grade title
In the hierarchical division of scientific papers, the chapter sequence codes are uniformly represented by Arabic numerals, but many authors still use chinese numerals notation.
The chapter level of grading can be divided into several levels, with a little bit added between the figures at all levels and no addition at the last level. Classification generally does not exceed 4 levels. Its correct position is written at the top of all levels. It is best not to use punctuation marks in hierarchical titles. If you can't delete it, you can break it with spaces.
1.2 Author's signature and abstract
1.2. 1 author's signature
For the author of the paper, in addition to signing at the bottom of the title, a brief introduction of the main author of the paper should be published at the bottom of the home page (below) in the following order: name (year of birth-), gender (nationality, Han nationality can be omitted), native place, professional title, degree and main research, so that readers can better understand the person in charge of the paper.
1.2.2 summary
It is a necessary additional part of modern scientific papers, and its detail depends on the contents of the documents. In abstract writing, its four elements-purpose, method, result and conclusion can be emphasized according to the type of abstract. Chinese abstracts generally do not exceed 400 words, and purely indicative abstracts are controlled at around 200 words. A foreign language abstract does not exceed 250 substantive words. Use the third person in the abstract, and don't use "I", "author" and "we" as the subject of the abstract statement. This is what most authors should pay attention to.
1.3 Comparison of Chinese and English characters, pictures in words and tables
1.3. 1 text
The text is the core part of scientific papers. After the introduction leads to the problems, the problems are analyzed and solved in the text. This part is the concentrated expression of the academic and creative nature of the author's research results. Some papers are confused in thinking, loose in structure and unclear in level, which makes people unable to grasp the theme of the article, mainly because the author has not mastered the way of discussion.
There are two ways to discuss the text: one is to take the whole scientific research process as a whole and comprehensively discuss all relevant aspects; The other is to divide the whole research process into several stages according to the actual situation of the research content, and then discuss the results of each stage in turn.
1.3.2 Chinese and English charts.
Charts are widely used in modern scientific and technological publications and have become an indispensable means of expression in scientific and technological literature. Because of their application, the content expressed is more logical and accurate. The author makes good use of charts in his writing, but many authors ignore the comparison between Chinese and English charts necessary for foreign communication, which will inevitably affect the understanding of foreign readers. Although they can get the innovative content and quantitative and qualitative information outline of the paper from English titles and English abstracts, they still can't understand more important information such as the movement process of things, the changing process of relationship parameters between things, experimental data and so on. Therefore, the juxtaposition of Chinese and English charts will provide an important basis for foreign readers to understand the author's conclusion and get interested information from it.
In addition, it should be noted that the scientific and technological form adopts the three-line form, and auxiliary short lines can be added when necessary.
1.4 conclusions and references
1.4. 1 conclusion
The purpose of writing this paper is to show its conclusion. Conclusion is the basic part of the paper, so the paper can't write a conclusion, but it can't be a repetition of the title of the text. It is also necessary to avoid papers ending with "results and discussion", because this will lack real discussion content and conclusive words.
1.4.2 reference
References are an important part of modern scientific papers, but these contents are often ignored by authors, and some of them are not standardized even if they are listed. Several main standard description formats are as follows:
Principal of monograph [serial number]. File title [M]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication. Page number (optional).
Principal of document [serial number] separated from the anthology, document title, principal of original document (optional), original document title [M], place of publication, publisher and year of publication, document page number.
The main person in charge of the document [serial number] separated from the periodical. File title [J]. Publication name, year, volume (issue): page numbers.
The main person in charge of the document [serial number] separated from the newspaper. File title [N]. Name of newspaper, year-month-day (edition).
Person in charge of dissertation [serial number]. Title of the document [D]. Storage place: the depositor, year.
Principal of conference paper [serial number]. Document title. Name, place and year of the meeting.
It is particularly noteworthy that the recorded references must be marked in the upper right corner after the sentences in the text and arranged in order. The serial number of references after the text should be consistent with the serial number format indicated in the text.
2. Skills and experience 2. 1. Be a man before learning.
I'm still thinking about how to be a man and how to be a popular person, but some recent experiences have made me deeply realize that everything should be cautious, modest, cautious, respectful and considerate of others' feelings. This is the same as academic paper writing:
(1) When writing a paper, when quoting other people's opinions, don't take them out of context, but objectively reflect the previous research results.
(2) When writing a paper, don't exaggerate your research significance; When we want to learn from the views of our predecessors, we must quote others' views, otherwise it will be plagiarism or academic misconduct.
(3) When writing a thesis, whether in English or Chinese. Everyone should have a reader's consciousness in mind, and be responsible for the author, not the reader.
(4) The introduction, theoretical framework, research methods, achievements, discussions and conclusions of the paper are all in the same strain and interdependent, not isolated. Therefore, in thesis writing, we should pay attention to logical cohesion, enhance the readability of the article and reduce the reading burden of readers.
2.2, a lot of reading literature.
Reading literature has two main purposes:
(1) standing on the shoulders of giants to understand the research status quo, there is often no idea before writing a paper, or the main reason for getting stuck is that there are too few documents to read. Mr Jiang Yang once said that your problem is that you think too much and read too little. In fact, academic research is the same. Last weekend, Professor Wang Yin from Sichuan International Studies University came to our school to attend the Second National High-level Forum on Contrastive Translation Studies. At the meeting, Mr. Wang pointed out that many scholars now read too little and don't fully understand the theory, so they talk nonsense and write articles to mislead children.
(2) Find out the shortcomings of predecessors. The deficiency can be the problem of research methods, such as the selection of corpus is not scientific enough and incomparable; It can also be a question of research perspective.
Before writing a thesis, try to collect all the domestic and foreign literatures to be read (mainly including theoretical framework, summary articles of the research object, and periodical articles analyzing the research object by using theoretical framework), and then take the essence (foreign and domestic core journals and doctoral dissertations) and discard the dross (general publications and master's dissertations). But we should also keep pace with the times, visit the periodical reading room more, follow up the latest literature in time, and quote the latest research results into our own articles.
You must read more good articles, take notes while writing, and record the research purpose, research questions, research methods and research results of the articles. Even the charts in the article should be carefully analyzed. Why should we look at bar charts and pie charts? Summarize in one sentence and summarize the shortcomings (of course, sometimes the shortcomings are not obvious immediately, and it may take a certain amount of literature reading to be effective; The emphasis of reading papers is different in different time periods. When writing research methods, we should imitate the writing style of previous research methods and learn from the strengths of hundreds of schools.
2.3. Communicate with your tutor more.
In the process of writing a thesis, if you encounter bottlenecks, you should communicate with your tutor in time. Every word of your tutor may open our writing ideas and make us take fewer detours, so we should cherish every opportunity to communicate with your tutor. Familiar with the writing style of the tutor, you don't have to know the specific content of the tutor's writing, but you must make a "genre analysis" of the tutor's paper.
2.4, improve the ability to use tools.
Now that periodicals basically accept electronic papers, it is necessary to improve the use of some commonly used office software, such as improving work efficiency and increasing the "face value" of papers. For example, in Word, the methods of drawing various charts (histograms and bar charts), SmartArt, the border shading of tables, and the use of special symbols, such as "→" and other common symbols; Relative references in Excel and the skills of absolutely quoting F4: the use of basic summation function; Learning to use 360 cloud disk can ensure real-time update during writing. The writing process of a thesis is like a project, and risk management is very important!
2.5. Write a little every day and persevere.
It's better to keep the habit of writing every day, otherwise, when we delay, we will find that our previous thinking is a bit vague, and it will take more time to pick it up again.
Many people will not go to graduate school and engage in scientific research after graduation in the future. I believe that most people just want to get a master's degree and then add weight to their employment. But in fact, the process of doing academic research can cultivate a lot of rigorous scientific research quality, and "understanding" Tao is of great benefit to future work and life.
There is a long way to go in Xiu Yuan, and I will go up and down.
I recommend it carefully.