Keywords: agriculture; Ecological environment; Environmental protection; sustainable development
Agriculture is the foundation of China's national economic development, and agricultural ecological environment is the foundation of agricultural and rural economic development. The quality of agricultural ecological environment is directly related to the rise and fall of agriculture and rural economy. Protecting agricultural ecological environment means protecting agricultural productivity, thus promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. Since the reform and opening up, China's agriculture has made great achievements, and the construction of agricultural ecological environment has contributed greatly. However, with the rapid development of China's modern economy, the situation of China's agricultural ecological environment is still quite grim, and the sustainable development of agriculture is severely challenged by the ecological environment.
First, the meaning of sustainable agricultural development
1987 In February, Mrs. Brandt put forward the concept of "sustainable development" for the first time in her long report "Our Common Future": "It can meet the needs of contemporary people without endangering the development of future generations to meet their needs".
1991April, FAO and the Dutch government jointly held the "International Conference on Agriculture and Environment" and adopted the Denbos Declaration, namely the Declaration on Sustainable Development and Rural Development. The definition of sustainable development of agriculture by FAO of the United Nations is: it refers to agriculture that uses and maintains natural resources in a certain way and implements technical and institutional reforms to ensure that the needs of contemporary human beings and their descendants for agricultural products are met; This is an agriculture that can make sustainable use of land, water and genetic resources of animals and plants. It is a kind of agriculture that the environment never degrades, the technology is properly used, the economy can be maintained and the society can accept it. 1July, 1994, China Agenda 2 1 defined the sustainable development of agriculture in China as: maintaining the steady growth of agricultural productivity, increasing grain output and ensuring food security, developing rural economy, increasing agricultural input, changing rural poverty and backwardness, maintaining and improving agricultural ecological environment, and rationally and sustainably utilizing natural resources, especially biological resources and renewable resources, so as to meet the national economic development and annual growth.
Second, the impact of the destruction of agricultural ecological environment on the sustainable development of agriculture in China
There are many problems in China's agricultural ecological environment, such as land desertification and desertification, soil erosion, lack of agricultural water resources, land salinization and farmland pollution, which seriously hinder the sustainable development of China's agriculture. It violates the principles of fairness and sustainability advocated by sustainable development and has a great negative impact on the sustainable development of agriculture.
First of all, it leads to a decrease in the total amount of agricultural resources and a decline in quality. Soil and water are the foundation of agriculture and the key to its sustainable development. Soil erosion and land desertification make the soil lose a lot of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, making the land barren or even barren; Eating away at cultivated land can be said to directly deprive future generations of the living space; Agricultural water resources are polluted, which affects agricultural irrigation and destroys agricultural ecology. Deforestation of forests and blind reclamation of grasslands have weakened the ability of forests and grasslands to regulate climate, conserve water resources and prevent soil erosion and desertification, which has also become an unfavorable factor for agricultural development in China. The industrial "three wastes" are discharged directly without treatment, and the excessive and unreasonable use of chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers causes large-scale hardening of agricultural cultivated land, which leads to the dysfunction of soil ecosystem.
Secondly, natural disasters occur frequently, and the harm to agricultural production is intensified. The reduction of forests and grasslands has aggravated soil erosion and the spread of land desertification. Soil erosion increases silt in riverbeds, reservoirs and lakes, increases riverbeds, reduces reservoir capacity and reduces lake flood storage area, which intensifies flood disasters. Land desertification makes sandstorms more and more frequent. It can be said that if the current agricultural ecological environment cannot be completely changed, the frequency of natural disasters in China will be accelerated, and the trend of disaster-affected and disaster-affected area expansion will not be fundamentally curbed.
Finally, the security of agricultural biodiversity has been seriously threatened, the quality of agricultural products has declined, and the quality of people's lives has been seriously affected. Agricultural ecological environment is a complex system, and it is extremely important to maintain its balance. Maintaining agricultural biodiversity is the basis of maintaining agricultural ecological balance and the premise of realizing agricultural sustainable development. Over the years, due to the destruction of agricultural ecological environment, the regulatory function of natural resources in many areas has weakened, and biodiversity has gradually faded or died out. Due to the change of soil composition and a large number of residues of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural products, some agricultural products that should supplement human nutrition have become drug carriers. The decline in the quality level of agricultural products has greatly affected people's physical and mental health and quality of life, and also affected the international competitiveness of agricultural products in China.
Third, protect the agricultural ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of agriculture in China.
There are many reasons for the problems of agricultural ecological environment in China, including people's backward concepts, traditional concepts, habits and misconceptions, which make people indifferent to environmental protection and ignore its importance; The legal system and system construction are backward; The government's policy on environmental protection is not perfect and mature enough; The development of ecological agriculture and protective agriculture is not enough. It is urgent to improve the agricultural ecological environment, and corresponding countermeasures must be taken according to various causes of environmental problems in order to realize the sustainable development of agriculture.
1. Strengthen the legal system, popularize environmental education, and raise the environmental awareness of the whole people.
At present, China has enacted the People's Republic of China (PRC) Soil and Water Conservation Law, the People's Republic of China (PRC) Land and Land Management Law, the People's Republic of China (PRC) Forest Law, the People's Republic of China (PRC) Wildlife Protection Law and the People's Republic of China (PRC) Soil and Water Conservation Law. At the same time, the State Council has formulated and promulgated more than 30 administrative regulations on environment and resources. This provides a strong guarantee for environmental protection. It is necessary not only to carry out extensive and in-depth publicity, but also to speed up the formulation of laws and regulations related to the ecological environment, constantly improve the legal concept of the whole people, and form a strong public opinion that the whole society consciously protects the environment. If there are laws to follow, it is necessary to strictly enforce the law and strengthen legal supervision. Governments at all levels and relevant departments should give full consideration to the construction and protection of the ecological environment and strictly implement the laws and regulations on the ecological environment when studying and formulating economic development plans.
At the same time, on the other hand, we should raise people's awareness of environmental protection. This requires vigorously carrying out environmental education, popularizing environmental protection knowledge, raising the awareness of agricultural ecological environment protection of the whole people and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. In this regard, the government must emphasize the importance of agricultural environment from all aspects, actively support the development of eco-environmental agriculture, play an active guiding role, publicize the importance of environmental protection to people through various channels, and stimulate people's enthusiasm for engaging in eco-environmental agriculture. Through publicity and education, people must change the traditional concepts of "fighting the sky and the earth" and "man can conquer the sky" and realize the importance of the natural environment to mankind. At the same time, people should be trained in environmental protection knowledge and skills in a planned way.
2. Promote the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure, establish ecological agriculture and characteristic agriculture, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
The adjustment of agricultural structure should be based on market demand and carried out according to the principle of comparative advantage, so as to optimize the regional distribution of agriculture. China has a vast territory, and there are great differences among regions. Depending on their own advantages, different regions should develop industries and products with market competitiveness, maximize economic and ecological benefits, and avoid structural convergence, oversupply, waste of resources and failure to meet the diversified needs of the market.
For example, appropriately reducing the grain planting area and developing characteristic agriculture in the developed eastern coastal areas and western mountainous areas can not only give play to regional advantages, but also increase farmers' income; The central and northeastern regions actively give play to the inherent advantages of grain production, maintain the basic balance between grain supply and demand in the country, and ensure food security. In this way, different regions have their own strengths and realize complementary advantages, which not only improves economic benefits, meets the market, but also realizes ecological benefits and forms a reasonable production layout.
3. Strengthen the construction and protection of agricultural ecological environment, and improve agricultural ecological environment conditions and infrastructure.
By strengthening the construction of agricultural ecological environment, combining modern scientific achievements with modern agricultural technology, a modern agricultural development model with reasonable ecology and virtuous cycle of functions is established, which combines the growth of agricultural economy with the improvement of agricultural ecological environment and realizes the unity of economic, social and ecological benefits. Long-term over-exploitation and grazing in China have caused soil erosion, decreased flood storage capacity of rivers and serious grassland degradation, which has brought a series of environmental problems. Therefore, from the middle and late 1990s, China began to implement large-scale ecological construction projects such as returning farmland to forests, returning farmland to lakes and returning grazing to grassland.
At the same time, due to the continuous acceleration of industrialization in China in recent years, the area of cultivated land in China has been decreasing, which has seriously affected the development of agriculture. In order to effectively protect cultivated land, stabilize cultivated land area and promote the sustainable utilization of land resources, it is necessary to establish basic farmland protection areas. Through the planning of basic farmland protection areas, the cultivated land is quantified and positioned, and administrative, economic, legal and technical measures are taken to effectively protect the amount of cultivated land that can adapt to the sustainable development of agriculture. Establish and improve the land and resources information management system and carry out detailed investigation of land and resources.
4. Vigorously develop science and technology, actively promote science and technology and technical services, and effectively support the sustainable development of agriculture.
There is still a big gap between China's comprehensive agricultural production capacity and that of developed countries. Labor productivity is only about 70% of the world average, which is dozens or even hundreds of times different from that of developed countries. The transformation rate and contribution rate of agricultural scientific and technological achievements are less than 50%, the utilization rate of agricultural water resources is only about 40%, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is only 35%, and the contribution rate of agricultural mechanization to agricultural production is only about 17%.
During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, China should further increase investment in agricultural science and technology, focus on the three major tasks of national food security, ecological security and increasing farmers' income, vigorously strengthen the construction of independent innovation ability of agricultural science and technology, and overcome the key problems of core production and processing technology of advantageous agricultural products. Increase the introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation of international advanced technology. Strengthen the pilot test, ripening, assembly and application of existing advanced and mature technologies, innovate the extension mechanism, promote the close integration of science and technology with agricultural economy, and improve the popularization rate and conversion rate of agricultural technologies. Strengthen farmers' scientific and technological training, improve the quality and effect of training, and cultivate new farmers with culture, technology and management. Deepen the reform of agricultural science and technology system, build a national agricultural science and technology innovation system, strengthen the construction of agricultural scientific research bases and talent teams, and establish a new agricultural science and technology mechanism of "openness, mobility, competition and cooperation". Finally, China agriculture will truly embark on the road of sustainable development with high technology content, low resource consumption, low environmental pollution and strong comprehensive production capacity.