Name: Ludwig Joseph John Wittgenstein.

Date of birth:1April 26, 889 (Vienna, Austria)

Death:1951April 29th (Cambridge, England)

Schools/schools: analytical philosophy, philosophy of language

Main fields: metaphysics, epistemology, logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics.

Famous viewpoints: language iconology, "unspeakable", "meaning is use", language game, family similarity, "private language" argument, lifestyle.

Affected persons: Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Frege, Russell, G.E. Moore, Weininger, Ramsey, sraffa.

Those affected are Russell, Strawson, Kripke, Searle, Putnam, Davidson, Damit, von Wright, Dannet, Rorty, Ascombe, Ramsey, Wright, Peter Huyck, mcdowell, Quinton, Holwich, McKinley, Diamond, Conant and Leotard.

Ludwig Wittgenstein (translated by Wigenstein from Hong Kong and Taiwan, 65438+April 26th, 0889-65438+April 29th, 095 1) was born in Austria and later became a British citizen. Philosopher, mathematical logician. The founder of philosophy of language, one of the most influential philosophers in the 20th century.

all one's life

Ludwig wittgenstein was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on April 26th, 1989. His father Carl Wittgenstein is a European steel magnate, and his mother Leo Paulding is the cousin of Hayek's grandfather and the daughter of a banker. Ludwig is the youngest of eight daughters, and? Jewish descent, transferred to British nationality after Nazi annexed Austria.

Wittgenstein and Hitler are in a middle school in 1903 Linz. According to the practice at that time, the position of the photos was arranged according to the results. Students with good grades sit in the front row closer to the teacher, while students with poor grades sit in the front row closer to the teacher.

Wittgenstein and Hitler are in a middle school in 1903 Linz.

According to the practice at that time, the position of the photos was arranged according to the results. Students with good grades sit in the front row closer to the teacher, while students with poor grades sit in the front row closer to the teacher.

Wittgenstein was educated at home with his brothers and sisters since childhood, but the result of family education could not make him reach the acceptance standard of ordinary high schools. Until 1903, after passing the entrance examination, he went to a middle school in Linz, which is famous for its science and technology, and studied under Adolf Hitler [2], but there was no conclusive evidence to prove that these two important figures had any in-depth contacts. Like some great figures, Wittgenstein's grades in middle school are not good, and most of them are at the lower-middle level [1]. After three years of unhappiness, he left here with the failure of the college entrance examination. Young Ludwig loved machinery and technology and made a simple and practical sewing machine at the age of ten. His initial ambition was physics, and he was eager to learn from the famous physicist Boltzmann. However, the latter committed suicide in 1906, which ruined Wittgenstein's hope. Later Wittgenstein decided to become an engineer. From 65438 to 0906, Wittgenstein went to Berlin to study mechanical engineering. 65438-0908 entered Victoria University in Manchester, England, and studied for a degree in aerodynamics of aviation engineering. During this period, in order to thoroughly understand the principle of propeller and out of interest in basic mathematics, Wittgenstein read Basic Mathematics written by Bertrand Russell and Whitehead and Basic Arithmetic written by Gottlob Frege. 19 1 1 After visiting Frege in the summer of, Wittgenstein followed the recommendation of logicians and went to Trinity College, Cambridge University, England to study under Russell, who later became a student and friend of British philosopher Russell. Russell called this acquaintance "one of the most exciting intellectual adventures" in his life. Wittgenstein, who could have been exempted from military service after the start of World War I, actively enlisted as a volunteer and completed the Theory of Logical Philosophy (English version: tractatus Logico-Philosophicus; ; German version: Logische-Philosophische Abhandlung). After the theory of logical philosophy, he thought that the so-called philosophical problems had been solved, so he went to the southern mountainous areas of Austria with aristocratic enthusiasm, joined the Austrian school reform movement advocated by Grucker and became a primary school teacher. Wittgenstein, who pursues idealism, lives an ascetic life here and is full of enthusiasm for students. However, he was regarded as a "crazy guy" by his incomprehensible parents, who rejected the eccentric guy's request to adopt one or two of them. 1926, Wittgenstein, who proved to be always incompatible with adults, left the "vulgar and stupid southern peasants" and ended his position as a rural teacher.

When the primary school teacher "failed", Wittgenstein first worked as a gardener's assistant in a monastery for a while. Later, his sister Margaret was worried about his mental state and tried to ask him to help design and build her own mansion. This building, which was later used as the Bulgarian embassy, made Wittgenstein an architect. 1927, Wittgenstein got acquainted with the members of the "Vienna Group" based on logical philosophy, and was invited to participate in some activities, having contacts with members such as Schrick and weismann, but Wittgenstein refused to join their circle. 1928 In the spring, Wittgenstein rekindled his keen interest in philosophical exploration after listening to a lecture by mathematician Brouwer on "Mathematics, Science and Language". 1929, Wittgenstein returned to Cambridge, passed the doctoral defense of On Logical Philosophy reviewed by Russell and G.E. Moore, and stayed at Trinity College to teach philosophy. 1939 succeeded Moore as a professor of philosophy. 1947, Wittgenstein, who firmly believed that "professor of philosophy" was "an absurd job", resigned from Cambridge to concentrate on thinking and writing.

On April 29th, Wittgenstein died of prostate cancer at the home of his good friend Dr. Edward Bevan. After his death, disciples Elizabeth Anscombe and Rush Reese published Philosophical Research (English version: philosophical investigation; ; German version: Philosophische Untersuchungen). Wittgenstein's life is legendary, and he is called "the most perfect example of a genius" by Russell: enthusiasm, profundity, seriousness, purity and Excellence. [2]

Wittgenstein has profound cultural accomplishment and profound understanding of the essence of human existence [3]. Wittgenstein's family had a strong artistic and cultural atmosphere in his early years. Wittgenstein is a long-term art donor, and Brahms and Mahler are frequent visitors to this music-filled family. Ludwig, a member of the Wittgenstein family, is not outstanding in musical talent, and he is also accomplished in clarinet playing. Similarly, Wittgenstein, who is considered to have a writing disorder, is also very particular about his writing style. In addition, Wittgenstein loved the works of Austrian literary critic karl kraus. However, "misfortune" has always accompanied this philosopher, and loneliness and depression are full of Wittgenstein's life. According to the biographer William Warren Bartley's research, three of the five brothers of the Wittgenstein family, including ludwig wittgenstein himself, are homosexuals, and two of them, Hans and Rudolf, committed suicide in their early years. Since then, although his father Carl Wittgenstein reduced the severity of his children, young Ludwig still had suicidal tendencies, which worried Russell. It is said that he participated in World War I in order to "commit suicide with dignity". His other brother Kurt Wittgenstein committed suicide before being captured on the battlefield. The last brother who survived the war but was disabled, paul wittgenstein, was a famous one-armed pianist.

[Editor] Introduction to Philosophy

Wittgenstein is the main representative of linguistic school (roughly equivalent to analytical philosophy). His ideological sources are mainly Frege's achievements in modern logic, Russell and Whitehead's Principles of Mathematics and Moore's Principles of Ethics. His philosophy mainly studies language, and he wants to reveal what happens when people communicate and express themselves. He believes that the essence of philosophy is language. Language is the expression of human thoughts and the foundation of the whole civilization, and the essence of philosophy can only be found in language. He dispelled the only essence of traditional metaphysics and found a new development direction for philosophy. His main works "On Logical Philosophy" and "Philosophical Research" respectively represent two completely different stages in his life's philosophical path. The former is mainly deconstruction, which makes philosophy a linguistic problem. Philosophy must face language directly. "What can be said can be made clear, and what cannot be said should be silent." [4] Philosophy is nothing more than clarifying the problem. The latter is the return of philosophy to philosophy and the construction after deconstruction. It is impossible to create a set of strict language that can express philosophy, because the language of daily life is endless, which is the foundation and source of philosophy, so the essence of philosophy should be solved in daily life and games should be understood in "games".

Wittgenstein's thoughts in the early and late period changed greatly [3]. In the preface of Philosophical Studies, he explained that his early works made serious mistakes. Of course, he also said that we should compare the previous and later works and understand the later philosophy with the early works as the background. Wittgenstein's ideological transformation came from his long-term independent thinking and the help of his teachers or friends. The focus of his independent thinking is how to become a "metaphysical self", a self that can constantly communicate with the world. His teachers or friends, such as the economist Piero sraffa [5], brought him into contact with the social side of language, and their views were an impact on the purely quiet logical world, thus helping Wittgenstein to get out of the purely logical world and face the noisy world of daily language communication.

work

* Zhang Shenfu's translation, Chen Qiwei's proofreading of On Logical Philosophy (Theory of Names).

* Philosophical Studies, translated by Chen Jiaying, Shanghai Century Publishing Group, 200 1.

* On authenticity, translated by Zhang Jinyan, Guangxi Normal University Press.

:: Culture and values

:: Blue books and beige books

* Comments on the Basis of Mathematics

* Philosophical review

* Philosophical grammar

* Wittgenstein's Cambridge lecture

:: Blue Book

:: Philosophical studies

* Based on mathematics.

* Psychophilosophy Review

:: Other comments

* Notebook set

* Comments on color

:: Lectures on ethics and other issues

* About color

* The last book of psychological philosophy

Research literature

Foreign original works

* Marcand M: Norman Marcand, Memoirs of Ludwig Wittgenstein, translated by Li Bulu and He Shaojia, Commercial Press, 1984.

* Van Pearson: C.A. Van Pearson, Ludwig Wittgenstein: Introduction to his philosophy, translated by Dong Liu Xie Weihe, Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1988.

* Eier: Wittgenstein, translated by Chen Yongshi and Xu Yili, China Social Sciences Press, 1989.

* William Bartley: The Biography of Wittgenstein, translated by Du Liyan, Oriental Publishing Center, 2000.

* Pierce: Wittgenstein, translated. Wang Chengbing, etc. , Kunlun Press, 2000.

China original

* Comment on Wittgenstein's Philosophy, written by Shu Weiguang, Sanlian Bookstore, 1982.

* Looking for Home —— Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Language from a Multidimensional Perspective, by Shang Zhiying, People's Publishing House 1992.

* The Road of Wittgenstein's Philosophy, by Lin Han, Yunnan University Press,1996; Taiwan Province Province, 1994

* Wittgenstein: a post-philosophical culture, written by Jiang Yi, Social Science Literature Publishing House, 1996, 1998, 2002.

* Biography of Wittgenstein by Jiang Yi, Hebei People's Publishing House, 1997.

* Wittgenstein, written by Jiang Yi, Hunan Education Press, 1999.

* Out of the Labyrinth of Language: An Overview of Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy, by Wang, Social Science Literature Publishing House, 1999.

* Lin Han's Theoretical Research on Logical Philosophy, Commercial Press, 2000.

* Introduction to Logical Philosophy by Jiang Yi, Sichuan Education Press, 2002.

* Wittgenstein, Biographies of Famous Western Philosophers (continued with two volumes), by Xu Youyu, Shandong People's Publishing House, 1988.

* Copernicus Revolution, by Xu Youyu, Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore, 1994.

Wittgenstein: Out of the Cage of Language, edited by Zhang Xueguang, adapted from Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius by Ray Monk, Three Seas Publishing House, 1999.

* Wittgenstein, Zhao Dunhua, Hongkong, 1987.

* Wittgenstein's philosophy-interpretation, criticism and exploration of his early philosophy, by Liu Fuzeng, Taiwan Province Province, 1987.

* Genius of Philosophical Analysis-Wigenstein, written by Chen Rongbo, Taiwan Province Province, 1982.

* Wigenstein, written by Chen Rongbo, original by polson, Taiwan Province Province, 1982.

market quotations

* Russell: What the hell were you thinking? Logic, or your own sin?

Wittgenstein: Both [6].

Wittgenstein said to Russell and Moore at the doctoral thesis defense meeting: Don't worry, I know you will never understand what I'm talking about.

Wittgenstein said, "You misunderstand me, Russell. You always misunderstand me. "

Russell said, "You are confusing the question, Wittgenstein. You are always confusing the problem more and more. "

* Wittgenstein raised his poker and pointed to Pope: "Would you please ask a real moral question?"

Pop retorted, "Please don't threaten the invited guests with poker!" "

Russell: Wittgenstein, put down the poker at once!

* When a person is out of tune with the environment, all his senses lose their proper normality and show various pathologies. Only by letting him return to his nature can he have a good result and make everything look normal.

Philosophers treat a problem as a disease.

Philosophy is a struggle against using our language to confuse our intelligence. [7]

As a result of philosophy, we found the lumps left by the collision between our reason and language, and the straightforward nonsense caused by it. It is these lumps that make us see the value of this discovery.

Being caught in a philosophical dilemma is like a person who wants to go out in a room but doesn't know what to do. I want to jump out of the window, but the window is too small; Try to climb out of the chimney, but the chimney is too high. However, as soon as he turns around, he will find the door open all the time!

* What is philosophy? -It's to show the flies the way out of the fly trap.

The confusion that puzzles us arises when language is idle like a machine, not when it is working normally.

The real discovery is that when I want to engage in philosophy, it enables me to stop doing so.

Philosophy just puts everything in front of us. It neither explains anything, nor infers anything. Because everything is there, there is nothing to explain.

* The object of philosophy is the logical exposition of ideas. Philosophy is not a theory, but an activity.

* Don't think, but watch!

* Can say can say clearly; Anyone who can't talk about it should keep silent.

If you think I'm an old virgin, you're wrong! [8]

* Tell them that my life is wonderful. [9]

References and notes

1.= Han He Lin

2 = Russell: He is probably the most perfect example of a genius in the traditional sense I know, full of passion, profundity, intensity and dominance.

3 = Chen Jiaying.

When one can speak, one must keep silent. What we can't talk about, we must ignore it silently. German: Von Mannig Sprechenko, Darub Musmann Schweitzen.

5 = piero sraffa

6. write both

7. Philosophy is a truth that spreads among us.

8.↑ "If you think I am an old maid, you are all wet!"

9.↑ "Tell them I had a wonderful time."

* Philosophy of language

* "Logical philosophy"

:: Philosophical studies

* truth table

Bertrand Russell

:: Vienna Group