It seems unworthy to discuss the historical significance of dreams with an independent topic. For example, maybe a dream urges a leader to make some bold attempts, which may change history. Then this problem will only arise when dreams are regarded as a mysterious force, different from ordinary spiritual power. If dreams are regarded as "an expression" of resisting impulses during the day (strengthened by the deep source of excitement at night), then this problem will disappear without a trace [37]. The ancients' respect for dreams is based on correct psychological understanding, and it is the worship of uncontrollable and indestructible forces in the human mind-the "devil" who produces dreams and the forces that operate in our subconscious.
When it comes to "our" subconscious, I am not without any purpose. Because what I describe is different from what other philosophers call the subconscious, even from the lips. For them, this noun is just the opposite of consciousness; They agree and oppose this topic with the same enthusiasm and energy-in addition to consciousness, there must be subconscious spiritual power. Lips further asserted that all things belonging to the spirit exist in the subconscious, and some of them also exist in the consciousness. But we focus on these phenomena about dreams and hysteria not to prove this theory, because the experience of normal sober life is enough to prove its correctness. The new discovery obtained from the analysis of psychopathological structure and the first member (dream) of this kind is that the subconscious mind-belonging to the spirit-is a functional combination of two different systems.
Normal people are like this, and so are pathological people. So there are two kinds of subconscious, psychologists have not yet distinguished. In the usage of psychology, they are all subconscious, but from our point of view, one of them is called subconscious, which can't enter the consciousness level, while the other is called pre-consciousness, because its excitement-after meeting certain regulations or passing the censorship-can reach the consciousness level. The fact that this excitement must go through a series of fixed institutions before it arrives (we can see their existence through the change of censorship) enables me to describe them with spatial analogy. We have described the relationship between the two systems, that is, the pre-consciousness stands between the subconscious and the consciousness, like a sieve. Pre-consciousness not only blocks the communication between subconscious and consciousness, but also controls voluntary movement's power and is responsible for the distribution of variable potentials-some of the so-called "attention" are familiar to us.
In addition, we must distinguish between the super-consciousness and the subconscious-this is the same as emphasizing spirit and consciousness.
So what is the remaining function of consciousness? It used to be omnipotent, covering everything up. Only those sensory organs are used to detect the essence of the spirit. According to the basic concept of our diagram, we can only regard the feeling of consciousness as the function of a special system, so the abbreviation "consciousness (cs)" is appropriate. From its physical properties, we think this system is very similar to the perceptual system, because it can accept all kinds of stimuli, but it can't keep the traces of change-that is, there is no memory. The mental device that points to the outside world with the sensory organs of its perceptual system is itself an outside world for the sensory organs of consciousness, and the purpose of consciousness lies in this relationship. Here, we come into contact with the principle that all kinds of institutions-they seem to rule the structure of mental devices-form a ruling group. Exciting substances flow from two directions to the sensory organs of consciousness: ① from the sensory system-the degree of excitement depends on the nature of the stimulus. Maybe we should retouch it before it becomes a conscious feeling. (2) from the inside of the mental device. After some changes, they enter consciousness, and their steps are felt by the quality of happiness and pain.
Philosophers are at a loss about the function of consciousness, because those who find rational and extremely complex thought structures can produce without consciousness. In their view, this is just an unnecessary mirror image of the whole psychological step. But we avoid this embarrassment by analogy between conscious system and perceptual system. As we know, the perception of sensory organs focuses the potential of attention on the input pathway of sensory stimulation, and different stimuli in the perceptual system are the regulators of the exercise of mental devices. We can also think that the sensory organs of the conscious system have the same function. Through the perception of happiness and pain, it affects the potential route in the mental device, otherwise this route will be operated by subconscious transfer. The principle of pain is probably the first factor of automatic regulation of potential transfer. But these kinds of "consciousness" are likely to lead to a second, more subtle adjustment, and even oppose the first one. In order to improve the function of the equipment, we will not hesitate to look at the connections that are contrary to the original plan, guiding and overcoming those pains. From the psychological point of view of mental illness, we find that these adjustment procedures caused by different stimuli of sensory organs account for the main part of the function of this mental device. The automatic treatment and efficiency limitation of the original "pain principle" are interrupted by sensory adjustment (also automatic). We find that latent inhibition (although effective at first, it eventually loses the inhibition and control of the mind) is more likely to affect memory than perception, because it cannot gain more potential from the sensory organs of the spirit. We know that an idea to be deleted cannot become consciousness because it is suppressed; On the other hand, this kind of thought is sometimes suppressed because it withdraws from consciousness for other reasons. Here are some therapeutic procedures that can be used to solve subconscious problems.
The sensory organs of consciousness have caused excessive potential value for the potential adjustment that can be changed, which can be revealed by the fact that they have produced some new properties and thus brought some new adjustments. These are the reasons why humans are superior to animals. The thinking process itself has no essence, except the excitement accompanied by pleasure or pain. We know that certain restrictions must be imposed because they will disturb the mind. In order to make thought programs have attributes, in human beings, they must be associated with word memory-their remaining attributes are enough to attract the attention of consciousness, thus giving thought programs new potential that can be transferred from consciousness (see Chapter 7).
Only by analyzing the ideological process of hysteria can we understand the multifaceted nature of consciousness. From here, we can get the impression that when the potential of pre-consciousness is transferred to consciousness, there is a similar censorship system between subconscious and pre-consciousness [38]. Similarly, this censorship system only works after a certain number of restrictions, so the low-energy ideological structure escapes its control, and we can find many different examples in psychological symptoms. These examples illustrate why an idea cannot enter consciousness, or why it can struggle to enter consciousness under certain restrictions. These examples all point out the close and antagonistic relationship between censorship and consciousness. I will end my discussion on this issue with two examples.
A few years ago, I had a chance to talk to a patient. She is a clever girl, but there is a simple and indifferent expression on her face. Her clothes are strange. Because generally speaking, women are very careful about clothes, but one of her socks hangs down and the two buttons on her coat are not buttoned. She said her feet hurt. I didn't ask to see it, but she showed her calf. She said that her main problem is (according to her): there is a feeling in her body, like something is "stabbing" her, and "moving back and forth" keeps "shaking" her, sometimes making her whole body "stiff". One of my medical colleagues was there, and he looked at me. Obviously, he understood the importance of her complaining. But to my surprise, the patient's mother didn't care about all this, even though she had to be in a situation where her children complained all the time. The girl didn't know what she meant, otherwise she wouldn't have said it. In this case, the censorship system was successfully hooked, so that a fantasy that would have been trapped in the pre-consciousness appeared through a disguised innocent accusation.
This is another example. A boy of 14 years old came to me for psychoanalysis, convulsions, hysterical vomiting and headache. I started his treatment like this: I told him to close his eyes, and then if he saw any images or had any thoughts, let me know immediately. He replied to the description of the image-the last impression before he came to see me came to his memory. He was playing chess with his uncle and looked at the chessboard in front of him. He thought of several situations, favorable or unfavorable, and some unsafe moves. Then he saw a dagger on the chessboard-it belonged to his father, but it was placed on the chessboard in his fantasy. Then a sickle, then a sickle, and then an old farmer mowed the grass with a sickle in the distance of his home. It took me several days to discover the significance of this series of images. The child was troubled by family misfortunes. His father is a rude and easily angry person, and his marriage with the patient's mother is not harmonious, so there are too many "threats" in education. His father and mother divorced-she was a gentle and affectionate woman and later married again. One day, his father brought back a young woman, who was the patient's new mother. A few days later, the child's illness began to attack. After his hatred for his father was suppressed, the above-mentioned series of images were produced, and their metaphors were obvious.
Their materials come from mythical memories. Sickle is the god of the universe Zeus castrated his father; The image of the sickle and the old farmer represents the cruel old man Cronus, who ate his own child and took revenge for Zeus' unfilial behavior (see Chapter 5). His father's remarriage gives the child a chance to get back at his father for scolding and threatening him a long time ago-because he plays with his sexual organs (please note: playing chess, playing unsafe games (forbidden behaviors) and playing daggers that can hurt people. )。 In this case, the memory that has been suppressed for a long time and the things derived from this memory have always existed in the subconscious, but now they have sneaked into the consciousness in a seemingly meaningless image.
If someone asks what is the physiological value of dream research? My answer is: it contributes to the knowledge of psychology and is the dawn projected on the problem of mental illness. Who can predict the significance of thoroughly understanding the structure and function of mental devices? Because even under today's incomplete understanding, we can still use it for treatable mental illness and get good therapeutic effect. But what is the practical significance of using this research as a tool to understand the mind and everyone's hidden personality-I have heard such a question? Does the subconscious impulse revealed by dreams show the importance of real power in life? Shouldn't we pay attention to the moral significance of repressed wishes? They have created dreams now, will they create other things in the future? I don't think I can answer these questions because I haven't studied this dream deeply. However, I think it was wrong for the Roman emperor to execute one of his people-because he dreamed of murdering the emperor. He should find out the meaning of this dream first, which is probably different from its surface. Perhaps another dream actually contains the meaning of killing the king. Shouldn't we think the following statement is correct? Plato once asserted that good people are satisfied with "dreaming" what bad people actually do. So I think dreams should be forgiven. As for whether these subconscious wishes will come true? I dare not say. However, those intermediate and distorted ideas must not be true. If the subconscious appears in front of us with the truest face, we will still make such a decision without hesitation. Spiritual truth is also a special existence and should not be confused with material truth. Therefore, it seems unnecessary for people to refuse to accept the immorality of their dreams. After understanding the function of our mental device and the relationship between cognitive consciousness and subconscious mind, most immoral parts of our dream life and fantasy life will disappear without a trace. Shaq once said, "We shouldn't be surprised if we return to our consciousness and look for the real situation that dreams tell us. If the magnifying glass of analysis makes us find that the so-called monster is just a tiny bug. "
When judging the practical application of a person's personality, a person's behavior and actually expressed views are enough as a reference, especially behavior should be the first and the most important consideration. Because many impulses to enter consciousness are neutralized by the real power of spiritual life before they are put into action. In fact, these impulses are often not hindered when they are carried out, because the subconscious mind determines that they will be deleted at a certain stage. In any case, it is beneficial to learn from the land where our virtues grow proudly (after extremely careful cultivation). Because complex human nature-pushed in all directions by power-is rarely like the simple dichotomy proposed in ancient moral philosophy.
So can dreams predict the future? Of course, this question does not hold water. Rather, dreams provide us with past experience. Because from every angle, dreams originate from the past, and their old belief that they can predict the future is not completely untrue. Of course, the dream expressed by the realization of the wish indicates the future we expect, but this future (the dreamer's dream of the present) is shaped by his indestructible desire, which is exactly the same as the past.
-Note:
[1] Please read my book Psychoanalysis of Daily Life, chapter 12. I predict that there are 2467 mistakes in writing to Freund.
[2] There is only one place that can hurt Siegfried's body. Hagen, through a trick, encouraged Kennedys to embroider a small cross on Siegfried's coat in this important place (only Kennedys knew the secret), and Hagen later stabbed Siegfried to death according to this mark.
[3] The following dream quoted by me in the speech of Introduction to Psychoanalysis illustrates the significance of doubt and uncertainty in the dream, and its content has become a unit. Nevertheless, after a period of isolation, it can be successfully analyzed.
A suspicious lady had a long dream. "In my dream, someone mentioned my book about jokes to her and spoke highly of it. Then there seems to be an idea about the channel. Maybe this is another book mentioned by Ji Yuan, or something about channels ... she doesn't know ... everything is not obvious. "
There is no doubt that you will think that the element "channel" is inaccessible and unexplained, because it is so ambiguous that you are right in detecting "encountering difficulties"; However, this difficulty is not because it is not obvious. This difficulty, which is not obvious, stems from another reason. The dreamer can't connect the "channel" with other things, and of course I can't explain it. Soon after-in fact, the next day-she told me that she had thought of something that might be related to her. This is a joke, a joke she has heard. On the ferry between Dover and Calais in England and France, a famous writer and an Englishman started a conversation. The latter quoted a sentence "du sub-limeauridiculeiln' yaqu' unpas" (sublimation and absurdity are only one step away). "Yes, lepasdeCalais" is the author's answer, which means that he thinks France is lofty and Britain is ridiculous. But PasdeCalais is a channel-part of Britain. You may ask, do I think this has something to do with dreams? Of course; It also provides an answer to the puzzling part of this dream. Don't you think this joke existed long before the dream happened, and it is a subconscious idea hidden behind the "channel"? You think this is an invention added later? The relationship between them reveals the suspicion covered by the patient's obvious admiration; And her impedance undoubtedly caused the delay of story telling and made the dream elements inconspicuous. Considering the relationship between this dream element and its subconscious background carefully, we find that it is a part of the background and a hint, but it is not understood because of isolation.
[4] Please refer to the first chapter of Psychoanalysis of Daily Life (translated by Ke), "Psychological Mechanism of Forgetting".
[5] "Is this smooth?" This is an old medical term that means "whether the excrement is normal or not."
[6] Children's early dreams are often vivid. These dreams are of great significance for understanding the spiritual development of the parties and the emergence of their psychological diseases. Therefore, the interpretation of this dream can help doctors avoid mistakes and uncertainties, thus avoiding theoretical confusion.
[7] This principle can of course also be applied to those cases where the contents of dreams openly reveal superficial connections, such as two dreams recorded by Maori: "He dreamed that he was a pilgrim in Jerusalem or Mecca. After many adventures, he visited the chemist pelletier. After chatting with him for a while, the chemist gave him a shovel made of zinc, and then it became a wide sword. In another dream, he walked on the highway and counted the kilometers on the monument. Then he was in the grocery store, where there were a group of big scales. A man is putting a kilogram scale on the scale because he wants to weigh the Maori. Later, he shouted to the Maori, "You are not in Paris, but in Guiollot." Then after several scenes, he saw Lobelia chinensis, Hua, and then General Lopez-he just read the news of his death in the newspaper. Finally, he woke up when he dreamed of the lottery. "After dealing with mental patients for so long, I found that this expression is what they are willing to use.
[8] At the end of page 1 12 of Chapter 7 of Psychoanalysis of Daily Life, Freud once discussed his mistakes in this role written by Dude.
If we want to further differentiate this linear graph, we must assume that there is consciousness in front of the pre-consciousness, in other words, feeling equals consciousness.
[10] The first person who mentioned retrogression was13rd century scholar Abertu * * Agnus. He said: "Imagination creates dreams through stored sensory impressions, and the steps of dream generation are just the opposite of waking moments." Hobbes once said, "In a word, our dreams are contrary to our waking imagination. When we are awake, our movements start at one end, but when we dream, we are at the other end. "
[1 1] Like all those mental activities that really belong to the subconscious (that is, those that only belong to the subconscious), they all have this indestructible nature. As long as these channels are opened, they will always be unimpeded and will not be closed because they are abandoned.
As long as it is poked again by subconscious stimulation, it will continue to trigger the stimulation process. If I can make an analogy, it is like the ghosts of the underground world destroyed by Odyssey-these ghosts will be reborn after drinking human blood again.
From this perspective, the programs in the pre-conscious system can be destroyed. The principles of psychotherapy for mental patients are based on these differences.
[12] I tried to learn more about the dominant things and hallucinations in sleep. These efforts are recorded in my paper "Some Psychological Supplements to Dream Theory" (19 17).
[13] This is the so-called superego in later psychoanalysis.
German gold coins -Krone is equivalent to ten marks.
[15] In the later discussion, Freud used "transfer" to describe another different (though not unrelated) psychological procedure. He first discovered this phenomenon in psychoanalytic therapy-that is, the object image originally applied to a child (which still exists in the subconscious) was transferred to a current object image.
[16] This is the so-called eternal principle, which freund discussed in the first few pages of Beyond Happiness Principle. But this is the basic assumption in Freund's early psychological works.
[17] That is, some people feel exactly the same as "satisfying the experience".
In other words, there must be a "reality test" method to test whether something is true or not.
[19] Lelaurain correctly expressed the realization of his dream. He said: "There will be no serious fatigue, and there will be no such long and tenacious struggle. This struggle has consumed all the happiness we are looking for. "
[20] About these two main spiritual activities-the principle of happiness and the principle of truth, I have discussed this idea in depth in my paper, which will be discussed later.
[2 1] or more correctly, some symptoms correspond to the realization of subconscious wishes, while the other part is the psychological structure that resists wishes.
[22] Jackson said, "If you know all the facts about dreams, you can know everything about mental disorders."
[23] Is this the only function of dreams? I don't know the rest. Mede tried to explain that dreams have other secondary functions. His starting point is based on the correct observation, that is, some dreams are used to solve conflicts, and only after dreaming can they really try to solve problems in real situations-that is, dreams seem to be laboratories for conscious action. So he drew a parallel line between the dream and the game between the beast and the child-they can be regarded as the practice place of natural instinct and the preparation for serious action later. He also put forward the hypothesis that dreams have "game function". Before Mede, Adler also insisted that dreams have the nature of "thinking ahead" (in the dream in "Local Analysis of a Hysterical Case" published by me 1995). We can only regard it as a dream to express our will, because it appears repeatedly every night until this intention is seen through.
Through a little thinking, we know that the so-called "continuous" function of dreams should not belong to the analysis scope of any dreams. It is the product of subconscious and pre-consciousness's pre-formed will in their minds, creating possible answers to some questions (these answers are detected at later waking moments) and other similar things; They may continue to fall asleep as "remnants of the day" and connect with a subconscious desire to form a dream. Therefore, the function of "pre-thinking" of dreams is only a part of the thoughts of pre-conscious moments, and its products can be detected through the analysis of dreams and other phenomena. When dreams and their obvious meanings have been confused for a long time, we must be careful not to confuse dreams with hidden dreams.
[24] The second factor is more important and profound, but it is also ignored by ordinary people. There is no doubt that the realization of wishes will bring happiness, but the question comes: "For whom?" Of course, it refers to people who have this desire. However, as far as we know, the relationship between dreamers and their wishes is very special. He excluded and censored them. In a word, he doesn't like them at all. Therefore, its satisfaction will not bring happiness, on the contrary. In terms of experience, the opposite situation is presented in an anxious state (further explanation is needed). Therefore, the relationship between the dreamer and his wishes can be regarded as combining two completely separated people with some important same factors. I'm going to tell you a fairy tale (please refer to chapter 7, section C), and its situation is the same as that mentioned above. A kind fairy promised to grant the first three wishes of a poor couple. They were very happy and decided to choose these three wishes well. But the smell of roasted sausage from the farmhouse next door made the woman want to get some, so in an instant, her first wish came true and her husband was furious. In a rage, he hoped that the sausage would hang on his wife's nose, and this wish came true. And the sausage can't be taken down from this new position. This is the realization of the second wish. But this is just a man's wish, and its realization makes his wife very uncomfortable. You already know the next story. Since they are actually a couple, the third wish should be that the sausage leaves the lady's nose. This fairy tale can be related to many things, but I just want to explain here:
If two people disagree, one of them may bring a lot of unhappiness to the other.
[25] The following comments should be revised according to Freund's later views on anxiety.
[26] A translation of the Old Testament written in Hebrew and German. In the fourth chapter, Deuteronomy, there are many woodcut illustrations of Egyptian gods, some of which have bird beaks.
[27] About sex, the slang in German is "vogel", which comes from "vogel" (usually referring to birds).
[28] After I finished writing this book, many such materials appeared in psychoanalytic literature one after another.
[29] In his later works, freund called it the principle of happiness.
[30] Translation Note: This topic was later discussed in detail in his paper "Hidden Repression" in 192 1. Later views on this issue can be found in the 32nd lesson of Introduction to New Architecture by him 1933.
[3 1] Here (as elsewhere), I deliberately didn't make up for the defects of my thesis. On the one hand, I made great efforts, on the other hand, I cited materials unrelated to my dreams. For example, I deleted whether "repression" and "potential repression" have different meanings. But it should be clear to everyone that the latter emphasizes the connection with the subconscious. I didn't explain why dreams are distorted by censorship when they give up the road to consciousness and choose to retreat. There are many similar omissions. What I am anxious to do is to create the concept of a problem, which will be encountered in the further analysis of the operation of dreams, and at the same time hint at the problems that will be encountered in the further analysis. It is not easy to decide where to cut off the clues of explanation. There are many special reasons (maybe my readers didn't guess) that can explain why I don't deal with the position of sexual content in dreams in detail, so that I avoid analyzing dreams with obvious sexual content. From my point of view and the laws of neuropathology, I don't think that life in X is shameful, or that doctors or researchers should not be involved. I think it's ridiculous that the author who translated "Critique of Oneiro by Dardis" didn't publish the part about sexual dreams to readers for moral reasons. The reason why I hesitate is that it will involve me in the problem of transsexuality and androgyny. I don't know yet, so I leave this problem for the future. (Strachtey note. Klaus, the translator of Onerokritika, later published this deleted chapter in his periodical Ambrose Pletia. This magazine was quoted by Freund and was strongly praised elsewhere. )
[32] Freud believes that Virgil's words are intended to express the power of repressed instinctive impulses.
[33] Dreams are not the only research on psychological phenomena that can form the basis of psychopathology. In some unfinished essays, I tried to draw the same conclusion with many images of daily life. These and other records of forgetfulness, slip of the tongue, poor movements, etc. They are all included in the book Psychoanalysis of Daily Life.
[34] After understanding that the important features of pre-consciousness are related to the remnants of written expression, this view needs further clarification. Nerve distribution, a very vague word, often expresses structural meaning and is used to refer to the distribution of nerves in an organ or region. Freund often uses it to represent the energy conduction of a system or nerve, or to refer to an output system-that is, a release program.
[35] I am happy to point out here that after an author (DuPrel) studied dreams, the relationship between consciousness and subconscious observed by him is the same as my conclusion. He wrote: "With regard to the question of mind, we must first answer this basic question (that is, whether consciousness and mind are exactly the same). For this basic question, the dream answer is no, that is, the concept of mind is much broader than consciousness. Like the stars in the sky, in addition to its lighting power, it also has the influence of gravity. "
He added: "It is true that consciousness and mind are not so broad."
Tartini is a composer and violinist (1692- 1777). It is said that he dreamed that "after he sold his soul to the devil, he grabbed a violin and played a wonderful sonata with perfect skill."
When he woke up, he immediately wrote down what he could remember, and the result was the famous "TrilloDeDi-avolo".
[37] Please refer to the dream of Alexander the Great when he surrounded Trollope for a long time.
[38] The censorship between pre-consciousness and subconscious is rarely seen in Freud's later works. However, in his article Unconsciousness, he discussed this problem in detail.
The whole book (end)