To do a good job in procurement management, we should start from two aspects, namely, improving the business execution ability from the technical level and creating a procurement environment from the system construction. Continuous improvement from these two aspects will definitely receive good benefits in the end.
Standardize purchasing behavior and improve technical business ability.
Material procurement management is the process management from the beginning of procurement plan, to procurement inquiry, signing procurement contract, and then to the arrival of purchased materials; In this process, we should focus on how the concept of economic purchase quantity is applied in practice.
I. Procurement plan
Prepare material requirement plan. Material demand plan is generally compiled by project technicians, mainly based on specific requirements such as the number of drawings and the selection of construction schemes. The prepared material demand plan is the main basis for the material department to determine the economic purchase quantity and prepare the material purchase plan, and then the material department determines the order point according to the purchase plan, and then signs the purchase contract for later inventory management.
Determine the amount of economic procurement. Economic purchase quantity is a batch of purchase quantity with the lowest total cost related to material inventory in a certain period of time; Inventory-related costs refer to all kinds of expenses incurred for the formation and maintenance of material procurement management, and their total amount increases or decreases with the change of material quantity, price and other attributes, which are mainly composed of four parts: ordering cost, procurement cost, warehousing cost and out-of-stock cost. The purpose of determining the economic purchase quantity is to minimize the sum of the above four materials-related costs; According to the general situation of construction projects, because the ordering cost and storage cost are relatively small, it is important to consider the minimization of the sum of purchasing cost and out-of-stock cost, and finally get the economic purchasing quantity in a certain period.
Prepare purchasing plan. According to the demand plan of materials, the analysis results of economic procurement volume and the type of contract to be selected, make a procurement plan and explain how to manage the procurement process; Procurement plan, including contract type, personnel who organize procurement, management of potential suppliers, preparation of procurement documents, formulation of evaluation standards, etc. , generally formulated by the project materials department; According to the needs of the project, the procurement management plan can be formal and detailed, informal and general, with emphasis on its correctness, timeliness and enforceability.
Second, the purchase inquiry
Purchase inquiry is obtained from qualified potential sellers who can complete the supply task in the material procurement plan at the lowest cost, and the scope of suppliers is determined. The technical term of this process is also called supplier qualification confirmation, and the channels for obtaining information are tender announcements, industry publications, professional construction websites and other media.
To do a good job in purchasing inquiry management, it is necessary to make full use of computer management system and network advantages to browse and obtain the required information quickly, so as to ensure the high efficiency of purchasing inquiry management and obtain inquiry results.
Three. Supplier confirmation and purchase contract signing
The main reference condition for selecting suppliers is the evaluation results in the process of purchasing inquiry, and of course, other standards, such as supply capacity and historical reputation, should also be referred to. For example, to determine whether there is one or more suppliers of commercial concrete, generally at least two suppliers should be considered to prevent the risk of shutdown caused by untimely supply. Here, the continuity requirements of concrete pouring itself need to be considered.
The purchase contract is a legal document signed between the project and the supplier after the supplier is determined to ensure that both parties fulfill the agreement; Before signing a contract, you must choose a good contract type, because different contract types determine the risk distribution between buyers and sellers; The goal of the project is to put the greatest implementation risk on the supplier, while maintaining the return of economic and efficient implementation of the project; The supplier's goal is to minimize risks and maximize profits.
Common contracts can be divided into the following three types: ① cost plus incentive contracts: long-term contracts that have many requirements for hardware development and testing; ② Fixed price plus incentive fee contract: long-term high-value contract; ③ Fixed lump sum contract: The total cost of the project is easy to control and the risk is minimal; Suppliers are the most commonly used because they have the greatest risks and the greatest potential profits.
Curb procurement corruption and comprehensively improve system construction.
The current procurement manager of a construction project said frankly: "Procurement corruption cannot be prevented. I have done projects for so many years, and most of them can't get around this hurdle ... ""Procurement corruption is shocking. In many projects, as long as we insist on purchasing, tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of projects are very common, and there are too many tricks here! " That is the reality. In order to find solutions to these problems, we need to take measures in the following aspects: post construction, personnel selection, staff training, staff performance appraisal, salary distribution system construction and strengthening the supervision of computer management system.
Late construction
In view of the procurement link, it is necessary to set up different posts to solve the problem that the procurement power cannot be too centralized, which should not only restrict and supervise each other, but also not affect the work enthusiasm of the personnel in each post.
Generally speaking, the project needs to set up five positions: chief procurement officer, inquiry officer, contractor, buyer and warehouse keeper. The chief procurement officer is fully responsible for the procurement management of materials, formulates and implements the procurement plan according to the material demand plan and the post target responsibility cost management regulations, coordinates and makes full use of internal resources, and finally purchases the required materials with high efficiency and low cost; The inquiry clerk is mainly responsible for inquiring the information of directional materials in the market as planned, providing it to the purchasing person in charge and the buyer in written form, and at the same time filing and managing the documents; The responsibility of the contractor is to manage the contract documents and supervise the implementation of the contract at any time; The buyer's responsibility is more to carry out the procurement task according to the price and quantity stipulated in the contract; The main responsibility of the warehouse keeper is to check and accept the incoming materials according to the standards. After materials enter the site, it is necessary to plan storage and use reasonably, reduce storage costs as much as possible, and manage the warehouse.
The number of posts is not generalized, but depends on the actual situation such as project size and construction time span. The ultimate goal is to do things well and establish a right restriction mechanism between internal posts.
Personnel selection
The selection criteria of personnel in procurement management positions need to have the following comprehensive qualities: certain professionalism and communication skills, legal awareness, honesty and so on. , and try to avoid senior project managers, such as the immediate family members of the project manager, as the chief procurement officer. Professional ability includes not only a certain understanding of the properties of the materials in charge, but also a clear understanding of the material management process; Honest quality is particularly important for purchasing personnel who often deal with spending money. Although various measures have been taken in all aspects of internal management, front-line procurement personnel will inevitably encounter various temptations provided by suppliers. How to prevent the trap setting behind the temptation requires the procurement staff to have integrity and legal awareness.
The training of procurement personnel includes: business training, legal knowledge training, company system training, etc. Business training focuses on improving business capabilities, such as the process management of procurement, the determination method of economic procurement volume, and how to do a good job in purchasing inquiry under the new situation. However, legal knowledge training and company system training focus on restraining abnormal behaviors in the environment and clarifying the risk cost of procurement corruption.
Construction of Performance Appraisal and Salary Distribution System
Evaluating the performance of various positions in the company, introducing and formulating scientific management methods, that is, performance appraisal standards, can continuously promote the continuous improvement of all aspects of procurement management, affirm and encourage effective work, and objectively evaluate other inefficient work; At present, the blank of project management in construction enterprises is widespread, which can be said to be a blank.
The process of cost management includes six links, namely, cost planning, cost planning, cost control, cost accounting, cost analysis and cost assessment. In the planning and planning stage, the target responsibility of each purchasing position can be determined in a targeted manner, and then by emphasizing the target responsibility system of each position, the cost reduction rate can be assessed, and other aspects of management, such as cost control, cost accounting, cost analysis, etc., will receive obvious results. At present, a well-known construction enterprise in Shanghai has set up a cost planning department, the essential significance of which is to determine the cost responsibility target in the early stage, and to provide the basis and lay the foundation for the scientific performance appraisal in the later stage.
Strengthen supervision by using computer management system.
The space between the project department as the cost management center and the company as the profit control center is often far away. If we report and feedback the project operation according to the previous practice of submitting monthly reports, it is impossible for the company to track the project operation at any time. At present, it is difficult to meet the above requirements if the computer management system is not fully used in the environment where timely information acquisition and immediate decision-making are needed. Using computer management system to supervise and control the process is not only the result, but also the company can pay attention to and supervise the operation of the whole project at any time.